Which school of psychological counseling is decentralization

1. Decentralization is a phenomenon or structure, but the best explanation for this phenomenon is the concept of blockchain. If you want to have a thorough understanding, you can go to the community app of lianpai to have a look

2. Decentralized computing, also known as decentralized computing, allocates hardware and software resources to each indivial workstation or office. In contrast, centralized computing exists when most functions are performed, or is obtained from remote centralized locations. Distributed computing is a trend in modern business environment. This is contrary to the centralized computing popular in the early days of computer. The distributed computer system has many advantages over the traditional centralized network. The development of desktop computers is so rapid that their potential performance far exceeds the requirements of most commercial applications. This causes most desktop computers to remain idle (relative to their full potential). Decentralized systems can use the potential of these systems to maximize efficiency.

3.

De flow means that all social resources can be aggregated and distributed with one click

in a system with many nodes, each node has a high degree of autonomy. Nodes can connect with each other freely to form a new connection unit. Any node may become the stage center, but it does not have the mandatory central control function. The influence between nodes will form a nonlinear causal relationship through the network

This kind of open, flat and equal system phenomenon or structure is called decentralization

extended materials:

compared with the previous Internet (WEB 1.0) era, today's Internet (Web 2.0) content is no longer proced by professional websites or specific groups, but by the participation of the whole Internet users and the creation of equal power levels. Anyone can express their views on the Internet or create original content to proce information together

with the diversification of network service shape, the decentralized network model becomes more and more clear and possible. After the rise of Web2.0, the services provided by Wikipedia, Flickr, blogger and other network service providers are decentralized. Any participant can submit content, and Internet users can create or contribute content together

