US Department of Defense issued Department of blockchain Repor

1. Zhangqiao website has. The four major U.S. science and technology reports of Zhangqiao website come from the U.S. government, including the ad report of the U.S. Department of defense.

2. The U.S. government science and technology report collection began in 1958 and originated from the U.S. government, including four major science and technology reports, namely, the ad report of the U.S. Department of defense, the de report of the U.S. Department of energy, the NASA report of the U.S. Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Pb report of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

3.

The four major science and technology reports of the United States refer to the ad report of the Department of defense, NASA report of NASA, DOE report of the Department of energy and Pb report of the Department of Commerce

ad report is the scientific and technological report of military research institutions and contract units under the Department of defense collected, sorted and published by the former U.S. Armed Forces Technical Intelligence Agency. Most of the contents of ad report are closely related to defense science and technology, involving aerospace, ships, weapons, nuclear energy, military electronics and other fields, At present, it is a large amount of scientific and technological literature with the highest use value and frequency in military academies and defense research departments

the NASA report is published by NASA and comes from 13 NASA research centers. It also includes some NASA publications, covering various disciplines related to aerospace. The NASA report focuses on the fields of aviation and space technology, such as aerodynamics, engines and flight equipment, test equipment, aircraft guidance and measurement instruments, and involves many basic and technical disciplines

extended data:

the discipline scope includes 10 categories and 76 sub categories, and the 10 categories are: aeronautics, astronautics, chemistry and materials, engineering, earth science, life science, mathematics and computer science, physics, social science and space science

de report is a scientific and technological report which is cataloged by DOE / Osti. The de report covers nuclear power plant, nuclear reactor technology, nuclear fuel, synthetic fuel, coal, natural gas, petroleum, solar energy, power transmission and distribution, advanced propulsion system, arms control, military technology, weapons and national defense, environmental science, physics, chemistry, materials science and other fields

the Pb report is published by the U.S. publishing house. Its contents mainly involve basic theories such as physics, chemistry and mathematics, as well as cutting-edge science and technology such as process materials, proction technology and materials science

4. The four major reports of the U.S. government and the ad report of the Department of defense were proced in 1951, which was originally collected and published by the U.S. military technical information agency, known as Asia documents, or ad report for short. In 1979, Asia was finally renamed as the National Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). At this time, the meaning of ad can be understood as & quot; Report on entry into Tibet & quot Access document)
② the content of the report focuses on the military, but also involves the civil field.
③ there are four kinds of secret, secret, unclassified restricted distribution and unclassified public distribution. Due to the different secret level and complicated numbering, two numbering systems are used in 1975 as the boundary.
④ the main retrieval tool, U.S. government report circular and index, is
2, The Pb report of the Ministry of commerce is mainly the non military literature of scientific research institutions after the 1960s,
② historical origin: the scientific and technological materials before the 100000 are mainly the scientific and technological materials after the Second World War (mainly Germany), which are sorted out by the U.S. Publication Board and published in the order number, so it is called Pb report, Military scientific research units; At the beginning of the 1960s, Pb reports began to focus on engineering technology, environmental pollution, etc.
③ in 1980, a new numbering system was used, which used to be Pb serial number, and the new one was Pb chronological serial number
④ the main retrieval tool, U.S. government report circular and index
3, NASA report of NASA
① NASA data sources and ten subordinate centers, laboratories and contract units.
② report number: NASA - report publication type - sequence number
there are: nasa-tr, NASA tn-d, nasa-tm (x), nasa-tp, nasatt, NASA Cr, NASA sp, NASA CP, NASA EP, NASA RP, NASA news release, nasa-tp, NASA SP, NASA SP, NASA CP, NASA RP, NASA news release, NASA facts
3 search tools
besides the U.S. government report bulletin and index and other comprehensive or professional search tools, the most important one is scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports
4, Doe report of DOE
① 1946-1974 is AEC of the US Atomic Energy Commission --- Erda report of the US energy research and development agency from 1975-1977 --- DOE report of the US Department of energy till now
② DOE report number has no uniform standard and rule, and most of them are marked and numbered by their own organizations or contractors, You can use the dictionary of report series codes, report number series used by the division of technical information in cataloging reports to find the name of the organization.
③ the search tool, U.S. government report circulars and indexes, and other comprehensive or professional search tools Besides, the most important retrieval tool is energy research abstracts

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www.fas.org/nuke/guide/china/dod-2006.pdf

