Social transformation of blockchain
in the Internet era, there is a database behind every system. This database can be regarded as a large account book. In the past, the person who maintained the system was responsible for managing the database and recording the user's behavior, that is, bookkeeping. However, the blockchain is "decentralized", which allows every member of the system to participate in it, not only everyone bookkeeping, but also through links, Everyone can have a complete account book
"blockchain is essentially a collective recording mode. What's special is that it adopts a set of techniques in an ingenious way to realize the authenticity and credibility of the recorded results, which is difficult to destroy and tamper with. " Zhang Xiaorong said, "first, everyone has the right to record and authenticate with each other to distinguish the true from the false, which is called consensus mechanism; Second, no one can tamper with the records, because there are cryptographic signatures; Third, everyone has a , so even if some account books are damaged, the whole will not be affected. This is called distributed storage. The information recorded in this way is presented in block mode according to the time chain, so it is called blockchain. "
various cryptocurrencies represented by bitcoin are originally an application of blockchain technology, which can be described as blockchain version 1.0. However, around 2014, the instry began to realize the important value of blockchain technology. Blockchain graally separated from digital currency and applied to various economic and social fields other than digital currency
it has broad application prospects
blockchain technology is considered as a disruptive innovation after steam engine, electric power and Internet. If the steam engine and electricity liberate the proctivity, and the Internet has changed the way of information transmission, the blockchain, as a machine for building trust, may change the way of value transmission
for example, in the financial field, the cost of reconciliation, clearing and settlement between financial institutions, especially cross-border financial institutions, has always been very high, and there are complex manual processes. The application of blockchain technology can help rece the cost of reconciliation and dispute resolution between financial institutions, and significantly improve the processing speed and efficiency of payment business, It also makes small cross-border payments possible. In December 2017, China Merchants Bank completed the RMB position transfer business from Hongkong Wing Lung Bank to Shenzhen Branch of Wing Lung Bank. This is the world's first interbank cross-border RMB clearing business based on blockchain technology
in addition, according to the white paper 2016 on China's blockchain technology and application development issued by the Ministry of instry and information technology of China, the application of blockchain has been extended to medical and health, ecation, charity, social management and other fields. Taking the cultural instry as an example, the low cost of reproction, the high cost of safeguarding rights, and the difficulty of providing evidence make the protection of intellectual property rights a pain point for the instry. With blockchain, the proction, dissemination and transaction records of cultural procts are true, transparent and reliable, and the problem can be solved
Zhang Xiaorong said that blockchain technology has solved two major problems in the era of Digital Economy: one is the visible flow direction, and the other is zero trust cost. In the past, the circulation of physical paper money was invisible, but the flow of all digital assets had a "chain" to check. Yang Yanchao, a researcher at the intellectual property center of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, also believes that the biggest advantage of blockchain is that it has truly completed the credit construction in an anonymous society, bringing new opportunities to many fields, thus making various innovative applications possible
there is a long way to go in the future development
in terms of technology promotion, there is no big barrier to blockchain, which has been confirmed in the global practice of bitcoin, and its main resistance comes from the obstacles in concept and implementation
"on the one hand, the society may be very concerned about the" naked "state in the blockchain. Blockchain has built a "Skynet" for the commercial society. The company's economic activities are all recorded, so there is no secret to speak of. In this way, some business strategies may not be implemented under the blockchain. "
"on the other hand, the current legal system lags behind the development of information technology, so how to put the emerging blockchain technology under the legal supervision needs to be studied." Duan Yongchao said
the core of blockchain is decentralization, which will have an impact on the long-standing central management model. In addition to the law, how to establish a regulatory environment that can promote the application of blockchain technology, so that the technology can benefit the society and not be used to do evil, is also an urgent problem to be solved.
