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1、 Food supply chain links are prone to problems
primary proction links
the lack of control in agricultural proction process and excessive use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and veterinary drugs not only cause environmental pollution, but also lead to the resies of harmful substances in food
food processing
although there are many large modern food enterprises in China, most of the food processing enterprises are still small-scale food factories or manual workshops with less than 10 people, and many enterprises lack the necessary safety processing facilities and environment. Although most enterprises have food hygiene standards and systems, they lack the awareness of strict control of food quality and food hygiene in the processing process. Opportunism is common in enterprise management, and the proct safety signs are not consistent with the actual situation. What's more, some foods are illegally processed in the absence of proction license, which will pose a serious threat to market order and life safety
food marketing< At present, the main food retail channels in China are supermarkets, farmers' markets and non-staple food stores. Although there is a food safety supervision system in the farmers' market, there is a lack of sufficient food safety testing means, testing equipment and testing personnel. Although supermarkets have a high reputation for food safety, food safety risks still exist, such as excessive resies of toxic and harmful substances in fresh procts, changing the shelf life of procts at will, and mixing of fresh procts and expired procts. In addition, a large number of urban stalls and rural fairs are still outside the scope of safety supervision, and some illegally processed inferior food directly enter the market without supervision
logistics
food logistics includes transportation and storage. At present, 80% of China's food is transported by road, and there is a lack of special transport tools in road transportation. In addition, the food storage capacity is insufficient, the distribution of storage points is unreasonable, and the scale is generally small. Due to the unsound logistics system, the loss rate of food in circulation is high, and the possibility of secondary pollution is high. It is estimated that in 2002, the loss in the process of food transportation was no less than 75 billion US dollars, and 70% of the selling price of perishable food such as seafood and dairy procts was used to subsidize the expenses of goods damage in the circulation process< Second, promote the sustainability of food supply chain
the Chinese government has been promoting agricultural instrialization for many years. Under the situation that small-scale operation is difficult to improve in the short term, it is necessary to promote the combination of agricultural procts processing enterprises and farmers to stabilize agricultural proction and ensure that farmers can obtain more benefits from proction. The problems of pollution and pesticide resies in proction are being solved through order agriculture and the technical requirements and guidance of enterprises to farmers. At the same time, the government also continues to promote agricultural cooperation and the circulation and appropriate concentration of cultivated land to promote the improvement of agricultural proction efficiency
food logistics
China's logistics infrastructure and logistics instry are growing rapidly. In 2004, the national development and Reform Commission issued policies to promote the development of modern logistics instry, encouraging the increase of investment in logistics instry, encouraging the separation of enterprise logistics business and the development of independent logistics instry, and promising to strengthen the basic work to support the development of logistics instry
food processing and sales department
with the intensification of market competition, the improvement of information disclosure and the impact of consumers on the market supply and demand situation, food processing and sales departments have begun to pay attention to food supply chain management. Not only the instries themselves have strengthened the food safety and quality management, but also the downstream instries have strengthened their control over the upstream instries, such as the control of processing enterprises over agriculture, and the control of supermarkets over processing enterprises and farmers. Many food enterprises have passed ISO9000, ISO14000, HACCP and other international certification
government departments
the Chinese government is strengthening legislation, market supervision and policy support to enhance the sustainability of China's food supply chain. In addition to the Ministry of health responsible for food hygiene supervision and management, the Ministry of agriculture is responsible for the quality and safety management of agricultural procts, and the Ministry of commerce is responsible for the food safety management in the circulation field. The state promulgated and implemented the "law on quality and safety of agricultural procts" in 2006, and the Ministry of Commerce promulgated the "administrative measures on food safety in the field of circulation" which came into effect on May 1, 2007. The Ministry of agriculture also formulated special measures to strengthen the construction of supervision capacity on quality and safety of agricultural procts. According to the "Eleventh Five Year Plan for the development of national food instry", China will promulgate the "food safety law", build a food safety credit system, strengthen the cooperation between food instry and agriculture, establish and improve the national food professional logistics transportation system, and encourage the development of food processing instry< Third, establish a sustainable food supply chain, extend the food instry chain, and develop food processing instry and food logistics instry
in Europe, people now prefer a short food supply chain, that is, direct distribution from farm to home, to ensure the safety and freshness of food and avoid uncertainty and information asymmetry. But in China, as a whole, the processing level of agricultural procts is low, and the food chain is not too long, but too short. The ratio of the output value of agricultural procts processing instry to the output value of agriculture in developed countries is 3.4 ∶ 1, but it is only 0.8 ∶ 1 in China. Therefore, it is necessary to extend the food instry chain and develop food processing instry and food logistics instry in China
increase farmers' income and ensure the fair distribution of added value in food supply chain
in western developed countries, there are two ways to increase farmers' income, namely, government subsidies and farmers' better income from the market. Although the government's agricultural subsidies have increased in recent years, they are still negligible. The increase of farmers' market income depends on the development of agricultural cooperation and farmers' organizations. In China, there are congenital defects in the development of agricultural cooperation, and agricultural instrialization is regarded as an important way to increase farmers' income. Farmers and agricultural procts processing enterprises implement vertical alliance, and each obtains the average profit rate of the instry. However, e to the lack of organization and negotiation power when cooperating with enterprises, farmers are easily at a disadvantage
strengthen the government's food safety supervision and control the opportunistic behavior of food enterprises
at present, some government departments do not live up to the name of food safety certification, and a large number of "safe food" may not be safe. Enterprises lack of social responsibility and choose speculative behavior to let food procts with potential safety hazards enter the market by virtue of regulatory loopholes. In addition to strengthening professional food safety supervision, the government should also strive to build a social credit system, strengthen information disclosure, and make corporate social responsibility an endogenous incentive behavior of enterprises“ After the incident, the Chinese government immediately cancelled the food quality inspection exemption system. In fact, the problem is not in the exemption itself, but in the sampling is a mere formality, and after the problem is found, the enterprise lacks the ability to bear the consequences or punishment
give full play to the positive influence of consumers on food quality
with the improvement of economic development level and residents' consumption level, the influence of demand side on food quality will be enhanced, and the market order will be improved with the pressure of consumers. In a sense, it is the consumers themselves who "choose" the level of food safety. Generally speaking, consumers' choice is a reasonable social reality, but sometimes it will send out wrong market signals. For example, the blindly pursuit of protein content in dairy procts, yellow color of Sanhuang chicken, white color of vermicelli, and taste of hot pot seasoning are all important reasons for procers to add illegal substances against the routine