7. In the 2004 national defense report, the planning principles of the U.S. national defense strategy, the definition of military tasks, the capabilities required by the armed forces to successfully complete combat tasks, and the development direction of weapons and equipment are systematically elaborated. Most of the above-mentioned key contents of military construction are reflected in the defense Appropriation Bill of fiscal year 2005. From the above three texts, we can conclude that the US defense strategy and army building policy trends in 2005 are as follows< First, the national defense strategy has changed to "pre emptive attack"

since the end of the cold war, the United States has become the only superpower in the world. As there is no military rival, its national defense strategy is mainly "deterrence". However, shortly after the beginning of the first term of Bush administration, the "9.11" incident suddenly changed many inherent concepts of the Americans, and also caused a change in their military strategic thinking“ The "9.11" incident made Americans realize that terrorism has become the main form of threat in the new century, and the "asymmetric war" dominated by the war on terror has also become a new form of war. Because of the concealment and suddenness of terrorism, it leads to the uncertainty of future threats, that is, it does not know when, where and how the future risks will break out. Therefore, the United States needs to adjust its national defense strategy accordingly, which is the background of the "preemptive" national defense strategy

"preemptive" national defense strategy, corresponding to the long-standing "deterrence" strategy of the United States, has become a new defense strategy of the United States. Its main purpose is to nip in the bud and defeat the opponent before he acts when he is aware of the threat to the United States. That is to say, in the past, the United States mainly achieved its own security by deterring the enemy, but now it attempts to defeat the enemy quickly through the strategy of preemptive attack, so as to protect the security of the United States and its allies strategically. As US Deputy Secretary of state Armitage said, "we do not give the enemy the opportunity to attack us first or our friends and allies, whether they are Arab countries or Israel." According to this theory, the United States has the right to judge who poses a threat to the security of the United States and take military action, even if the threat does not actually exist. The core theme of the plan is: the United States should exclude any competitors in advance, establish world peace under the power of the United States, and maintain the global hegemony of the United States

at the same time, in order to adapt to the change of "preemptive" national defense strategy, better deal with the present and future threats, and protect the security of the United States, the United States established an effective strategic objective and risk management mechanism in 2004. This new risk balancing mechanism includes not only the risk of direct war plan, but also the risk of military personnel management and military transformation, That is to rece the risk of force management, combat, organization and future challenges. It can not only strengthen the construction of troops, effectively prevent the occurrence of traditional threats such as large-scale war, but also prevent new threats such as terrorist attacks, computer network warfare and nuclear, chemical and biological weapons attacks, so as to protect us security and safeguard US national interests. The Iraq war is the first practice of the "preemptive" national defense strategy, marking a significant change in the strategic thinking of the United States after the cold war after more than ten years of exploration and practice< In order to cope with the change of national defense strategy, the US military building model requires us to focus on building the ability to deal with the new threats in the 21st century, not just the threats and needs of specific regions“ Making defense plan is not only to defend against known threats, but also to deal with unknown threats; Not just who? When and where it will threaten the United States, and what kind of way it will threaten the United States, and what kind of ability it needs to confront the unknown threat. "[ 1] Therefore, it is necessary to change the military building mode to "capability based" mode, so as to make the US military always have absolute superiority and go ahead of all hostile countries. Only in this way can we "preempt", safeguard the security of the United States and its allies in terms of military capability, and minimize the threat to the security of the United States at any time

after nearly three years of "capability based" army building exploration and the test of the "anti terrorist" war, we should see that the "capability based" (rather than the traditional "threat based") army building model of the US military has basically taken shape. The first mock exam of the second term of the Bush administration will continue to enrich and improve this model. The United States defined the "capability based" military building model as "1-4-2-1"“ "1" is to protect the United States, "4" is to deter hostile actions in four overseas regions (Europe, Northeast Asia, Southeast Asian coastal areas and the Middle East and South West Asia), "2" is to quickly defeat the enemy in two simultaneous wars, "1" is to achieve decisive victory in at least one of them. The so-called "1-4-2-1" type refers to determining the structure and scale of the troops according to the above indicators. In order to achieve this goal, the U.S. military is not to enhance its strength through military expansion, but to greatly improve its combat effectiveness through military transformation

