Decentralization of cross border e-commerce platform
key words: cross border e-commerce; Development status; Constraints
Chinese Library Classification No.: f713.1 document identification code: a Article No.: 1001-828x (2014) 08-00-02
cross board electronic commerce refers to a relatively advanced form in the application of e-commerce, which means that both parties of transactions in different countries or regions pass through the Internet by mail or express, The display, negotiation and transaction of traditional trade will be digitized to realize the new trade mode of proct import and export. The current mainstream cross-border e-commerce models mainly include B2B (business to business), B2C (business to customer) and C2C (customer to customer). The main differences are shown in the following table:
under B2B mode, enterprises usually send advertisements and information online, trade transactions and customs clearance first. In essence, they are traditional trade, which has been included in the general trade statistics of customs. Under the B2C mode, enterprises directly face the vast number of consumers, mainly selling personal consumer goods, mainly through air parcels, mail and express delivery and other logistics methods. At present, most of them are not included in the customs registration. What we usually call small cross-border e-commerce mainly includes two modes: B2C and C2C
first, the development status of cross-border e-commerce in China
under the background of the global financial crisis in 2008, coupled with the impact of RMB appreciation and rising labor costs, China's traditional foreign trade instry has suffered a great blow, the growth rate of import and export has decreased significantly, and many foreign trade enterprises, especially small and medium-sized foreign trade enterprises, have closed down, Cross border e-commerce has shown a good momentum of development because of its advantages of few intermediate links, low price and high profit margin. The reasons are as follows:
traditional foreign trade export generally includes "Chinese factory - Chinese exporter - foreign importer - foreign wholesaler - foreign retailer - foreign consumer". In this mode, the largest share of profits in foreign trade is obtained by the circulation intermediary. For example, a key chain with a price of 1 yuan in Yiwu market will be sold for 1 Australian dollar (about 5 yuan) after it is exported to Australia, of which 4 yuan will be obtained by the middleman after excluding the logistics expenses. After the introction of cross-border e-commerce, the export link can be simplified as "Chinese factories foreign retailers foreign consumers" or further simplified as "Chinese factories foreign consumers", bypassing many foreign trade intermediaries. On the one hand, the price of export goods can further decline, improving the competitiveness of China's goods in foreign markets. On the other hand, according to iResearch statistics, In 2012, the import and export volume of China's cross-border e-commerce was 2.3 trillion yuan, with a year-on-year growth of 32.0%. Airy predicted that under the trend of rapid development of global e-commerce and globalization of China's e-commerce, the scale of China's cross-border e-commerce transactions will continue to develop at a high speed, and the proportion of e-commerce in China's import and export trade will be increasing [2]
in addition, the Chinese government attaches great importance to the development of cross-border e-commerce. At present, in addition to the first batch of cross-border e-commerce pilot cities Shanghai, Chongqing, Hangzhou, Ningbo and Zhengzhou, Guangzhou, Shenzhen Qianhai and Qing have also been approved as cross-border e-commerce pilot cities. In 2014, a series of national measures on cross-border e-commerce will be graally implemented. This year, more cities with suitable conditions will apply for cross-border e-commerce pilot
although the development of cross-border e-commerce in China presents a very good situation, and even some people boldly predict that the e-commerce giants of cross-border trade may appear in China, we should clearly realize that the development of cross-border e-commerce in China is still in its infancy, and there are still many problems< Second, the restrictive factors and Countermeasures of cross-border e-commerce in China
1. The development of cross-border logistics lags behind
cross-border e-commerce is mainly retail, with small amount, small volume and high frequency as its common characteristics, and it is unlikely to adopt the traditional container shipping mode. The main logistics modes include: international small package and international express, B2C foreign trade enterprise alliance, B2C foreign trade enterprise alliance, B2C foreign trade enterprise alliance, etc There are five ways for B2C foreign trade enterprises to collect their own goods, third-party logistics mode and overseas storage, among which international parcel and international express are the most simple and direct logistics ways. The characteristics of international parcel are low cost, but long delivery time. International express has shorter delivery time than international parcel, but higher freight; The two modes of B2C foreign trade enterprise alliance and self collection can proce scale benefit and effectively rece the transportation cost; With the use of third-party logistics, cross-border e-commerce can focus its limited energy on its main business; Overseas storage mode can effectively improve the delivery speed e to the need of overseas inventory, but if the goods are unsalable, the cost will increase significantly. With the rapid development of cross-border foreign trade, the development of international logistics has not kept pace, which is bound to bring many hidden dangers, because logistics is not only directly related to the transaction cost of cross-border e-commerce, but also related to the buyer's satisfaction with the seller, shopping experience and loyalty
