Hengzhi blockchain bifurcation

2.

Blockchain includes public blockchain, joint (instry) blockchain and private blockchain. Public chain point-to-point e-cash system: bitcoin, smart contract and decentralized application platform: Ethereum

blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies

blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. In essence, it is a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of bitcoin network transaction information, Used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block

extended data

according to the different degree of blockchain network centralization, three kinds of blockchains under different application scenarios are differentiated:

1. The blockchain with the whole network open and without user authorization mechanism is called public chain

2. The authorized nodes are allowed to join the network, and the information can be viewed according to the authority. It is often used in the inter agency blockchain, which is called alliance chain or instry chain

3. All the nodes in the network are in the hands of one organization, which is called private chain

alliance chain and private chain are also called licensing chain, and public chain is called non licensing chain

blockchain features

1, decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management institutions or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes information self verification, transmission and management through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain

2. Openness. Blockchain technology is based on open source. In addition to the private information of all parties involved in the transaction is encrypted, the data of blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent

3. Independence. Based on consensus specifications and Protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as hash algorithm used by bitcoin), the whole blockchain system does not rely on other third parties, and all nodes can automatically and safely verify and exchange data in the system without any human intervention

4. Safety. As long as 51% of all data nodes cannot be controlled, the network data cannot be arbitrarily manipulated and modified, which makes the blockchain itself relatively safe and avoids subjective and artificial data changes

5. Anonymity. Unless there are legal requirements, technically speaking, the identity information of each block node does not need to be disclosed or verified, and the information can be transferred anonymously

3.

About bitcoin, the news is flying all over the world these two days

specifically, a foundation called BTN foundation announced that it has set up a bitcoin bifurcated development team to launch a new bitcoin bifurcated BTN. Now its official website is online, which is called btn.kim. Two days later, bitgo, another bitcoin development team, announced that it would fork out from bitcoin. Its name is BTF, which literally means "bitcoin faith"

according to Yao yuan, a well-known bitcoin columnist, bitcoin will "have 10 children" in December, and will at least bifurcate out of 10 "children" such as BCX, SBTC and LBTC

as soon as these things happened, the bitcoin market began to fluctuate again, some investors blew up, and all kinds of rumors came out: why so many forks? Is bitcoin out of order

in fact, the bifurcating of bitcoin is far more complicated than what it shows. If we don't explain its historical background clearly, we really can't understand what happened

< b > the origin of bifurcations: the origin of the bifurcations of bitcoin has existed. The so-called bifurcations refer to the accounting differences caused by different underlying protocols. According to Xue Hongyan, director of the Internet financial center of Suning Financial Research Institute, bitcoin is jointly maintained by a number of point-to-point decentralized nodes. The orderly operation of the whole system depends on the consensus of all nodes, that is, there is a set of recognized standards for key issues such as which transactions are acceptable and which nodes have accounting rights. This set of standards is deployed in the underlying protocol of blockchain and implemented automatically

but nodes are operated by people after all, which is the so-called "miner", but everything operated by people will be different. For example, the miners of some nodes go online every day, while the miners of some nodes go online occasionally; Some nodes are in the eastern hemisphere, some nodes are in the Western Hemisphere... In a word, e to various reasons, over time, bitcoin has different underlying protocols in different nodes

if different versions of underlying protocols are running in a node, different standards will appear, which will result in bifurcation. If the nodes can deal with these version differences and finally form a unified standard, the bifurcation will eventually disappear, which is called soft bifurcation. If the difference cannot be eliminated, when some nodes continue to run different versions of the protocol, the bifurcation will continue, which is called hard bifurcation

it's easy to solve the problem of soft bifurcation, that is, if the account book is wrong, just modify it. Hard bifurcations are not easy to solve. No one thinks he is wrong and explains them according to his own standards. In the end, he can only go his own way and keep his own account. At present, bitcoin bifurcation refers to hard bifurcation

