1. what is Ethereum:
Ethereum is an innovation based on the application of technologies and concepts in bitcoin to computers. Ethereum itself imitates a lot of bitcoin technology to maintain the computer platform. blockchain technology is one of them
Ethereum platform can safely run any program users want
advantages of Ethereum over other competitive currencies before Ethereum appeared, some digital currencies imitated bitcoin. However, these projects have their own shortcomings, they can only support one or several specific applications at the same time< However, the reason why Ethereum can surpass the limitations of these projects in the past is because of the core idea of Ethereum
what Ethereum wants to implement is a blockchain protocol with built-in programming language. Since it supports programming language, in theory, any blockchain application can be defined with this language, and then run on Ethereum's blockchain protocol as an application
The design of Ethereum is very flexible and adaptable
Ethereum target sets the advantages of blockchain technology, in order to add the advantages of blockchain, such as decentralization, openness and security, to almost all computing fields
blockchain applications of Ethereum
Ethereum has many blockchain applications, such as digital applications of gold and stocks, financial derivatives applications, DNS and digital authentication, etc
Ethereum has achieved more than 100 blockchain applications by many start-ups
Ethereum has also been closely watched by some financial institutions, banking consortia (such as R3), as well as large companies like Samsung, Deloitte, RWE and IBM. As a result, a number of blockchain applications such as simplified and automated financial transactions, merchant loyalty index tracking, and gift cards designed to achieve decentralization of electronic transactions have emerged
the relationship between Ethereum and blockchain:
Ethereum is a programmable blockchain
Ethereum does not give users a series of preset operations (such as bitcoin transaction), but allows users to create complex operations according to their own wishes
in this way, Ethereum can be used as a platform for various types of decentralized blockchain applications, including but not limited to cryptocurrency
like other blockchains, Ethereum also has a peer-to-peer network protocol. Ethereum blockchain database is maintained and updated by many nodes connected to the network. Each network node runs the Ethereum simulator and executes the same instructions. Therefore, people sometimes call Ethereum "world computer"
2. If you want to query the transaction records on the main network, you can use Etherscan. However, if you build your own private chain, how should you query the transaction records
the answer is that you need to listen to the logs on the chain, save them in the database, and then query them in the database. For example:
< pre t = "code" L = "Java" > varaddr = & quot& quot;< br />varfilter=web3.eth.filter({fromB lock:0 ,toBlock:' latest', address:addr });< br />filter.get(function(err,transactions){
transactions.forEach(function(tx){
vartxInfo=web3.eth.getTransaction(tx.transactionHash);
/ / at this time, the transaction information txinfo can be stored in the database
})< br />});
Web3. Eth. Filter() is used to monitor the log on the chain, and Web3. Eth. Gettransaction() is used to extract the information of the specified transaction. Once the transaction information is obtained, it can be stored in the database for query
recommend a practical introction, you can see: Ethereum tutorial
3. The first part: build your own blockchain directory from 0 to 1:
1.1 start with imitation, First knowledge of blockchain
1.2 basis of blockchain: analysis of consensus mechanism
1.3 design principle and method of consensus mechanism
1.4 how to quickly clone a blockchain
1.5 how to turn bitcoin into its own private chain - bifurcated bitcoin
1.6 how to turn Ethereum into its own private chain - bifurcated Ethereum
1.7 how to turn ripple into its own private chain - bifurcated Ripple
1.8 how to turn stellar into a private chain of its own, How to develop your own blockchain wallet (windows and MAC) 1.11 how to develop your own blockchain wallet (Android and IOS) 1.12 how to develop an online wallet similar to blockchain.info 1.13 how to increase the security and robustness of your own blockchain network 1.14 how to use coin to handle recharge withdrawal business
1.15 How to use the fund pool to build a mixed currency service
1.16 how to design a new
mining algorithm
this process is generally used, but it is also very difficult for ordinary people to complete. The mature projects of blockchain include Ethereum, decent, bitcoin and so on.