if you look at the problem with the thinking of 30 years ago, you will think that others are crazy, but in fact you are out of date
the concept of blockchain can be traced back to the end of 2008. In the forum, a mysterious personage named "Nakamoto Tsung" published a paper "bitcoin: a peer-to-peer e-cash system" and proposed the concept of blockchain for the first time
on January 3, 2009, the first block of the blockchain was born, which is called the "Founding block"
almost with the birth of blockchain technology, bitcoin became the first thing to play its role. In the following years, bitcoin graally swept the world. In 2017, its crazy market made blockchain technology known to all
the idea of blockchain first appeared in the famous bitcoin open source project. In the process of its birth and development, bitcoin project draws on the technical achievements from digital currency, cryptography, game theory, distributed system, cybernetics and other fields. It can be said that bitcoin project is good at all. As its core supporting structure, blockchain technology is a remarkable innovation achievement
blockchain is a distributed database system with different nodes, which is an open ledger system<
three characteristics of blockchain
compared with the traditional centralized scheme, blockchain technology mainly has the following three characteristics:
the core idea of blockchain is decentralization
in the blockchain system, the rights and obligations between any node are equal, and all nodes have the ability to vote with computing power, Thus, the result recognized by more than half of the nodes is guaranteed. Even under serious hacker attacks, as long as the number of nodes controlled by hackers does not exceed half of the total number of nodes in the world, the system can still operate normally and the data will not be tampered with
block chain's biggest subversive is the establishment of credit
the collective maintenance of blockchain can rece the cost
in the centralized network system, the maintenance and operation of the system depend on the operation and operation of platforms such as data center, and the cost cannot be omitted. Anyone can participate in the nodes of the blockchain. Each node can verify the correctness of the results of other nodes' records while participating in the records, which improves the maintenance efficiency and reces the cost
in a word, blockchain touches money, trust and power, which are the fundamental basis for human survival< Its development has gone through three stages
1. Brewing period: from 2009 to 2012, bitcoin and its instrial ecology are the main economic forms
2. Embryonic period: from 2012 to 2015, with bitcoin entering the public view, new wallet payment and remittance companies appeared, and blockchain economy spread to the financial field. The underlying technology of blockchain is constantly innovated. Blockchain technology is separated from bitcoin system
3. Development period: in 2016, we began to explore instry applications, and a large number of blockchain start-ups appeared. The popularity of ICO in 2017 has given blockchain unprecedented attention
"blockchain 2.0 era" is coming
the application service layer is the driving force for the sustainable development of blockchain, which is divided into three stages of application: 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0
programmable currency: blockchain 1.0 application
programmable currency is the digital currency represented by bitcoin, but it is not the legal tender of any country or region, and there is no government authority to provide guarantee for it
programmable Finance: blockchain 2.0 application& quot; Smart contract& quot; Using program algorithm to replace the concept of contract execution. This enables blockchain to expand from the original monetary system to the registration and transfer of equity, creditor's rights and property rights, the transaction and execution of securities and financial contracts, and even the financial fields of gambling and anti-counterfeiting
programmable Society: blockchain 3.0 application
blockchain is the core of value Internet, which can confirm, measure and store the property rights of information and bytes representing value in each Internet. It can not only record the transactions of the financial instry, but also record almost anything valuable that can be expressed in the form of code. Its application can be extended to any field with demand, and then to the whole society
at present, the application of blockchain has begun to surpass bitcoin (blockchain 1.0), enter the era of blockchain 1.5, and transition to the financial field (blockchain 2.0)
in the next 3-5 years, blockchain may go beyond the financial field and enter the field of social notarization and intelligence (blockchain 3.0), including identity authentication, notarization, arbitration, audit, domain name, logistics, medical care, mail, visa, voting and other fields. Its application scope will be expanded to the whole society, and blockchain technology is likely to become a new technology& quot; All things are connected& quot; It's the lowest level protocol
at present, blockchain technology has been recognized by the world, and its development has become an inevitable trend. Accompanied by more people's attention, "in the next 30 years, new technologies will be integrated into all aspects of traditional instries, and human society will turn upside down. No matter who you are, no matter where you are, all of us will be a part of this great change."
this is the current situation. Blockchain has given the post-90s an opportunity. However, if you want to control blockchain technology without being affected by negative factors, the most important thing is to have a clear understanding of it, whether it is regulators, researchers, speculators or bystanders
it's time to devote more energy to blockchain technology
in China, the average annual salary of blockchain positions has reached more than 300000, and that of some enterprises has reached more than 1 million. The monthly salary of blockchain instry graates in Beijing, Shanghai and other places has exceeded 20K! If the post-90s seize the bonus of the times, they may become the next Alibaba in the future! If you miss it, you may regret it for ten years.
