Position: Home page » Blockchain » What does BFT mean in the area of blockchain consensus
What does BFT mean in the area of blockchain consensus
Publish: 2021-04-25 14:49:15
1. Absrtact: blockchain technology is the underlying technology of bitcoin. Without any centralized organization operation and management, bitcoin has been running very stably for many years (perfectly for seven years), and there has been no problem (no missing account). Therefore, some people have noticed its underlying technology and abstracted bitcoin technology, which is called blockchain technology, Or distributed ledger technology
what is centralization
the so-called centralization means "ownership" or ownership by the company. For example, Tencent's q-coin, which is issued by Tencent, is a kind of centralized electronic currency, including the total amount and the issuing method, is supervised and controlled by Tencent. You can use it, trade and go shopping, but you always have to operate in the framework of Tencent, and the final right of interpretation belongs to Tencent
the issuing mode of bitcoin is preset by the program and encryption algorithm, and runs on multiple nodes all over the world. No one or organization can modify it (everyone has his own account book, so it is impossible for one person to control everyone's account book at the same time. If there is such a technology, why should it be so complicated, If you want to blackmail money into your account, you will be the richest man in the world. There is no one left, And it is not controlled by any single person or organization
take an example: for example, Lao Zhang borrows 100 yuan from Lao Li, but Lao Li is afraid that he will default, so he asks the village head to do notarization and write down the account. This is called centralization. But if you don't find the village head, you can use the loudspeaker to shout in the village: "I Lao Li lent Lao Zhang 100 yuan! Please put it in the account book. "We all put this account in our own account book. This is called decentralization
anyone who transfers money between them will release information through loudspeakers. After receiving the information, everyone will record the transaction in their own account book. With distributed ledgers, it doesn't matter if Lao Zhang or Lao Li's ledgers are lost, because Lao Zhao, Lao Ma, Lao Wang and other families have ledgers
the main advantages of blockchain are that it does not need intermediary participation, the whole process is open and transparent, and the cost is low, and the data security is high
at present, blockchain is in a stage where everyone talks about blockchain, but can't perceive its actual technical charm. Since 2017, it has graally come into our sight, and we have graally realized that bitcoin is more fierce than real estate speculation (the price of mining machinery has skyrocketed! The news is on the screen But I still don't know
so, in which fields can blockchain be applied, what kind of changes will it bring to our future life
the core key: everyone has an account book, everyone has an account book, and the information recorded in each person's account book is consistent and synchronous, and the information is completely transparent. If it is fake, it will be the public enemy of the whole people, which greatly increases the cost of data fraud
core key 2: decentralization, which does not need a central system to manage data, prevents some people from changing data and damages the interests of the majority of people
Application:
1. Account security and privacy protection: currency transfer, exchange, payment system. Blockchain can help prevent data manipulation and fraud, prevent distributed denial of service attacks (DDoS), and effectively protect users' network privacy. Key words: anti counterfeiting, anti-counterfeiting, loan payment
2. Copyright regulation and interest disputes: for example, when a song is downloaded, from the author to the procer and then to the singer, they can get payment in real time through the blockchain, without having to wait for a long time like the traditional way, or even get no reward e to right disputes. Instead of waiting for publishers to provide royalty checks, creators can freely control the process from publishing to payment through blockchain application. Key words: real time receipt, no property dispute
3. Internet of things + artificial intelligence: the intelligent devices in the Internet of things based on the blockchain will be used to monitor the real-time situation of urban infrastructure such as bridges, roads, power grids, etc. the blockchain can connect these intelligent devices together for unified management to help them monitor more efficiently. This will help people better understand how to build a smart city in the future. Key words: unified monitoring, intelligent city
4: proof of existence: in life, once you are asked to prove that you are you, that your mother is your mother, that you have never been married, that the house belongs to you, and so on, things seem very simple. Once it falls on you, it is a great trouble. The application of blockchain technology can perfectly solve the above embarrassment. At that time, all the information that belongs to you will be recorded accurately and can not be tampered with. No one has the right to change it. When the technology develops to a certain stage, birth certificate and marriage certificate may be recorded on the blockchain. Keywords: no keywords
in addition to the application scenarios mentioned above, blockchain technology can also be applied to e-commerce, data storage, logistics and other fields. As long as we grasp the characteristics of blockchain technology, it will become easy to understand.