4. 1、 Psychoanalytic therapy psychoanalytic therapy is mainly to "recall" the real cause and meaning of the symptoms unknown to the visitors to the scope of consciousness by excavating the subconscious psychological process, so that the visitors can understand the real meaning of the symptoms, so as to make the symptoms disappear. Through excavating the psychological contradictions and conflicts in the subconscious of the visitors, we can find the crux of the disease, and bring them to the field of consciousness, so that the visitors can understand this, correct and eliminate it under the guidance of the realistic principles, so as to establish a good and healthy psychological structure and achieve mental health. The basic goal of the consultation is to make the subconscious aware and make the subconscious conflict surface, so as to help the visitors re recognize or reconstruct their personality and overcome their subconscious conflict. In the process of consultation, both sides should trust each other and keep a certain distance to avoid some form of resistance. Psychoanalytic therapy includes the following methods. 1. Free association free association is the basic method of psychotherapy. After understanding the basic situation of the client, let the client lie in a quiet room with proper light or sit on a comfortable sofa, and let the consultant stand or sit in the back instead of the front. Then let the visitor give up his worries and pour out what he wants to say. The consultant should not interrupt the visitor's words at will, do not comment on what he said, encourage him to speak boldly, and give proper guidance when necessary. 2. Catharsis. Catharsis is to express the depression and the privacy of the heart by pouring out, so as to restore the psychological balance and prevent the occurrence of physical and mental diseases. It is necessary to effectively guide patients to talk about their depression in order to achieve the purpose of psychological catharsis. 3. Cognitive and perceptive psychoanalysis theory holds that the root of current mental illness lies in past experience, even in childhood. The past anxiety experience is suppressed to the subconscious level for various reasons, which makes the patient "forget". Through psychoanalysis, it can arouse the memory and association of the visitors, recall the causes in the subconscious layer to the field of consciousness, and make them aware of the causal relationship between these "root causes" in the heart and the current diseases, so as to realize and comprehend them intellectually and emotionally. At this time, the symptoms will lose the meaning of existence and disappear naturally. Of course, this understanding is achieved through the analysis, explanation and treatment of doctors. 4. Suggestive therapy psychological suggestive therapy is to influence the cognition, emotion, will and behavior of oneself and others in an implicit way through language or action. The change of mentality of the hinted is subconscious, and the process of its influence is unconscious. Suggestive therapy is often used in the treatment of hysteria, and its curative effect is very obvious. The suggestive content should be targeted to the specific situation of the visitors, and the suggestive language should be used flexibly and tactfully. Psychoanalytic therapy should be used with caution in the process of psychological counseling for primary school students, because the primary school students are still young, their psychological development is not mature, and they can not make a correct estimate of their own psychological problems. The use of psychoanalytic therapy for primary school students depends on the specific situation and cannot be generalized. 2、 Behavior therapy, also called behavior correction, is a psychological counseling method based on behavior learning theory. The basic understanding is that abnormal behavior, like normal behavior, is acquired through learning and training, and can naturally be changed or disappeared through learning and training. Behavioral therapy is one of the most widely used psychological counseling methods, including many classic specific methods. 1. Systematic desensitization systematic desensitization plays an important role in behavioral therapy. This method is mainly to ince the client to slowly expose the situation that leads to neurosis anxiety, and through the psychological relaxation state to fight against this anxiety, so as to achieve the purpose of eliminating neurosis. The basic principle is that the state of muscle relaxation and the state of anxiety of human and animals is a antagonistic process, and the appearance of one state will inhibit the other. System desensitization generally includes three steps. One is to arrange the anxiety level table, that is to find out the events that make the visitors feel anxious, and use 0-100 to express the subjective degree of anxiety for each event. Among them,. They were calm mood, 25 mild anxiety, 50 moderate anxiety, 75 high anxiety and 100 extreme anxiety. Then the marked anxiety events were ranked in order from weak to strong. The second is to carry out relaxation training, to the whole body muscles can quickly enter the relaxation state as qualified, generally 6-10 times to practice, each time takes 30 minutes, 12 times a day. Third, enter the system desensitization process, carry out the combination training of anxiety reaction and muscle relaxation technology. System desensitization can be divided into imaginary system desensitization and real system desensitization. The process of desensitization of imagination system is to let the client be in a state of whole body muscle relaxation, which is described orally by the consultant, and let the client imagine, starting from the lowest level, imagining for 30 seconds, reporting the grade score of subjective anxiety at this time when the imagination stops, so as not to feel nervous and afraid, and then entering the next level, so graally until passing the last level. Systematic desensitization can treat students' test anxiety and social phobia. 