Since 2017, the concept of blockchain, which has been popular all over the society and the world, is still heating up, attracting people and social funds; Boost bitcoin, as well as similar network "encrypted digital currency" (such as ether coin, Wright coin, etc.) price rise, created a lot of "overnight rich" myth. The argument that digital currency and blockchain will subvert tradition and profoundly change the world is constantly rising. The start-up and development of blockchain seems to be coming like a roaring sea, but it is more and more concentrated in coin making and speculation, and more and more trapped in the thinking and paradigm of "bitcoin blockchain" of mining and coin making
in the case that bitcoin must be exchanged with fiat money and must join the network trading platform and other auxiliary links in order to play a greater function, the characteristics of bitcoin blockchain such as area center and disintermediation may have serious problems. In the real world, if the transfer of monetary assets is operated through the bitcoin blockchain system, it will actually increase the intermediary link rather than disintermediation. Moreover, because the bitcoin system is highly anonymous and deliberately evades supervision, it is difficult to fully meet the requirements of anti money laundering and anti-terrorism transportation. On the contrary, many new serious problems may arise, Many arguments about bitcoin and blockchain are difficult to hold
those unseen pain points
the so-called labels of bitcoin blockchain, such as "decentralization", "democracy, equality and freedom", can not stand scrutiny; The truth is that if it puts too much emphasis on "decentralization", it will affect efficiency; Bitcoin has not yet become a real currency; The ICO type fund-raising method is not concive to the development of blockchain... But when people enthusiastically pursue blockchain like faith, they can not see these "pain points":
first, bitcoin blockchain is difficult to build a decentralized, democratic and equal society
bitcoin blockchain system envisages the establishment of an equal and democratic world for all participants, but in fact, the core team of coding maintenance and the main forces involved in mining and operation are not so equal and democratic. Due to the influence of computer computing power, the mining and acquisition of bitcoin are not equal as advertised. As a result of competition, the opportunities of mining and acquiring bitcoin are more and more concentrated on a small number of mining pools or nodes with powerful computing power. However, more and more people are involved in mining, consuming resources, but they may not be able to obtain bitcoin. This makes bitcoin more occupied by a few people, and will enhance its voice or influence on the adjustment of network rules
secondly, there are strict conditions for bitcoin blockchain to "de trust" and "de mediate" point-to-point transactions
Blockchain instry development trend analysis technology has broad application prospects
with the characteristics of point-to-point payment, openness and transparency, the most direct application field of blockchain technology application is payment field. However, there are many pain points in domestic ticketing instry, such as too many agent levels, rampant scalpers, selling more than one ticket, fake tickets, lack of credit, etc, It can be solved by blockchain technology. The traditional ticketing mode needs the support of centralized facilities such as the third-party ticketing platform, and the information is extremely asymmetric. The new ticketing mode based on blockchain technology can realize point-to-point transaction, and the whole process is transparent and traceable
blockchain e-ticketing platform
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data source: the financial field of blockchain + application sorted out by prospective instry research institute is reshaping the financial instry pattern
the open and tamperable attribute of blockchain technology provides the possibility for decentralized trust mechanism,
has the potential to change the financial infrastructure. All kinds of financial assets, such as equity, bonds, bills, warehouse receipts, fund shares, etc., can be integrated into the blockchain ledger to become digital assets on the blockchain. They can be stored, transferred and traded on the blockchain, which makes them have a very broad application prospect in the financial field
by recing the cost of cross-border payment, securities trading and compliance, blockchain technology can save banks $15 billion to $20 billion a year
through the application of intelligent contract, blockchain + insurance can realize automatic claim settlement of insurance policy. Insurance institutions have high management and operation costs, and the data on the blockchain is true and reliable, which can effectively simplify the processing process of policy claims. In addition, the blockchain technology can realize the digital management of personal data, simplify information authentication, and help to trace the history of data
entertainment of blockchain + application: the development ecology of blockchain has taken shape, and the media instry may become the main beneficiary
blockchain technology can be widely used in news, games, picture right and other entertainment fields
blockchain technology will bring great changes to the underlying structure of the game and have a great impact on the current game instry. Gamers now have gatekeepers (centralized organizations) to decide prices, tax, censor users, control content, and profit from data. Through the decentralized platform, consumers can socialize and trade without mediation, providing more control and flexibility for game players in the game experience