4. Technology has nothing to do with language. Under normal circumstances, the same technology, in the case of permission, most languages can achieve the same function
you should be talking about the technology of
virtual currency. This source code is usually developed by C + +.
5. How can blockchain be connected in sequence
blockchain is composed of a series of blocks generated by cryptographic algorithm. Each block is filled with transaction records, and the blocks are connected in sequence to form a chain structure, which is the blockchain ledger
taking bitcoin as an example, when miners generate new blocks, they need to calculate the new hash value and random number according to the hash value, new transaction block and random number of the previous block. In other words, each block is generated on the basis of the previous block data, which ensures the uniqueness of the blockchain data
because subtle changes in transaction records will completely change the result of hash value, miners can't cheat when competing for
computing power. Each miner must wait until the previous block is generated before starting to calculate the qualified random number according to the data of the previous block, which ensures the fairness of mining.
6. When a simple project starts, it usually takes about one second. You can open the Tomcat directory to see if there is your project folder in webapp. If you use MyEclipse, the deployment is very simple. There is a deployment button on the left side of the server icon to add the project to the server
7. The Internet has just begun, intelligent life coming
8. <span style="font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">'use strict';</span>var CryptoJS = require("crypto-js");var express = require("express");var bodyParser = require('body-parser');var WebSocket = require("ws");var http_port = process.env.HTTP_PORT || 3001;var p2p_port = process.env.P2P_PORT || 6001;var initialPeers = process.env.PEERS ? process.env.PEERS.split(',') : [];class Block { constructor(index, previousHash, timestamp, data, hash) { this.index = index; this.previousHash = previousHash.toString(); this.timestamp = timestamp; this.data = data; this.hash = hash.toString(); }}var sockets = [];var MessageType = { QUERY_LATEST: 0, QUERY_ALL: 1, RESPONSE_BLOCKCHAIN: 2};var getGenesisBlock = () => { return new Block(0, "0", 1465154705, "my genesis block!!", "");};var blockchain = [getGenesisBlock()];var initHttpServer = () => { var app = express(); app.use(bodyParser.json()); app.get('/blocks', (req, res) => res.send(JSON.stringify(blockchain))); app.post('/mineBlock', (req, res) => { var newBlock = generateNextBlock(req.body.data); addBlock(newBlock); broadcast(responseLatestMsg()); console.log('block added: ' + JSON.stringify(newBlock)); res.send(); }); app.get('/peers', (req, res) => { res.send(sockets.map(s => s._socket.remoteAddress + ':' + s._socket.remotePort)); }); app.post('/addPeer', (req, res) => { connectToPeers([req.body.peer]); res.send(); }); app.listen(http_port, () => console.log('Listening http on port: ' + http_port));};var initP2PServer = () => { var server = new WebSocket.Server({port: p2p_port}); server.on('connection', ws => initConnection(ws)); console.log('listening websocket p2p port on: ' + p2p_port);};var initConnection = (ws) => { sockets.push(ws); initMessageHandler(ws); initErrorHandler(ws); write(ws, queryChainLengthMsg());};var initMessageHandler = (ws) => { ws.on('message', (data) => { var message = JSON.parse(data); console.log('Received message' + JSON.stringify(message)); switch (message.type) { case MessageType.QUERY_LATEST: write(ws, responseLatestMsg()); break; case MessageType.QUERY_ALL: write(ws, responseChainMsg()); break; case MessageType.RESPONSE_BLOCKCHAIN: handleBlockchainResponse(message); break; } });};var initErrorHandler = (ws) => { var closeConnection = (ws) => { console.log('connection failed to peer: ' + ws.url); sockets.splice(sockets.indexOf(ws), 