EOS third generation blockchain Technology Architecture

1.

From the perspective of technology and architecture, I will tell you my understanding of blockchain in common language

what is blockchain? In a word, blockchain is a storage system. To be more specific, blockchain is a distributed storage system without an administrator and each node has all the data

What are the common storage systems like

first, how to ensure high availability

the common storage system usually uses "rendancy" to solve the problem of high availability. As shown in the figure above, if the data can be copied into several copies and rendant to multiple places, high availability can be guaranteed. The data in one place is hung, and there is data in other places. For example, the master-slave cluster of MySQL is the same principle, and the raid of disk is also the same principle

two points need to be emphasized in this place are: data rendancy often leads to consistency problems

1. For example, in the master-slave cluster of MySQL, there is actually a delay in reading and writing, which means there is a inconsistency in reading and writing in a short period of time. This is a side effect of data rendancy

The second point is that data rendancy often reces the efficiency of writing, because data synchronization also consumes resources. If you add two slave libraries, the write efficiency will be affected. The common storage system is to use rendancy to ensure the high availability of data

so the second question, ordinary storage system, can write more

the answer is yes, for example, take this graph as an example:

in fact, MySQL can do a master-slave synchronization of al masters, master-slave synchronization of al masters, two nodes can be written at the same time. If you want to do a multi room multi live data center, in fact, multi room multi live data synchronization. What we should emphasize here is that multi-point writing often leads to the consistency problem of writing conflicts. Take MySQL as an example, suppose that the attribute of a table is self incrementing ID, then the data in the database is 1234 now. If one of the nodes writes and inserts a piece of data, it may become 5, and then these 5 pieces of data are synchronized to another master node, Before synchronization, if another write node inserts a piece of data, a piece of data with self incrementing ID of 5 will be generated. Then, after the generation, synchronize to another node, and the synchronized data will conflict with the two local 5's after it arrives, which will lead to synchronization failure and write consistency conflict. This problem will occur in the case of multi-point writing

how to ensure consistency in multi-point writing

the reform "Swan class" gives you more technical work

2. Introction to seven core technologies of blockchain operation on January 15, 2018
1. Blockchain links
as the name suggests, blockchain is a chain composed of blocks. Each block is divided into block head and block body (including transaction data). The block head includes the prevhash value (also known as hash value) of the previous block used to realize the block link and the random number (nonce) used to calculate the mining difficulty. The hash value of the previous block is actually the hash value of the head of the previous block, and the random number calculation rule determines which miner can obtain the right to record the block
2. Consensus mechanism
blockchain is accompanied by the birth of bitcoin, which is the basic technology architecture of bitcoin. Blockchain can be understood as an Internet-based decentralized accounting system. A decentralized digital currency system like bitcoin requires the consistency of accounting of honest nodes without a central node, which needs blockchain to complete. Therefore, the core of blockchain technology is a consensus mechanism to reach a consensus on the legitimacy of transactions between indivials without mutual trust without central control
there are four main types of consensus mechanisms in blockchain: pow, POS, dpos and distributed consistency algorithm
3. Unlocking script
script is an important technology to realize automatic verification and contract execution on blockchain. Every output of every transaction does not point to an address in the strict sense, but to a script. A script is like a set of rules that constrain how the receiver can spend the asset locked on the output
the validation of transactions also depends on scripts. At present, it depends on two kinds of scripts: Lock script and unlock script. Locking script is a condition added to the output transaction, which is realized by a script language and located in the output of the transaction. The unlocking script corresponds to the locking script. Only when the conditions required by the locking script are met can the assets corresponding to the script be spent, which is located in the input of the transaction. Many flexible conditions can be expressed by script language. Interpretation script is similar to the "virtual machine" in our programming field, which runs in every node of the blockchain network in a distributed way
4. Transaction rules
blockchain transaction is not only the basic unit of a block, but also the actual effective content recorded by the blockchain. A blockchain transaction can be a transfer, or the deployment of smart contracts and other transactions
as far as bitcoin is concerned, a transaction refers to a single payment transfer. The transaction rules are as follows:
1) the input and output of the transaction cannot be empty
2) for each input of a transaction, if its corresponding utxo output can be found in the current transaction pool, the transaction will be rejected. Because the current transaction pool is the transaction not recorded in the blockchain, and each input of the transaction should come from the confirmed utxo. If it is found in the current trading pool, it is Shuanghua trading
3) for each input in a transaction, the corresponding output must be utxo
4) each input unlocking script must verify the compliance of the transaction together with the corresponding output locking script
5. Transaction priority
the priority of blockchain transaction is determined by the blockchain protocol rules. For bitcoin, the priority of a transaction to be included in a block is determined by the time when the transaction is broadcast to the network and the amount of the transaction. With the increase of transaction broadcast time on the network and the increase of transaction chain age, the priority of transaction will be improved and eventually be included by the block. For Ethereum, the priority of the transaction is also related to the transaction fee that the publisher is willing to pay. The higher the transaction fee that the publisher is willing to pay, the higher the priority that the transaction is included in the block
6. Merkle proof
the original application of Merkle proof is bitcoin, which was described and created by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2009. Bitcoin blockchain uses Merkle proof to store transactions in each block. So that the transaction can not be tampered with, but also easy to verify whether the transaction is included in a specific block
7. RLP
RLP (recursive length prefix) is one of the main encoding methods of object serialization in Ethereum. Its purpose is to encode the sequence of arbitrary nested binary data.