in order to support the "capability based" military building model, the Bush administration has continuously increased defense investment, and shifted the focus of defense budget to building the ability of the US military to cope with the threats of the 21st century. In 2005, the total national defense budget reached 425 billion US dollars, a record high. Its theme is "responding to the current threats and preparing for future challenges", with emphasis on "winning the global war on terrorism" and "troops continue to transform to cope with the threats in 2010 and beyond". We will fully support the "transformation of military forces", eliminate equipment that does not meet strategic needs, and develop "new weapons and equipment and military technologies for the 21st century.". In addition, in order to build a new military force based on capability, the national defense budget of fiscal year 2005 strengthened investment in new equipment technology research and development, missile defense, information and intelligence, space and force protection< In order to realize the pre emptive national defense strategy, build a capable force, cope with the new challenges of the 21st century, win the global war on terrorism, and protect the security of the United States as much as possible, the U.S. military must carry out the transformation. In the 2003 national defense report, the U.S. military defined transformation as a dynamic process of continuous change, and its measurement standard is also dynamic. The 2004 national defense report also continued to develop this concept. The U.S. Department of defense believes that the most reliable way to measure transformation is to observe how culture changes? As US Defense Secretary Rumsfeld said, "we are trying our best to promote the development of a culture of unconventional thinking - a free and flexible atmosphere in which people are willing to try new things... This culture is not waiting for threats to emerge and be confirmed, It's about forecasting before it happens - and rapidly developing and using innovation capabilities to dissuade and contain those threats. "[ 2] Therefore, the essence of transformation is to use innovative ideas and methods to curb the emergence of new threats. In 2004, it was determined that the overall goal of the transformation was to achieve the "full spectrum advantage" of the military. The strategic intention of the transformation was to establish a culture with innovative spirit from top to bottom, continuously promote the continuous transformation of the US military, widen the time gap between the US military and other countries (including potential opponents and allies), and always maintain the US leading edge in the world, We should seize the opportunity of international strategic competition in the 21st century, rece the risk of future challenges, realize the national strategic goal of the United States leading the new international order, and safeguard the global interests of the United States

2004 is a year for the US military to comprehensively promote the military transformation. Due to the characteristics of the transformation, the US military should be ahead of its opponents in time, the troops should be quick to maneuver, the intelligence should be accurate, the weapons should be accurate, and the operations should be combined. Therefore, the construction of the transformation in 2004 mainly includes: increasing the transformation expenses, putting forward the US military transformation concept, adjusting the deployment of overseas military forces, developing molar forces, and so on, We should carry out joint operations, acquire new equipment, and reform the operation of the Ministry of defense

put forward the idea of "10-30-30" U.S. military transformation. That is, once the decision to use force is made, the US military should complete combat preparations within 10 days and advance to the predetermined area, defeat the enemy in 30 days, and make it unable to resume organized counterattack in the foreseeable future; Then adjust the deployment in 30 days to prepare for a new round of combat tasks in any part of the world. According to Rumsfeld's transformation model of fighting one war in 70 days, the US military can fight five wars a year

adjust overseas military deployment. In order to realize the concept of transformation, the United States began the largest overseas military redeployment since the end of the Second World War. In Europe, we should rece the number of troops stationed in Western Europe, seek to establish new "forward combat bases" in Romania, Bulgaria, Poland and other countries, and expand the deployment of troops to Eastern Europe. In the Western Pacific region, we will strengthen the command and control capabilities of the US forces in Japan, establish a command center in Northeast Asia, and strengthen the sea and air forces in Guam; The U.S. military in South Korea will move southward in stages, which means that the U.S. military can not only avoid direct threat from North Korea, but also warn North Korea that after getting rid of the threat, the U.S. military may take some military action against it. In Central Asia, the US military has set up a number of military bases and strengthened consultations with Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, Afghanistan and other countries, seeking to increase military bases and strengthen military presence

increase transformation expenditure. In fiscal year 2005, we continued to increase investment in military transformation. In terms of investment, we invested a lot in military technology, weapons and equipment, military training, etc. At the same time, we will continue to support six transformational operational objectives: first, to protect the US domestic and overseas operational bases; Second, to project and maintain military forces to long-distance war zones; Third, it can strike the enemy in any corner of the earth and destroy the enemy's shelter; Fourth, improve space combat capability and keep the United States free from obstacles to enter space; The fifth is to use the advantages of information technology to connect various services and units and implement joint operations; The sixth is to protect the US information network from attack and paralyze the enemy's information network[ 3] In 2005, the national defense budget invested 30 billion US dollars to support the above six goals, an increase of 23.5% compared with 24.3 billion US dollars in 2004< Under the guidance of the national defense transformation strategy, the primary military tasks of the US military forces are: to protect the security of the United States and its allies; to protect the security of the United States and its allies; and to protect the security of the United States and its allies; Preventing aggression and threats in key areas in advance; To defeat aggression rapidly in two overlapping large-scale conflicts, while reserving for the president a choice of decisive victory in the conflict, including the possibility of regime change or occupation; Conct a limited number of small-scale emergency operations[ 4] The ultimate goal of U.S. military construction is to meet the above-mentioned military tasks. Therefore, the goal of military construction is to build a light, fast mobile, flexible, efficient, molar and networked joint force to meet the needs of combat tasks in the 21st century with as little funds as possible

1. Build "joint forces"

joint forces can

8.