what is centralization
the so-called centralization means "ownership" or ownership by the company. For example, Tencent's q-coin, which is issued by Tencent, is a kind of centralized electronic currency, including the total amount and the issuing method, is supervised and controlled by Tencent. You can use it, trade and go shopping, but you always have to operate in the framework of Tencent, and the final right of interpretation belongs to Tencent
the issuing mode of bitcoin is preset by the program and encryption algorithm, and runs on multiple nodes all over the world. No one or organization can modify it (everyone has his own account book, so it is impossible for one person to control everyone's account book at the same time. If there is such a technology, why should it be so complicated, If you want to blackmail money into your account, you will be the richest man in the world. There is no one left, And it is not controlled by any single person or organization
take an example: for example, Lao Zhang borrows 100 yuan from Lao Li, but Lao Li is afraid that he will default, so he asks the village head to do notarization and write down the account. This is called centralization. But if you don't find the village head, you can use the loudspeaker to shout in the village: "I Lao Li lent Lao Zhang 100 yuan! Please put it in the account book. "We all put this account in our own account book. This is called decentralization
anyone who transfers money between them will release information through loudspeakers. After receiving the information, everyone will record the transaction in their own account book. With distributed ledgers, it doesn't matter if Lao Zhang or Lao Li's ledgers are lost, because Lao Zhao, Lao Ma, Lao Wang and other families have ledgers
the main advantages of blockchain are that it does not need intermediary participation, the whole process is open and transparent, and the cost is low, and the data security is high
at present, blockchain is in a stage where everyone talks about blockchain, but can't perceive its actual technical charm. Since 2017, it has graally come into our sight, and we have graally realized that bitcoin is more fierce than real estate speculation (the price of mining machinery has skyrocketed! The news is on the screen But I still don't know
so, in which fields can blockchain be applied, what kind of changes will it bring to our future life
the core key: everyone has an account book, everyone has an account book, and the information recorded in each person's account book is consistent and synchronous, and the information is completely transparent. If it is fake, it will be the public enemy of the whole people, which greatly increases the cost of data fraud
core key 2: decentralization, which does not need a central system to manage data, prevents some people from changing data and damages the interests of the majority of people
Application:
1. Account security and privacy protection: currency transfer, exchange, payment system. Blockchain can help prevent data manipulation and fraud, prevent distributed denial of service attacks (DDoS), and effectively protect users' network privacy. Key words: anti counterfeiting, anti-counterfeiting, loan payment
2. Copyright regulation and interest disputes: for example, when a song is downloaded, from the author to the procer and then to the singer, they can get payment in real time through the blockchain, without having to wait for a long time like the traditional way, or even get no reward e to right disputes. Instead of waiting for publishers to provide royalty checks, creators can freely control the process from publishing to payment through blockchain application. Key words: real time receipt, no property dispute
3. Internet of things + artificial intelligence: the intelligent devices in the Internet of things based on the blockchain will be used to monitor the real-time situation of urban infrastructure such as bridges, roads, power grids, etc. the blockchain can connect these intelligent devices together for unified management to help them monitor more efficiently. This will help people better understand how to build a smart city in the future. Key words: unified monitoring, intelligent city
4: proof of existence: in life, once you are asked to prove that you are you, that your mother is your mother, that you have never been married, that the house belongs to you, and so on, things seem very simple. Once it falls on you, it is a great trouble. The application of blockchain technology can perfectly solve the above embarrassment. At that time, all the information that belongs to you will be recorded accurately and can not be tampered with. No one has the right to change it. When the technology develops to a certain stage, birth certificate and marriage certificate may be recorded on the blockchain. Keywords: no keywords
in addition to the application scenarios mentioned above, blockchain technology can also be applied to e-commerce, data storage, logistics and other fields. As long as we grasp the characteristics of blockchain technology, it will become easy to understand.
2.