2. Full perfusion therapy. Full perfusion therapy is also called exposure therapy and shock therapy. Similar to the systematic desensitization method, it encourages visitors to contact their sensitive objects and realize desensitization in contact; The difference is that at the beginning, the visitors are allowed to enter their most fear or anxiety situation, giving them a strong impact. At the same time, they are not allowed to take evasive behaviors such as blocking their ears, closing their eyes, crying and so on. The basic principle is to quickly and fully present to the visitor the stimulation he is afraid of. After the actual experience, he does not feel so afraid, and the fear will graally disappear. The appearance of stimulation should persist until the visitors are used to it. The treatment method should be explained clearly with the client in advance, and the treatment can be carried out with the consent of the client. The full perfusion therapy is suitable for clients with anxiety and fear tendency. When using it, we should consider many factors, such as the degree of ecation, the degree of being hinted, the causes of psychological problems and the physical state of the visitors. Aversion therapy is to connect some unpleasant stimuli with the behavior symptoms of the client who needs to change through direct or indirect imagination, so that the client will eventually give up this behavior because of disgust. The basic principle is that the bad behavior of future visitors is combined with some unpleasant and disgusting stimuli to form a new conditioned reflex, which is used to fight against the original bad behavior, and finally eliminate the bad behavior. The commonly used aversion stimuli include physical stimuli (such as electric shock, elastic band pain, etc.), chemical stimuli (such as vomit, etc.) and imaginary aversion stimuli (such as dictating some aversion situations and then connecting them with imaginary stimuli). In psychological counseling, aversion stimulation should reach enough intensity, through stimulation can make the client proce pain or aversion reaction, until the bad behavior disappeared. 4. Token method, also known as reward reinforcement method, is a method to form an expected adaptive behavior through reward (namely reinforcement), that is, when a visitor has an expected good performance, he will be rewarded immediately to strengthen the behavior. Token is actually a kind of voucher that can be exchanged for goods within a certain range, such as small red flag, small card with score, etc. The consultant uses token as reward to strengthen the expectant behavior of the client, and then the client can exchange the token for what he likes. We should pay attention to connect the token with what the visitors are interested in and want, and establish certain token exchange rules. 5. Relaxation therapy the basic principle of relaxation training is that the arousal level of cerebral cortex is decreased, the excitability is reced, the whole body muscles are relaxed, and the tension is relieved, so as to improve the physical and mental health. The basic steps of relaxation training are as follows: (1) choose a quiet and clean room with soft light, let the visitors lie comfortably on the sofa and close their eyes 2) Experience the feeling of tension and relaxation, and then graally practice the tension and relaxation of the main muscles. The training process of each part of muscle group is to focus on one muscle tension one to maintain tension one to relieve tension one to relax. Behavior therapy is often used in primary school students' psychological counseling. The proper use of behavioral therapy to correct the bad habits of primary school students, help them develop good learning and living habits, has a great help to the growth of children. 3. Humanistic therapy. There are two main forms of humanistic therapy: one is patient-centered therapy, which is generally used for visitors with psychological conflicts or mental diseases; the other is patient-centered therapy; Second, small group therapy through making friends group, mainly to solve the communication barriers and psychological problems in social life. Patient centered therapy refers to indivial talk therapy under the guidance of humanism. In the process of treatment, the non guiding principle is carried out, the idea of discussing problems is dominated by the visitors, and the central person in the process of treatment is the visitors rather than the consultants. The basic assumption of non directive patient-centered therapy is that there is a vast energy within human beings to understand themselves and transform their self-concept and guide their behavior; As long as the right environment atmosphere is provided, these energy sources can be developed. There are three suitable atmosphere: sincerity, unconditional care and empathic understanding. In the process of consultation, the consultants are required to create this kind of suitable environment atmosphere, so that the visitors can realize their dominant position in the process of consultation, actively talk about their psychological problems, and seek solutions under the guidance of the consultants. The members of the group are composed of people with similar background or problems, such as those who are not good at communicating with others, who have certain social phobia, or who are not used to getting along with the opposite sex. The number of participants is about ten. Although the participants have some psychological disorders, their condition is not serious. They can sit down and participate in the group conversation without affecting the collective action e to delusion or strange behavior. The group of making friends is usually hosted by a consultant. The role of the moderator is to promote the constructive relationship between the members of the group, establish a harmonious and unrestrained atmosphere, so that the people who participate in the group activities graally eliminate the Preventive Psychology, so as to reveal their true feelings to each other and establish a deeper emotional relationship. Through the activities of making friends, we can eliminate psychological barriers and improve mental health. Humanistic therapy emphasizes the subjective initiative of the client, takes a positive and optimistic view of the person, pays attention to the internal value and subjective experience of the indivial, emphasizes the importance of the consulting relationship, and emphasizes the attitude of the consultant as the center. These views have a strong impact on the theory and method of psychological counseling, and have a certain positive value, but they are not suitable for clients who need to give some guiding strategies in dealing with crisis, and they are not suitable for clients who can not express themselves through oral language. Cognitive therapy is based on the theoretical hypothesis that people's cognitive process will affect their emotions and behaviors, Through cognitive and behavioral technology to change the bad cognition of visitors, so as to rece or eliminate