(1) From the space station, we can directly observe the land, sea and aviation flight activities, and develop various sensors (optical, electrical, infrared, etc.) for eyesight, so as to improve the real-time observation ability and image discrimination ability of human from space. Military manned space station can be used in battlefield management, surveillance, command and control; It can be used as a space command station for meteorological observation and forecast, as well as supporting the whole trinity of sea, land and air operations

(2) a space sextant is installed in the space station to measure the ocean, land, longitude and latitude, and to accurately determine the position of terrain features, ice, water and meteorological system, which plays a decisive role in the operation. It can also draw military maps, draw up war plans, and provide other digital data confirmed by unmanned systems

(3) evaluate the ability of people to observe naval activities directly and independently from the space station, and carry out special training to ensure the functional evaluation of Navy, civil ships and ports. The use of military astronauts for observation, as a supplement to the Navy's ability to collect information on maritime activities, can also monitor arms control agreements and directly support naval operations

(4) to study and evaluate the role of space-based support for tactical operations and astronauts' support for sea, land and air operations, and to determine the possibility of directly assisting battlefield commanders from space. Support space trained military observers with sensors, automation tools and data, and communicate with ground and aviation observers, which will help to make decisions on operational exercises. People can use the permanent space station to obtain a large amount of military information from space, provide decision-making and tactics to the headquarters that draw up the operational plan, and report the whole battlefield to the headquarters. A space station military observer may have access to the only valuable and timely situation on the battlefield

(5) there are more and more space debris and garbage. These space objects not only pose a risk of collision between manned space station and satellite, but also increase the weight of space station if collision is prevented, which will inevitably lead to the increase of launch cost. In case of danger, measures should be taken to quickly take off the face of space station astronauts. In addition to the crew emergency return vehicle in the space station, the space station should also be used to control space debris, collect or remove it, and people should identify whether space debris is dangerous. It is sometimes difficult to identify space waste on the ground because it is impossible to detect space debris by ground-based detectors. Some people in the US Air Force have proposed using space debris to destroy the "space mines" conceived by the former Soviet Union

(6) evaluate the ability and effect of human observation of land-based, sea based and air-based missile launching on the space station. Military astronauts have a special field of vision, such as land-based detectors, which can detect and judge the nature of launched missiles

(7) monitoring the global atmosphere and positioning from the space station to support military programs. The development of sensors can directly collect real-time weather and space environment information, which is of great value to the air force, navy and Marine Corps. Sensor support for manned analysis is also very valuable for the development of future aviation system and the improvement of current system characteristics

(8) the possibility of a military astronaut providing space environment information for military planning, operations and system development. A sensor is developed to ensure the analysis and monitoring of space environmental factors. Radiation, gravity and upper atmosphere factors play an important role in the development and application of military aerospace system. For example, charge and radiation have a significant impact on advanced space systems. It is up to the people on the space station to conct in-depth research on the future national space plane and the new generation of satellites

(9) military astronauts on the station can locate, identify and track land, sea, air and space targets. It can also guide and point the attacking targets for land-based, sea based and maple based missiles. The ability of human identification and tracking is better than that of sensor

(10) the space station is a military communication center, which can ensure all kinds of military needs. It can directly send the information collected by military astronauts from space and the actual combat situation observed by them to the headquarters, especially to quickly tell the commander of the enemy's military information

(11) the space station can be used as a combat station to attack ground, sea and air forces and space targets with the space weapons placed on the station. At present, the developed kinetic energy and directional energy space weapons can be equipped with space station, such as laser gun, electromagnetic gun, and even mine laying and mine sweeping in space. Space war is the battle of satellites and missiles, and the space station is like a super large intercontinental bomber, fighter and interceptor. It mainly depends on the military and Aerospace Services on the station to carry out these tasks

(12) the space station can install large space structures, such as large antennas, radars, and even store fuel to fuel satellites

(13) it may be more effective for people to conct research on power proction of space system in space station, deploy power space base of military space system, and do experiments, and directly monitor by people. Advanced military systems with low cost and long life will need new power systems. The new power system can be studied in the space station

9. http://www.defenselink.mil/
the website of the US Department of defense. Find what you want

10. The geographical coordinates are 38 ° 52′15.00〃N、77 ° 03 ′ 21.00 ″ w
reference http://ke..com/view/53438.htm