2. Customs clearance proceres are not simplified enough
although the flow of information based on the Internet is unimpeded, the flow of cross-border goods is not free, and "customs clearance" is a common problem faced by cross-border e-commerce“ Small amount and high frequency are the advantages of cross-border e-commerce, which makes it difficult for cross-border transactions to go through containers“ "High frequency" means that the complicated and long traditional export proceres are not suitable for cross-border e-commerce. In addition, some cross-border e-commerce companies have weak legal awareness. In order to evade tariffs, they often send "samples" and "gifts" to foreign buyers directly through Hongkong Post bags, ups and other international logistics companies. The customs clearance is fast, the proceres are relatively simple, and tax can be avoided
in response to this phenomenon, the General Administration of Customs has issued a more stringent policy: the critical point of indivial import tax is reced from 500 yuan to 50 yuan, and those exceeding 50 yuan have to go through the return proceres or customs clearance proceres in accordance with the provisions of the goods. In contrast, the tax allowance for personal postal goods has been reced by nearly ten times, which means that more cross-border transactions need to be declared, During this period, a series of cumbersome proceres and expenses often become a serious economic burden for consumers and online sellers. In addition, the phenomenon that consumers can't receive the goods because the declaration is not up to standard and the goods are detained in the customs
3. It is not easy to settle foreign exchange
according to China's current policy, foreign buyers can only settle foreign exchange through personal savings accounts, but China limits the maximum amount of indivial settlement to US $50000 per year, which leads some export enterprises to use relatives' accounts to settle foreign exchange, or convert foreign exchange into RMB through underground banks, and another way is through third-party service providers, Foreign trade enterprises register an offshore account in Hong Kong and other offshore areas to transfer foreign exchange to the offshore account of the service provider, and then the service provider converts foreign exchange into RMB to foreign trade enterprises at the domestic exchange rate of the day. No matter what kind of foreign exchange settlement method, it is not a regular channel, and there is a great risk. 4. Payment security issues are obvious
cross border e-payment services involve enterprises, indivials, banks and third-party payment platforms. Typical cross-border e-payment services mainly include online banking payment service system and third-party payment platform. Online banking payment service system is mainly used for B2B, which is a large amount of transaction. Due to the difference between payment and receipt, it is likely to bring the possibility of loss of payment to one party. Through the third-party payment platform, the payment will be paid to the third party first, which will be fair to both parties. However, e to the periodicity of the transaction, the online banking payment service system has the advantages of low cost and low cost, The third-party platform is likely to have a large amount of money precipitation. If there are problems in fund management or information loss caused by system failure, it will bring great losses to all parties of the transaction. In addition, no matter which payment method, there is a common risk, the loss caused by illegal theft of network payment information [3]
5. Lack of tax refund system
at present, cross-border e-commerce is mainly in the form of express, which can't provide customs declaration, so most sellers can't pay tax and enjoy the benefits of export tax rebate. In addition, cross-border e-commerce is carried out through information exchange platforms such as the Internet, which makes it difficult for tax authorities to grasp the specific transaction situation of both sides of the transaction. It not only makes the control means of tax withholding ineffective, but also objectively promotes the possibility of taxpayers not complying with the tax law. In addition, the modern tax collection and management technology in the tax field lags behind seriously, All of these make taxation by law powerless
6. Some cross-border e-commerce lacks credit