5. There are many schools of psychology, each of which has its own theory. Let me talk about a few representative psychoanalysis schools, represented by Freud, later evolved into new psychoanalysis, starting from the resolution of the conflict between human desire and unconsciousness
analytical psychology, represented by Jung, has profound knowledge, takes spiritual perfection as its ultimate goal, and focuses on the release of collective unconscious complex
behaviorist school focuses on correcting the wrong way of behavior through new behavior learning
cognitive school emphasizes people's reasonable cognition of different situations and avoids emotional wrong cognition
humanism is a kind of philosophical school color, which focuses on respect and wholeheartedly establishes consultation and visit relationship to promote its development
self psychology, represented by Adler, focuses on the analysis of inferiority and compensation
that's all,

6. 1. Psychoanalysis school is also called "psychodynamic school". The founder was Sigmund Freud, an Austrian psychiatrist and psychologist from May 6, 1856 to September 23, 1939. His main point is that the motive force of all psychological activities does not lie in the surface of consciousness, but in the repressed subconscious layer. Freud and his posterity have different opinions on what is the core of the subconscious power, but in the final analysis, it is inseparable from the internal power foundation, so it is called "psychodynamics". The reason of psychological problems and obstacles is that the traumatic events in the process of growing up form complex, which is not perceived by the patients, leading to the outbreak in a destructive way, e to the formation of psychological conflicts and obstacles. At the same time, because the symptoms themselves meet some psychological needs of patients subconsciously, they can persist. The main purpose of psychoanalysis is to excavate the repressed subconsciousness, so that it can be recognized by patients, and naturally release the repressed energy and be cured. Because subconscious analysis is a long-term work, a course of psychoanalysis lasts for a long time (generally at least one or two years), so it is not very popular in modern western countries which pursue fast-paced life. 2. Behavioral therapy school. Its theoretical basis is the behaviorism psychology school initiated by American psychologist John broas Watson (January 9, 1878 September 25, 1958). Based on the classical conditioned reflex experiment of Russian psychologist Pavlov, the school believes that all human behavior is a conditioned reflex process that binds external stimuli with the original instinctive behavior of indivials, such as binding the stimulus of the bell with the dog's drooling when he sees the food, so that the dog will drool when he hears the bell. The early behavioral school completely denied the subjective initiative of indivials, and was not willing to study the cognitive changes in the process of behavior. After that, Watson left the field of psychology for personal reasons. Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) established the "operational conditioning" theory of new behaviorism on the basis of Watson. That is to say, when an indivial unconsciously triggers a behavior, he can increase / decrease the behavior by giving corresponding reward / punishment, Thus, the new behaviorist view emphasizing indivial initiative is formed; Later, the American psychologist Albert Banra (1925 -) put forward the theory of observational learning through experiments, that is, without direct reinforcement for indivials, the corresponding conditioned reflex can be formed through social observation, so behaviorism began to pay attention to the era of cognitive research. Based on these theories, behavioral therapy believes that all psychological problems are just a process of adverse "stimulus response" combination. This behavior can be reced and eliminated by various forms of conditioning. Thus, starting with the "biofeedback method" initiated in the 1920s, various techniques of behavioral therapy were established. It includes relaxation therapy, systemic desensitization, flood therapy, aversion therapy, token method, decoupling method, behavior demonstration method and so on. Its main feature is that it is simple, practical and effective, but the premise is that we must find a target symptom (target behavior) that needs to be changed in order to operate conditioned reflex. However, the disadvantage is that it overemphasizes the external behavior and ignores the change of internal cognition, which often leads to a temporary cure rather than a permanent cure. 3. Cognitive therapy. In the debate between psychoanalysis and behaviorism, there is no clear founder. The main reason is the application of cognitive psychology theory initiated by Piaget, vygowski and Kelly in the practice of psychological counseling and treatment. The school believes that all the psychological problems and obstacles of an indivial originate from the internal wrong cognitive system, which leads to wrong behaviors and symptoms under the control of wrong ideas. Therefore, the key is to enable patients to recognize their own wrong ideas, and dare to fight against bad ideas, resolve and eliminate them, so as to naturally solve the internal psychological problems. The representative of cognitive therapy is the American psychologist Albert Ellis (September 27, 1913 – July 24, 2007), who is called "old demon" by psychologists. Its invention of rational emotional behavior therapy (REBT) has been popular among Americans. In short, it is to find the event (a) caused by the symptom reaction (c) of the indivial's psychological problems, and then dece the unreasonable idea (b) behind the event. At the same time, it enables the indivial to actively debate with the unreasonable idea (d) after realizing this point, and enables the indivial to understand the correct idea (E), and at the same time, it can practice in behavior and bring new experience (f), So the theory of REBT is called ABCDEF theory. There was also Aaron T. back (1921 -) who was an expert in cognitive therapy at the same time as Ellis. His theory was similar to that of Ellis's therapy, but his intervention techniques for cognitive bias (irrational ideas) were different. Beck used the "midwifery" dialogue method created by Socrates, an ancient Greek philosopher. Since cognitive therapy can't be separated from the renewal of behavior in the end, the cooperation between later cognitive therapy and behaviorism has evolved into "cognitive behavioral therapy". It is characterized by paying attention to the internal concept renewal of patients, to a certain extent, it can directly focus on the source of lesions, which is convenient and fast. But the disadvantage is that it is too subjective, because the judgment criteria of "right and wrong" are in the hands of cognitive counselors themselves, and sometimes they lack sufficient understanding of patients. 4. Humanism school. The founders are Abraham h. Maslow (April 1, 1908 - June 8, 1970) and C. R. Rogers (1902-1987), whose school is called the "third force" in the field of psychology. At that time, all the psychotherapy schools were based on the theoretical model formulated by the therapists themselves. Rogers thought that it was wrong, that psychoanalysis was just "disability psychology", and that behavioral therapy emphasizing the instinct of environmental intervention was "naive psychology". The humanistic school believes that everyone has a positive motivation to get out of the shadow of mental illness through his own strength. The reason for psychological problems is that the real environment interferes and influences him too much, so that he loses himself. What psychological intervention should do is to help him realize his own value and build up self-confidence through non directive conversation, so as to achieve the purpose of self-treatment. Therefore, humanism actively advocates giving people encouragement, love and understanding to help them improve their confidence, which has evolved into a change of American society, namely "humanism". Including the modern sense of "psychological counseling" concept is also created by Rogers. Humanistic counseling does not have many complex techniques, but simply intervenes by expressing understanding and considerate "Empathy". Although it is simple, because it is popular, it becomes the foundation of all psychological counseling schools. However, humanism pursues idealism too much and lacks too much pragmatic spirit. It thinks that "people with perfect self-confidence" are rarely realized in reality, so it is difficult to use this school of skills alone.

7. I have a lot of styles. For example, some styles are more warm, that is to teach you patiently, and the other is more serious

8. I don't know what you mean by asking this question. If you want to learn, you'd better not stick to one school
because no matter which school, there are limitations
it's better to integrate what you have learned and apply it together

I love the psychodynamic genre. I combine psychoanalysis, family therapy, intention, family arrangement, or sand table.

9. Domestic network is not OK. You can also trade on foreign websites.