1); }; ws.on('close', () => closeConnection(ws)); ws.on('error', () => closeConnection(ws));};var generateNextBlock = (blockData) => { var previousBlock = getLatestBlock(); var nextIndex = previousBlock.index + 1; var nextTimestamp = new Date().getTime() / 1000; var nextHash = calculateHash(nextIndex, previousBlock.hash, nextTimestamp, blockData); return new Block(nextIndex, previousBlock.hash, nextTimestamp, blockData, nextHash);};var calculateHashForBlock = (block) => { return calculateHash(block.index, block.previousHash, block.timestamp, block.data);};var calculateHash = (index, previousHash, timestamp, data) => { return CryptoJS.SHA256(index + previousHash + timestamp + data).toString();};var addBlock = (newBlock) => { if (isValidNewBlock(newBlock, getLatestBlock())) { blockchain.push(newBlock); }};var isValidNewBlock = (newBlock, previousBlock) => { if (previousBlock.index + 1 !== newBlock.index) { console.log('invalid index'); return false; } else if (previousBlock.hash !== newBlock.previousHash) { console.log('invalid previoushash'); return false; } else if (calculateHashForBlock(newBlock) !== newBlock.hash) { console.log(typeof (newBlock.hash) + ' ' + typeof calculateHashForBlock(newBlock)); console.log('invalid hash: ' + calculateHashForBlock(newBlock) + ' ' + newBlock.hash); return false; } return true;};var connectToPeers = (newPeers) => { newPeers.forEach((peer) => { var ws = new WebSocket(peer); ws.on('open', () => initConnection(ws)); ws.on('error', () => { console.log('connection failed') }); });};var handleBlockchainResponse = (message) => { var receivedBlocks = JSON.parse(message.data).sort((b1, b2) => (b1.index - b2.index)); var latestBlockReceived = receivedBlocks[receivedBlocks.length - 1]; var latestBlockHeld = getLatestBlock(); if (latestBlockReceived.index > latestBlockHeld.index) { console.log('blockchain possibly behind. We got: ' + latestBlockHeld.index + ' Peer got: ' + latestBlockReceived.index); if (latestBlockHeld.hash === latestBlockReceived.previousHash) { console.log("We can append the received block to our chain"); blockchain.push(latestBlockReceived); broadcast(responseLatestMsg()); } else if (receivedBlocks.length === 1) { console.log("We have to query the chain from our peer"); broadcast(queryAllMsg()); } else { console.log("Received blockchain is longer than current blockchain"); replaceChain(receivedBlocks); } } else { console.log('received blockchain is not longer than received blockchain. Do nothing'); }};var replaceChain = (newBlocks) => { if (isValidChain(newBlocks) && newBlocks.length > blockchain.length) { console.log('Received blockchain is valid. Replacing current blockchain with received blockchain'); blockchain = newBlocks; broadcast(responseLatestMsg()); } else { console.log('Received blockchain invalid'); }};var isValidChain = (blockchainToValidate) => { if (JSON.stringify(blockchainToValidate[0]) !== JSON.stringify(getGenesisBlock())) { return false; } var tempBlocks = [blockchainToValidate[0]]; for (var i = 1; i < blockchainToValidate.length; i++) { if (isValidNewBlock(blockchainToValidate[i], tempBlocks[i - 1])) { tempBlocks.push(blockchainToValidate[i]); } else { return false; } } return true;};var getLatestBlock = () => blockchain[blockchain.length - 1];var queryChainLengthMsg = () => ({'type': MessageType.QUERY_LATEST});var queryAllMsg = () => ({'type': MessageType.QUERY_ALL});var responseChainMsg = () =>({ 'type': MessageType.RESPONSE_BLOCKCHAIN, 'data': JSON.stringify(blockchain)});var responseLatestMsg = () => ({ 'type': MessageType.RESPONSE_BLOCKCHAIN, 'data': JSON.stringify([getLatestBlock()])});var write = (ws, message) => ws.send(JSON.stringify(message));var broadcast = (message) => sockets.forEach(socket => write(socket, message));connectToPeers(initialPeers);initHttpServer();initP2PServer();
9. -rpcaddr " 127.0.0.1" - rpcport " 8545", IP and port are the two parameters you set when you start. The format is the one above you.