cross border e-commerce is a virtual mode based on network, and the resulting uncertainty of participants' credit has become a shackle in the development of e-commerce. In addition, China's e-commerce lacks legal awareness, and fake and shoddy goods occur from time to time. The incidents of counterfeit procts detained by the customs e to infringement of intellectual property rights are not uncommon. Many foreign customers even reject "made in China" in their hearts, which has brought far-reaching adverse effects. Compared with domestic e-commerce, credit issues are particularly important for cross-border businesses, Because the two sides of the transaction come from different countries and have different cultural backgrounds and regional differences, credit is often the decisive factor to attract customers
7. Lack of professional talents
cross border e-commerce talents are compound talents. They should have the application abilities of English online store management, online English communication, overseas online marketing planning and implementation, search engine optimization, overseas customer demand analysis, etc., as well as the knowledge of international payment methods, international logistics tools, international trade knowledge, cross-cultural communication, etc, Familiar with relevant laws and regulations. However, cross-border e-commerce is an emerging instry, and its talent stock is not much, and there are few experienced cross-border e-commerce talents. At the same time, colleges and social training institutions have no time to adjust the training and training of e-commerce talents, so there is a huge talent gap< Thirdly, suggestions for the development of cross-border e-commerce in China
1. Suggestions for the state
in view of the above problems such as logistics, customs clearance, foreign exchange collection and tax refund, the state should actively study and formulate corresponding policies, so that the majority of cross-border e-commerce can be fundamentally protected
at present, the government has issued many good policies. Some pilot cities have begun to establish cross-border e-commerce instrial parks. In the parks, the logistics efficiency of enterprises can be improved by means of "distribution and centralized reporting", and standardized balance of payments declaration and foreign exchange settlement can be realized through the information sharing platform of customs, national inspection, foreign exchange management and other departments, And make the enterprises in the park can enjoy the preferential policy of export tax rebate, for cross-border enterprises
Cross border e-commerce refers to an international business activity in which the transaction subjects belonging to different customs areas reach a transaction, make payment and settlement through the e-commerce platform, and deliver goods and complete the transaction through cross-border logistics
since October 1, 2018, the Ministry of finance, the State Administration of Taxation, the Ministry of Commerce and the General Administration of customs have jointly issued the new regulations on tax exemption for e-commerce export enterprises in the comprehensive pilot zone of cross border e-commerce
on November 21, 2018, Premier Li Keqiang presided over an executive meeting of the State Council, which decided to continue and improve the cross-border e-commerce retail import policy, expand the scope of application, expand opening up, and stimulate consumption potential; Deploy and promote the construction of logistics hub layout, and promote the improvement of the quality and efficiency of national economic operation
according to the decision and deployment of the Party Central Committee and the State Council, China will adjust the import tax policy of cross-border e-commerce retail from January 1, 2019, increase the upper limit of goods enjoying preferential tax policies, and expand the scope of the list
business:
cross border e-commerce in China is mainly divided into business to business (B2B) and business to consumer (B2C) trade modes. Under the B2B mode, enterprises mainly use e-commerce to publish advertisements and information, and the transaction and customs clearance processes are basically completed offline. In essence, it is still a traditional trade and has been included in the general trade statistics of customs
under B2C mode, Chinese enterprises directly face foreign consumers and mainly sell personal consumer goods. In terms of logistics, they mainly use air parcels, mail, express delivery and other means. The main body of customs declaration is postal or express company, and most of them are not included in customs registration at present
extended information:
e-commerce platform:
1. Amazon is the largest global trading platform at present, and also the platform most concerned by Chinese sellers. Amazon has high requirements on the quality of suppliers, complex store opening, and very strict audit system. It needs a special login computer and U.S. local bank card for cash withdrawal. Due to the early development of Amazon's cross-border business, a stable competition pattern has been formed on the platform, and the threshold is high. It is recommended that businesses with certain foreign trade foundation and resources enter
2. Wish