Blockchain technology is widely used. Under the integration of new technologies, the main application scenarios of blockchain include finance and insurance, intelligent manufacturing, intelligent environmental protection, energy and power, health care, ecation, culture and innovation, smart city, social welfare, agriculture and many other fields
-
blockchain + finance
blockchain can help financial institutions solve problems such as trust and data sharing
-
blockchain + right art
Tianhe Guoyun's blockchain right system
< / OL >
3. Blockchain + government
in statistics, voting, budget management and other aspects, blockchain can rece costs, improve efficiency, and increase transparency, so as to prevent the risk of failure of centralized system
4. Blockchain + insurance
fraud identification and risk prevention: by placing insurance claims under an unchangeable general ledger, blockchain helps to eliminate the common sources of fraud in the insurance instry
property insurance and accidental injury insurance: policies and shared ledgers recorded in the form of smart contracts can improve the efficiency of property insurance and accidental injury insurance
Health Insurance: blockchain technology enables medical records to be encrypted and shared among health service providers, thus improving the interoperability of the health insurance ecosystem
Reinsurance: the information security of reinsurance contracts on the blockchain platform can be ensured through the form of smart contracts, which can rece the amount of information and simplify the payment process between insurers and reinsurers
3. The so-called "consensus mechanism" is to complete the verification and confirmation of the transaction in a very short time through the voting of special nodes; For a transaction, if several nodes with unrelated interests can reach a consensus, we can think that the whole network can also reach a consensus. More generally speaking, if a Chinese microblog big V, an American virtual currency player, an African student and a European tourist do not know each other, but they all agree that you are a good person, then you can basically conclude that you are not bad
as a data structure that stores data in chronological order, blockchain can support different consensus mechanisms. Consensus mechanism is an important component of blockchain technology. The goal of blockchain consensus mechanism is to make all honest nodes keep consistent blockchain view, and satisfy two properties at the same time:
1) consistency. The prefix part of the blockchain saved by all honest nodes is exactly the same
2) effectiveness. The information released by one honest node will be recorded by all other honest nodes in their own blockchain.
as a data structure that stores data in chronological order, blockchain can support different consensus mechanisms. Consensus mechanism is an important component of blockchain technology. The goal of blockchain consensus mechanism is to make all honest nodes keep consistent blockchain view, and satisfy two properties at the same time:
1) consistency. The prefix part of the blockchain saved by all honest nodes is exactly the same
2) effectiveness. The information released by one honest node will be recorded by all other honest nodes in their own blockchain.
4. How to reach a consensus on decentralized networks
in the blockchain system, there is no centralized bookkeeping institution like a bank, so it is very important to ensure the consistency of each transaction on all bookkeeping nodes, that is, to make the whole network reach a consensus. The consensus mechanism solves this problem
at present, the main consensus mechanisms are workload proof mechanism POW and equity proof mechanism POS
POW determines your chances of getting bookkeeping rights by evaluating your workload. The greater the workload, the more likely you will get this bookkeeping opportunity
POS determines your chances of getting bookkeeping rights by evaluating the number and ration of tokens you hold. This is similar to the stock dividend system, holding a relatively large number of shares can get more dividends
the principle of dpos is similar to that of POS, except that some "deputies to the National People's Congress" are selected. The main difference from POS is that the node elects several agents, which are verified and recorded by the agents
with the development of technology, more advanced consensus mechanisms may emerge in the future.
in the blockchain system, there is no centralized bookkeeping institution like a bank, so it is very important to ensure the consistency of each transaction on all bookkeeping nodes, that is, to make the whole network reach a consensus. The consensus mechanism solves this problem
at present, the main consensus mechanisms are workload proof mechanism POW and equity proof mechanism POS
POW determines your chances of getting bookkeeping rights by evaluating your workload. The greater the workload, the more likely you will get this bookkeeping opportunity
POS determines your chances of getting bookkeeping rights by evaluating the number and ration of tokens you hold. This is similar to the stock dividend system, holding a relatively large number of shares can get more dividends
the principle of dpos is similar to that of POS, except that some "deputies to the National People's Congress" are selected. The main difference from POS is that the node elects several agents, which are verified and recorded by the agents
with the development of technology, more advanced consensus mechanisms may emerge in the future.