3.

There are four different definitions of EOS, specifically as follows:

1, EOS: electronic and electrical

electrical over stress (EOS) is a common cause of damage to components, which is manifested by overpressure or over-current to proce a lot of heat, so that the internal temperature of components is too high to damage components (commonly known as burn out), It is a common way to damage electronic devices caused by pulse in electrical system

Embedded operating system (EOS) refers to the operating system used for embedded system. Embedded operating system is a kind of widely used system software, which usually includes hardware related underlying driver software, system kernel, device driver interface, communication protocol, graphical interface, standardized browser and so on

embedded operating system is responsible for the allocation of all software and hardware resources, task scheling, control and coordination of concurrent activities. It must reflect the characteristics of the system in which it is located and be able to achieve the functions required by the system by loading and unloading some moles

(3) EOS: Ethernet based on SDH

POS (packet over SDH) and EOS are two different ways to implement IP services in SDH network. POS technology appeared earlier, EOS appeared later, and some technical evolution has been made

The main difference between

and POS is that the Ethernet frame is encapsulated first, then mapped to the VC (virtual container) of SDH / SONET, and then the information is processed according to the cross mapping system of SDH

4, EOS: blockchain

EOS can be understood as enterprise operation system, which is a blockchain operating system designed for commercial distributed applications. EOS is a new blockchain architecture, which aims to extend the performance of distributed applications. Note that it is not a currency like bitcoin and Ethereum, but a token based on the EOS software project, known as blockchain 3.0

extended materials:

the characteristics of block chain (EOS)

1. EOS is a bit similar to Microsoft's windows platform. By creating a developer friendly underlying platform of block chain, it supports multiple applications to run at the same time and provides the underlying template for the development of DAPP

EOS solves the problems of delay and data throughput by means of parallel chain and dpos. EOS can process thousands of data per second, while bitcoin has about 7 transactions per second, and Ethereum has 30-40 transactions per second

There is no service charge for EOS, and the general audience is more extensive. The network and computing resources needed to develop DAPP on EOS are allocated according to the proportion of EOS owned by developers. When you have EOS, it is equivalent to having computer resources. With the development of DAPP, you can lease your EOS to others. From this point alone, EOS has a wide range of value

4.

EOS can be understood as enterprise operation system, which is a blockchain operating system designed for commercial distributed applications. EOS is a new blockchain architecture, which aims to extend the performance of distributed applications

blockchain originated from bitcoin. On November 1, 2008, a person who called himself Satoshi Nakamoto published the article "bitcoin: a peer-to-peer e-cash system", which elaborated the architecture concept of e-cash system based on P2P network technology, encryption technology, timestamp technology, blockchain technology, etc., marking the birth of bitcoin

extended data

the main features of EOS are as follows:

1, decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management institutions or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes information self verification, transmission and management through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain

2. Openness. Blockchain technology is based on open source. In addition to the private information of all parties involved in the transaction is encrypted, the data of blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent

3. Independence. Based on consensus specifications and Protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as hash algorithm used by bitcoin), the whole blockchain system does not rely on other third parties, and all nodes can automatically and safely verify and exchange data in the system without any human intervention

source: Network - EOS

5. After the hard bifurcation of etc, ETH came into being. The relationship between the three currencies is just like that between yen, won and US dollar