< b > the first bifurcations: the first hard bifurcations of bitcoin technology upgrade are purely technical reasons. The settlement performance of bitcoin itself is limited. According to the original technical agreement, bitcoin can only support up to seven settlements per second. This was not a problem in the early days. With the fire of bitcoin, more and more people flocked in, and the settlement became more frequent than ever. At this time, the original technology was not enough

therefore, in the middle of 2017, some miners proposed new technology agreements, but the other miners did not agree with them. Eventually, both sides held one end and ran their own underlying agreements, which was the first bifurcation in the history of bitcoin

However, with the development of bitcoin trading means, speculators graally regard the bifurcation as a means of money collection, which leads to a great change in the nature of the current bifurcation

the principle is that each bifurcation is essentially equivalent to the issue of a new digital currency, which is linked to bitcoin. The target audience is larger than the general ICO, and it is easier to be accepted by ordinary users than issuing a new digital currency directly

because the team that creates this kind of bifurcation takes the lead, it is very easy to control the transaction of the new currency, especially in the early stage, and it only needs a small cost to control the price trend of the whole currency. This leaves a lot of room for speculation. The forked team only needs to make the new currency accepted by the users, and then it can artificially raise the price to a sky high price. After the real users come in, they can sell all the money they hoard, and get high profits out of thin air

on October 25 this year, a domestic team forked out bitcoin gold (BTG). Two days before the forking, Jiang Zhuoer, CEO of leibitchi, denounced the forking as money looping: "Liao Xiang, founder of BTG, had g 200000 BTG coins in advance before the forking, and wanted to convert them into 20000 bitcoins, looping 80 million yuan."

The advantage of bifurcations can be seen, so that the word "bifurcations create value" has become popular in the field of currency speculation. For this reason, a new word "IFO" - first token issue has been derived

He Sheng, a well-known financial blogger, once told the media that most of the so-called IFO may evolve into the operation of collecting money by harvesting leeks. "Many previous ICOS are doing IFO, and ICO needs to write a white paper and go to the stock exchange to gain market recognition, while IFO does not even need to write a white paper."

this also explains why bitcoin is becoming more and more profitable. To put it bluntly, everyone wants Nakamoto

Can

< b > not bifurcate

whether it's Hong shuning of Suning finance, or Mike & Chen, CEO of bitgo, a bitcoin wallet software provider and one of the project leaders of segwit2x; Mike belshe, the instry actually refuses this bifurcation of bitcoin. In fact, real blockchain practitioners have always hated speculation. At present, the leading enterprises in the domestic blockchain instry have clearly expressed their opposition to the overflow of bitcoin bifurcation. For example, when Xunlei launched the first popular blockchain project in China, its CEO Chen Lei said in an interview: "Xunlei opposes all speculative activities using blockchain, so it is definitely against bitcoin for the purpose of speculation and leek cutting arbitrage."

However, to solve this problem, it is not enough to have an attitude alone, but to have specific means. The best way is not to let bitcoin bifurcate

this is difficult to achieve. Bitcoin's own technology is a relatively primitive blockchain technology with limited computing power. It can barely cope with the previous transaction scale. In view of the current situation of bitcoin fire, it is difficult to support. So sooner or later bitcoin will have to solve the problem of its own computing power

but there is no hope at all. With the innovation of blockchain technology, there will always be some new ways. For example, the shared computing proposed by Xunlei can effectively improve the total amount of computing power and rece the cost per unit of computing power without changing the existing hardware facilities. If bitcoin is combined with shared computing, it can effectively solve the problem of bitcoin's computing power limit without new bifurcation

secondly, the bifurcations for the purpose of cutting Chinese chives can be supervised by means of supervision. For example, compared with the real name system of special currency wallet, the real name system of transactions can effectively prevent the risk of Financial Bureau. At present, the real name system has been implemented in some blockchain projects, and has achieved good results. For example, Xunlei's blockchain is the first blockchain application to introce the real name system in China, which basically eliminates the hidden danger of malicious speculation

in a word, there is a way. It depends on whether bitcoin players accept it or not, and there is a process to implement it. It takes time. Therefore, at this stage, it is better for us to stay away from the bifurcations of bitcoin in various names

4.