is an emerging mobile e-commerce platform with rapid growth, and its visits have ranked among the top five clients of the same type in the world. As a new platform, the number of businesses is far from saturated, which is a good time to vigorously open stores. The price of goods sold on the wish platform is low, and the counterfeit goods are restricted. It has a unique way of proct recommendation. The platform is very popular with Chinese sellers because of its simple operation and friendly interface
Aliexpress was launched on September 9, 2009. It is the only online trading platform for the global market under Alibaba, and is known as "international Taobao" by the majority of sellers. Global express for overseas buyers, through Alipay international accounts secured transactions, and the use of international express delivery. The customer flow of express is large, the charge is also relatively high, and there is a trend of graally inclining to big businesses and brands The online auction and shopping website, which started in 1995, once flourished. Although its development in recent years is far behind that of Amazon, it still has a large customer base in the world. EBay pays more attention to Chinese sellers, encourages Chinese merchants to open up overseas network direct sales channels, has a full Chinese background management interface, and has set up a special training center for online and offline store opening and operation guidance. Registration is free and easy to startCross border e-commerce refers to an international business activity in which the transaction subjects belonging to different customs areas reach a transaction, make payment and settlement through the e-commerce platform, and deliver goods and complete the transaction through cross-border logistics
since October 1, 2018, the Ministry of finance, the State Administration of Taxation, the Ministry of Commerce and the General Administration of customs have jointly issued the new regulations on tax exemption for e-commerce export enterprises in the comprehensive pilot zone of cross border e-commerce
extended information:
cross border e-commerce is a new business form and new mode. We generally adhere to the principle of encouraging the development of this business form and adhering to the principle of inclusiveness and prudence in its supervision. " Li Chenggang pointed out that after the adjustment, on the one hand, the regulatory policies will be more perfect, on the other hand, the proct range will be further expanded, and the scope of preferential tax policies will be wider
since May 2016, China has implemented the transitional arrangement of "temporary supervision according to personal goods" on cross-border e-commerce retail imports, which has effectively promoted the stable development of the instry, but there are also problems such as unclear rights and responsibilities of all parties and unstable policy expectations. The new deal after the transition period has removed the word "temporary", which means that the new deal will be a relatively long-term arrangement and will promote the sustained and healthy development of cross-border e-commerce retail imports
"the retail import of cross-border e-commerce is different from the general trade, mainly to meet the quality and diversified consumption needs of domestic residents, which must be directly facing consumers and only for personal use. Based on this premise, we clearly supervise the import commodities of cross-border e-commerce retail according to personal use. This is the basis of specific regulatory requirements, and it is also the most concerned issue of instry enterprises. " Li Chenggang said
1, directness
through foreign trade B2B and B2C platforms, cross-border e-commerce can realize the direct contact between domestic and foreign enterprises and between enterprises and markets, and the buyers and sellers can directly generate transactions. For example, star da y adopts the B2C mode, which completely changes the traditional international trade mode that domestic exporters and foreign importers, wholesalers, retailers, as well as domestic and foreign enterprises circulate in sections, and then reach foreign consumers through multiple intermediate links. It not only shortens the time, but also reces the export links, It also greatly reces the transaction cost
2, small batch
the batch of cross-border e-commerce is very small, even there may be only one commodity. This greatly expands the consumption area and reces the sales threshold of the platform, so its sales flexibility is unmatched by the traditional foreign trade large-scale procurement and centralized supply
3, high frequency
cross border e-commerce has the characteristics of direct transaction and small batch. In addition, cross-border e-commerce skips all intermediate links to interact with the market in real time, so it is doomed to have the characteristics of real-time procurement, and the transaction frequency is much higher than that of traditional foreign trade instry
4, high profit rate
because cross-border e-commerce adopts point-to-point transaction and skips all intermediate links, it seems that the final price has dropped a lot, but the profit rate is several times higher than that of traditional foreign trade instry. Relevant data show that the profitability of traditional international trade is generally 5% - 10%, while that of cross-border e-commerce is generally 30% - 40%.