blockchain + applied supply chain: it can improve the transparency of the supply chain, establish a new supply chain system
blockchain technology can improve the transparency, traceability and security of the supply chain, and promote a kind of trust and integrity. 1) At present, the supply chain has many disadvantages, such as long chain, many intermediate links, many interest joints, opaque and so on; 2)
the distributed bookkeeping technology of blockchain can register the transfer of goods on the ledger as a transaction, and determine the participants related to the proction chain management, as well as the proct price, date and location
coinbase said it was aware of the existence of the judgment and would make a formal statement shortly
and the US government is celebrating this victory. Director of the IRS, John J; John Koskinen said:
like other properties, virtual currency transactions are taxable‘ The purpose of John Doe's summons is to ensure that citizens in emerging economies can abide by tax laws and fulfill their responsibilities
the coinbase user information that IRS applied to view was from December 31, 2013 to December 31, 2015. Coinbase said it would try its best to protect users' privacy when it first received the subpoena
as we all know, the attitudes and regulatory policies of countries around the world towards digital currencies such as bitcoin are not the same, and the tax policies of different countries are also different
on October 22, 2015, the European Court of Justice ruled that transactions in bitcoin and other virtual currencies would be exempt from value added tax (VAT). This decision is a major victory for the bitcoin trading community
generally, Japanese people need to pay 8% consumption tax to buy bitcoin on the digital currency exchange. In October this year, it was reported that the Japanese government planned to cancel the consumption tax generated by the purchase of virtual currencies such as bitcoin next spring
since 2015, the IRS has regarded bitcoin and other digital currencies as taxable assets. Recently, the IRS inspector general has been responsible for the Department's gaps in digital currency taxation. The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) has raised similar questions.
Specifically, users can share the idle storage space and bandwidth resources of cat disk, and these resources will be output to companies such as content, video, game, blockchain, etc. cat disk company will convert the legal currency and various digital currencies paid by the latter into bitcoin, and users will get the corresponding bitcoin income. This is also the unique mining mode of cat disk
why reward bitcoin
because similar procts on the market reward users with points, diamonds and other rights and interests issued by relevant companies, and most of these rights and interests are of low or no value. In addition, those projects that once seemed to be hot are now almost withered, and the early players may benefit, while the late players will lose all their money
as we know, bitcoin is the anchor currency in the digital currency world. Cat disk directly uses bitcoin to motivate users, and users can pick up the coin to their wallet at any time, and their income can be guaranteed. Moreover, the risk of bitcoin breaking is almost zero, and the user's income will be more lasting and stable
how is the mining income distributed when it comes to distribution, we should first introce the concept of "storage power", which is directly linked to the income of cat disk users. Storage power is an index based on users' shared storage space, bandwidth and online time. The larger the storage space, the faster the bandwidth speed and the longer the online time, the larger the storage power, and vice versa the cat disk gains revenue by sharing storage bandwidth resources, and users can check the revenue through app every day, that is, how much bitcoin they earn. The profit distribution of maopan mining is not random, but through a series of calculations. In short, users' daily income depends on their personal storage capacity, all users' storage capacity and the amount of money issued each day. The calculation formula is as follows: single user's daily income = single user's daily storage capacity / all users' daily storage capacity * Daily currency amount it can be seen that users' daily income is positively correlated with the daily storage capacity index and the daily currency amount, and negatively correlated with all users' daily storage capacity index what is the amount of money issued every day the cat disk integrates the storage and bandwidth resources shared by users, provides storage and bandwidth services to the demander, and converts various digital currencies paid by the other party into bitcoin for distribution to users. How much bitcoin is issued every day depends on the actual business situation, so there is no way to give specific figures for the time being. What we can make clear is that, unlike other mining procts, cat disk does not issue its own currency or restrict the mining of a specific kind or several kinds of currency. Instead, it earns various digital currencies paid by others. These currencies are all market currency. Cat disk converts these currencies into bitcoin and distributes them to users note that all the currencies are negotiable, and the more storage nodes, the more business, the higher the overall mining revenue; For other mining procts, the amount of money that can be mined is limited or issued by the owner. With the passage of time, there will be more and more mining machines, and the mining income will be less and less