The capacity of a block in bitcoin is 1m (megabytes). A transaction is between 250 and 500 bytes

according to this algorithm, a block contains about 4194.3 transactions

the confirmation time of a block in bitcoin is 10 minutes, so the seven transactions that a block can process per second may sometimes be less than seven

What are the consequences

The bifurcations of

bitcoin are divided into hard bifurcations and soft bifurcations

hard fork means that when the block format or transaction format of bitcoin changes, the UN upgraded nodes refuse to verify the blocks proced by the upgraded nodes

the upgraded nodes can verify the blocks proced by the non upgraded nodes, and they continue the chain they think is correct, so they are divided into two chains

What is soft bifurcation

soft bifurcation means that when the data structure of bitcoin transaction changes,

UN upgraded nodes can verify the blocks proced by upgraded nodes,

and upgraded nodes can also verify the blocks proced by UN upgraded nodes

5.

In the discussion of blockchain, bitcoin and other digital currencies, we often hear the word "bifurcation". So what is bifurcation? What is the effect of bifurcation

blockchain

before talking about bifurcation, popularize a little knowledge of blockchain, so as to help us understand what bifurcation is more easily (if you don't have any concept of blockchain, please read my previous articles, which are all popular words to help you understand what blockchain is)

blockchain, as the name suggests, is a chain composed of blocks. Of course, this kind of chain is just a figurative metaphor. To put it bluntly, data blocks are connected orderly. In bitcoin, the transaction records of bitcoin are stored in the block. The size of the block and the space occupied by the transaction records determine how many transactions can be stored in a block. These transaction records are packaged into blocks, and then the blocks are connected one by one to form a blockchain

We know that bitcoin software, like other software, needs to be updated and modified regularly in order to make it better. So a new version will appear, but not everyone will download the new version, so one miner will run the old version, and some will run the new version. If the old and new versions are not compatible, the blockchain will bifurcate. Because there may be differences between the version blocks and the old version blocks, they cannot be connected to the same blockchain, so there will be two or even more chains, which is called bifurcation

soft forking

soft forking refers to that when the new consensus rules are released, nodes that have not been upgraded will proce illegal blocks because they do not know the new consensus rules, resulting in temporary forking. This kind of bifurcation will be graally repaired with the upgrading of nodes

hard fork

hard fork refers to the permanent divergence of the blockchain. After the release of the new consensus rules, some nodes that have not been upgraded cannot verify the blocks proced by the upgraded nodes, and usually hard fork occurs. Therefore, in the field of digital currency, hard bifurcation often leads to the emergence of new currencies. For example, the hard bifurcation of Ethereum led to the emergence of eth

What is bifurcation? What is bitcoin bifurcation

6. Forking is different from ordinary upgrading. Ordinary upgrading does not affect agreement consensus before and after upgrading, and generally does not need the participation of community consensus or computing consensus. According to the modification of the protocol, bifurcation can be divided into soft bifurcation and hard bifurcation

existing definition:

[lightning definition] hard fork refers to that when the bitcoin block format or transaction format (this is the widely spread "consensus" (should be part of the agreement consensus)) changes, the UN upgraded node refuses to verify the blocks proced by the upgraded node, but the upgraded node can verify the blocks proced by the UN upgraded node, Then we continue the chain that we think is right, so we divide it into two chains< A permanent divergence in the block chain, commonly occurs when non upgraded nodes can't validate blocks created by upgraded nodes that follow new consensus rules, The UN upgraded node can verify the blocks proced by the upgraded node, and the upgraded node can also verify the blocks proced by the UN upgraded node<

a temporary fork in the block chain which commonly occurs when miners using non upgraded nodes vialate a new consensus rule their nodes don't know about.