Cross border e-commerce is a major of e-commerce. Cross border e-commerce is developed on the basis of network. Compared with physical space, cyberspace is a new space, a virtual but objective world composed of web address and password. The unique value standards and behavior patterns of cyberspace have a profound impact on cross-border e-commerce, which makes it different from the traditional way of transaction and presents its own characteristics
network is a media without boundary, which is global and decentralized. The cross-border e-commerce, which depends on the network, has the characteristics of globalization and decentralization. Compared with the traditional trading mode, e-commerce is a kind of borderless trading, which loses the geographical factors of traditional exchanges
The development of network makes the transmission of digital procts and services popular. Digital transmission is carried out through different types of media, such as data, sound and image, in the global network environment. These media appear in the form of computer data code in the network, so they are invisibletake the transmission of an e-mail message as an example, the message is first decomposed into millions of packets by the server, and then transmitted to a destination server through different network paths according to TCP / IP protocol, and then re organized and forwarded to the receiver. The whole process is completed instantaneously in the network
e-commerce is a special form of digital transmission activities, and its intangible characteristics make it difficult for tax authorities to control and check the transaction activities of sellers. The transaction records faced by tax authorities are in the form of data codes, which makes tax inspectors unable to accurately calculate the sales income and profit income, thus bringing difficulties to tax
digital procts and services based on the characteristics of digital transmission activities must also be intangible. Traditional transactions are mainly physical transactions, while in e-commerce, intangible procts can replace physical transactions. Taking books as an example, the traditional paper books' typesetting, printing, sales and purchase are regarded as the proction and sales of procts
However, in e-commerce transactions, consumers can use the knowledge and information in books as long as they purchase the data rights online. However, a series of problems such as how to define the nature of the transaction, how to supervise and how to levy taxes have brought new problems to the tax and legal departmentsas a cross-border e-commerce, it is an inevitable trend for our e-commerce market to develop rapidly. It does not mean that if we do not do it, it will not come back. This is a trend of social development Cross border e-commerce operation misunderstanding: in the network era, with the rapid development of the Internet, why Amazon has become the largest platform of cross-border e-commerce in the world is the inevitable result of a development trend. All in all, the situation of cross-border e-commerce is very good.
"The data shows that in 2018, China's e-commerce transaction volume reached 31.63 trillion yuan, an increase of 8.5% year on year; In 2013, the transaction volume of cross-border e-commerce was 2.9 trillion yuan, and in 2018, the transaction volume exceeded 9 trillion yuan. " According to the statistics of the General Administration of customs, the value of cross-border e-commerce retail imports in the first half of 2019 was 45.65 billion yuan, with a year-on-year increase of more than 20%. The import volume of cosmetics, milk powder, diapers, food and other consumer goods ranked in the forefront of all 1321 cross-border e-commerce retail commodities. One belt, one road, is the most one in China. The one belt, one road initiative has become a new growth point for promoting cross-border electricity supplier development in China. p>
there are two important points in social e-commerce: first, based on the trust between users, it can bring high gross profit and high added value. This premise is that the proct itself can not be too bad, because the quality of cross-border procts is excellent, and most of them are procts directly supplied by overseas brands. However, e to the poor information, the price is not so transparent compared with the inventory of domestic trade, New procts can also maintain a good profit margin. Second, traditional micro businesses need to face another important problem, that is, trust in proct brands. Contrary to the strategy of big standard procts on the centralized platform, traditional wechat business is the ultimate single proct strategy, so there is no problem with profit. However, traditional wechat business and traditional social e-business lack trust in quality and procts, and cross-border e-business can solve the problem of repurchase rate of traditional wechat business, That's why cross border + social networking is so popular
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