6. Blockchain technology has been widely sought after since it came out, and is regarded as the leading technology of a new round of instrial revolution., At present, blockchain has gone out of the concept stage and is about to enter the era of blockchain 3.0. But unfortunately, there are still many security loopholes in blockchain technology in this era. Both blockchain enthusiasts and cryptocurrency speculators have heard and witnessed the endless debate about the limited transaction throughput and high fuel cost and low efficiency of blockchain, and deeply felt the bottlenecks and pain points of blockchain technology in these instries, which are greatly related to the inherent deficiencies of blockchain architecture
ecol ecol is an intelligent, efficient and molar blockchain ecosystem and application scenario solution with unified standards for the security vulnerabilities of blockchain technology, which is committed to building a programmable society with smart contracts. Ecol ecosystem enables the blockchain ecosystem to use blockchain, big data, Internet of things, artificial intelligence (AI), virtual reality (VR) and many other technologies to help people from all walks of life seamlessly connect the existing systems and services with the blockchain, and jointly accelerate the implementation of the blockchain from "technical concept" to commercial scene
ecol ecol has 10 core technological innovations compared with other "blockchain black technology". Main chain and side chain technology, cross chain communication, support high concurrency, inhibit block inflation,
both integration and division of labor, both security and convenience; Artificial intelligence
AI
coordination of molar intelligence system, to provide alternative functional moles; Unique virtual machines and smart contracts support all kinds of creative smart contracts; Block fog and fog storage fog computing technology, smaller network delay, fast response; Lower security risk; The al quantification of block structure and digital assets has great significance of standardization, normalization and unification of block structure and digital asset valuation; Matching hardware wallet, light wallet and cold wallet, it integrates all the functions of eating, drinking, basic necessities of life, work and life. The integration of blocks and transactions enables each transaction to directly participate in maintaining the transaction order of the whole network, which greatly improves the efficiency. Ten core technological innovations to jointly build a complete ecol ecosystem.

7. Aggregation chain refers to the innovative introction of "alliance chain + cross chain + public chain" aggregation chain technology architecture on the basis of long-term accumulated alliance chain technology, so as to realize the efficient, safe and low-cost flow of data and assets, and then practice the historical mission of enabling distributed economy.

8. The three levels of jinwowo analysis blockchain technology are as follows:
protocol layer
the so-called protocol layer refers to the lowest level technology. This level is usually a complete blockchain proct, similar to the operating system of our computer. It maintains network nodes and only provides API for calling. Usually, the government will provide a simple client (commonly known as wallet). The function of this client wallet is also very simple. It can only establish address, verify signature, transfer payment, check balance, etc
extension layer
this layer is similar to the computer driver, which is to make blockchain procts more practical
application layer
this layer is similar to all kinds of software programs in computers. It is a proct that ordinary people can really use directly, and it can also be understood as the browser of B / S architecture procts. The application of this level is almost blank at present.

9. I don't know what you want to know, as far as blockchain 3.0 is concerned. At present, there is no accurate concept, or it is not completely determined. Most people think that DAPP technology represented by EOS will open "blockchain 3.0"
DAPP is the abbreviation of decentralized application, which translates into decentralized application, also known as distributed application. Compared with the app we are familiar with, DAPP does not rely on IOS and Android system development, but is put on the blockchain system and combined with smart contract. DAPP is to blockchain just as app is to IOS and Android
generally, different dapps will adopt different underlying blockchain development platforms and consensus mechanisms, or issue their own tokens, or use common tokens based on the same blockchain platform. However, DAPP can not be developed on all blockchains, but must use a public blockchain platform with smart contract function. It allows anyone to build and use distributed applications running through blockchain technology, such as Ethereum and EOS.

10. Firstly, we need to know that blockchain is a new application mode of computer technology such as distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism and encryption algorithm. Secondly, as for the composition architecture of blockchain system, jinwowo Group believes that it is composed of data layer, network layer, consensus layer, incentive layer, contract layer and application layer

1. Data layer: encapsulates the underlying data block and related data encryption and timestamp technologies

2. Network layer: includes distributed networking mechanism, data propagation mechanism and data verification mechanism

3. Consensus layer: it mainly encapsulates various consensus algorithms of network nodes; The incentive layer integrates economic factors into the blockchain technology system, mainly including the issuance mechanism and distribution mechanism of economic incentives

4. Contract layer: it mainly encapsulates all kinds of scripts, algorithms and smart contracts, which is the basis of the programmable characteristics of blockchain; At present, jinwowo in Southwest China has taken the lead in big data research with blockchain as the underlying technology, and also provides big data services with blockchain as the underlying technology

5. Application layer: encapsulates various application scenarios and cases of blockchain. In this model, chain block structure based on timestamp, consensus mechanism of distributed nodes, economic incentive based on consensus computing power and flexible and programmable smart contract are the most representative innovations of blockchain technology