I don't think we can say which definition is right or wrong. The specific definition can be summed up according to the differences between the two that have been widely agreed in the community, and it doesn't need authority to specify

hard fork: without forward compatibility, the previous version will be unusable and need to be upgraded

soft fork: it has good compatibility, at least some functions of previous versions are available, and can not be upgraded

hard branching: at the level of blockchain, there will be two branching chains, one old chain and one new chain

soft bifurcation: there are no forked chains at the level of blockchain, but only the blocks that make up the chain, including new blocks and old blocks

hard forking: it is necessary to agree with the forking upgrade at a certain time point, and those who do not agree will enter the old chain

soft bifurcation: for quite a long time, it is allowed to continue to use the original version to generate old blocks and coexist with new blocks without upgrading

7. Hard bifurcation is caused by the unacceptable permanent divergence of blockchain, while soft bifurcation is caused by the acceptable divergence of blockchain. The emergence of hard bifurcations means the emergence of a blockchain that cannot accept the new consensus mechanism. This blockchain is equivalent to the old version of the system, while the new version accepts the new consensus mechanism. Although the two versions are not different, they are still interrelated. The block nodes caused by soft bifurcation are compatible with the new consensus mechanism, and will not form another block chain. Hard and soft bifurcations are common in coin circles. In addition to currency speculation, blockchain can be applied in many places, including medical care, insurance, ecation, food, etc. I know a company specializing in blockchain development, Xuanling technology. Their evaluation in the instry is not bad.

8. If you want to play the game well, you have to have a way to make money. Each player has his own way to make money. For example, some players of "happy love" will become rich through running business, but how to operate it<

buy at a low price and sell at a high price
it's very easy to get the business running task. There is no qualification requirement. As long as there is a gang, you can get it from the sect master. After receiving the task, a silver note will appear in your backpack, which is the principal of your business! How to do a good job in business is the next thing you need to consider. It's worth noting that at this time you will enter a state of being unable to transmit, and everything will be done step by step with your legs
here's a reminder to all players: at this time, your name has become "XX Gang businessman". This is to tell you that you are doing business for the gang, and no one is allowed to disturb you. However, be careful. Some young swordsmen with bandit temper like to rob businessmen. Although they will lose their popularity, their gangs will increase the money of the corresponding banknotes and commodities. This is a business that can make no loss. So don't expect other young Xia to give up robbing you for fear of popularity. In the process of running a business, you must take good weapons and be ready to accept challenges at any time. Only with strong strength and courage can you defend the glory of the gang
selective buying and selling
there are four kinds of goods for us to buy from the specialty merchants in Chang'an city. The purchase price and selling price of each kind of goods are different. In order to save time and complete the business as quickly as possible, players should use their brains here to selectively purchase several kinds of goods according to the income and earn the maximum price difference
the next step is to run back and forth between several maps with specialty goods suppliers. The purchase prices of different goods vary in different locations. At present, there are two main business routes, one is from Chang'an city to Taohuawu and then to Loulan, the other is from Chang'an city to Kunlun mountain to Wangxian town. Find out your favorite business route and make the most profit for the gang
it's hard to run a business, but the target amount is not enough. Remember to go back to the gang and hand over the task to the master before it's really over. You will be rewarded with money, experience and tribute when you finish running business. You also have the chance to get all kinds of treasures in the gang warehouse!

9. The platform is not big, and the daily trading volume is only more than 1 billion. Generally, if the daily trading volume is less than 5 billion, don't consider it.
moreover, this shell has only spot and OTC, and there is no contract

10. What is blockchain bifurcation? Will bifurcation cause my bitcoin to split in two
it's very easy to upgrade the software in the centralized system. Click "upgrade" in the app store. However, in decentralized systems such as blockchain, "upgrade" is not so simple, and may even result in the bifurcation of blockchain
in short, bifurcation refers to the divergence of opinions ring the "upgrade" of the blockchain, which leads to the bifurcation of the blockchain. Because there is no centralized organization, every code upgrade of digital assets such as bitcoin needs to be approved by the bitcoin community. If the bitcoin community fails to reach an agreement, the blockchain is likely to form a fork
taking bitcoin as an example, in July 2017, in order to solve the congestion problem of bitcoin blockchain, some bitcoin enthusiasts proposed bitcoin cash bifurcation scheme, resulting in bitcoin blockchain split in two
according to whether the forked blockchain is compatible with the old blockchain, the forking can be divided into "hard forking" and "soft forking".