5. In bitcoin and other blockchain currencies, there is also the problem of how to reach a consensus. In other words, the core issue of bitcoin or other blockchain currencies is how to reach a consensus in a decentralized environment
blockchain is not only the core technology behind bitcoin, but also the infrastructure supporting bitcoin. Therefore, when talking about the consensus of blockchain, we must talk about the consensus of bitcoin
the core breakthrough of bitcoin is to reach a consensus on transaction events in the case of decentralization, that is, to reach an agreement on the effectiveness of a transaction without a central organization<
bitcoin's method to achieve this consensus mainly includes two parts:
incentive; That is, each block generates a certain amount of new bitcoin to motivate participants
introce external resources to ensure safety; That is, to ensure the security of consensus through a large number of external calculations, that is, proof of power
this is also the method adopted by almost all POW currencies. For example, dent, Wright coin, sand coin, dog coin and so on.
blockchain is not only the core technology behind bitcoin, but also the infrastructure supporting bitcoin. Therefore, when talking about the consensus of blockchain, we must talk about the consensus of bitcoin
the core breakthrough of bitcoin is to reach a consensus on transaction events in the case of decentralization, that is, to reach an agreement on the effectiveness of a transaction without a central organization<
bitcoin's method to achieve this consensus mainly includes two parts:
incentive; That is, each block generates a certain amount of new bitcoin to motivate participants
introce external resources to ensure safety; That is, to ensure the security of consensus through a large number of external calculations, that is, proof of power
this is also the method adopted by almost all POW currencies. For example, dent, Wright coin, sand coin, dog coin and so on.
6. Sludge specific resistance is a comprehensive index of sludge filtration characteristics. Its physical meaning is: the resistance of unit mass of sludge in unit filtration area when it is filtered under a certain pressure. The purpose of this value is to compare the filtration performance of different sludge (or the same sludge with different amount of mixture). The larger the sludge specific resistance is, the worse the filtration performance is. The curve showing the relationship between the gas flow rate treated by the adsorption bed and the pollutant concentration in the outlet gas is called breakthrough curve. For details of this concept, please refer to line 9 from the bottom on page 278 of air pollution control engineering, Second Edition, published by higher ecation press~
7. Jinwowo network analysis: consensus mechanism is how to reach a consensus among all accounting nodes to determine the validity of a record, which is not only a means of identification, but also a means of preventing tampering.
8. The consensus mechanism of jinwowo analysis blockchain technology is as follows:
blockchain is a decentralized distributed ledger system. Due to the high network delay in the peer-to-peer network, the transaction order observed by each node can not be completely consistent
therefore, the blockchain system needs to design a mechanism to reach a consensus on the sequence of transactions that occur in a certain period of time. This algorithm to reach consensus on the order of transactions in a time window is called consensus mechanism.
blockchain is a decentralized distributed ledger system. Due to the high network delay in the peer-to-peer network, the transaction order observed by each node can not be completely consistent
therefore, the blockchain system needs to design a mechanism to reach a consensus on the sequence of transactions that occur in a certain period of time. This algorithm to reach consensus on the order of transactions in a time window is called consensus mechanism.
9.
1、 The types of mobile phones are not exactly the same: g9700 belongs to 4G / 3G mobile phones; G9730 belongs to 5g mobile phone
Second, the screen size and resolution are different: the main screen size of g9700 is 5.8 inches, the narrow frame is 3.42mm, and the screen proportion is high 84.49%, the main screen resolution is 2280 x 1080 pixels; G9730 home screen size 6.1 inches, narrow frame 04mm, screen ratio The resolution of the main screen is 3040x1440 pixels Third, the camera configuration is different: g9700 has three cameras, including two rear cameras, which are 16 million pixels + 12 million pixels, and the front camera is 10 million pixels; G9730 has four cameras, one more 12 megapixel rear camera than g9700 Fourth, the overall size and weight of the mobile phone are different: the size of g9700 mobile phone is 142.2x69.9x7.9mm, the weight is not the same 150g The size of g9730 mobile phone is 149.9x70.4x7.8mm, and the weight of g9730 mobile phone is 157g (5) the color of mobile phone is different: g9700 mobile phone has four colors: bright jade white, carbon crystal black, glass green and lime yellow; G9730 has one less lime yellow color than g9700Hot content