What is the productivity level of the economic system

1. Proctivity is a virtual concept, and there is no value and performance of an entity. Moreover, proctivity refers to the ability of the whole society, not an enterprise or factory. In addition, knowing the attendance and working hours has nothing to do with proctivity, because different organizations / structures, different labor attitudes and labor skills, As well as different labor tools and labor environment health, labor protection / labor wage / labor intensity and labor discipline / labor combination, the effect is not the same, is not the same, is not comparable.

2. The level of economic development, to a certain extent, has the form of relations of proction, which is determined by proctive forces and has a negative effect
the economic base determines the superstructure, which refers to the political form. Therefore, proctive forces determine relations of proction, and relations of proction determine political formation, which in turn is counterproctive and may promote or hinder.

3. There are three methods of GDP accounting, namely proction method, income method and expenditure method. The three methods reflect the results of national economic proction activities from different angles.

4. GDP is the abbreviation of growth domestic proct, that is GDP. It is a measure of the total amount of final procts proced by all resident units of a country (region) economy in the accounting period, and is often regarded as an important indicator to show the economic situation of a country (region)< There are three ways to measure GDP:

proction method: GDP = ∑ total output of each instrial sector ∑ intermediate consumption of each instrial sector:

income method: GDP = ∑ remuneration of workers in each instrial sector ＋∑ depreciation of fixed assets in each instrial sector ＋ net proction tax in each instrial sector ＋ operating profit of each instrial sector< Expenditure method: GDP = total consumption + total investment + net export.

5. The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out: China's basic national conditions, which are still in and will be in the primary stage of socialism for a long time, have not changed; the contradiction between the people's growing material and cultural needs and backward social proction, which is the main social contradiction, has not changed; China's international status as the world's largest developing country has not changed. In any case, we should firmly grasp the biggest national condition of the primary stage of socialism, and push forward the reform and development in any aspect, we should firmly base ourselves on the biggest reality of the primary stage of socialism. The party's basic line is the lifeline of the party and the country. We must adhere to the unity of economic construction as the center, the four cardinal principles, and reform and opening up in the great practice of socialism with Chinese characteristics. We should neither belittle ourselves nor be arrogant, and strive for a new victory of socialism with Chinese characteristics in a down-to-earth way
China's basic national conditions, which are still in and will be in the primary stage of socialism for a long time, have not changed, and the contradiction between the people's growing material and cultural needs and backward social proction, the main social contradiction, has not changed. These two factors remain unchanged, indicating that China's proctive forces are still at a relatively low level, which is one of the main characteristics of the primary stage of socialism
it does not generally refer to the initial stage that any country will go through when entering socialism, but specifically refers to the specific stage that China must go through when building socialism under the conditions of backward proctive forces and underdeveloped commodity economy. That is, the whole historical stage from the basic completion of socialist transformation in 1956 to the basic realization of socialist modernization in the middle of the 21st century
proctivity is the ability to transform nature formed by the combination of people with labor ability and means of proction. The three elements of proctivity are people, procts and tools, that is, workers, labor objects and labor tools. Labor objects and tools constitute the means of proction. The most important symbol of proctivity is tools.

6. How to understand "distribution according to work"? In the academic circle, there are many different opinions. It can be said that it is still a rather uncertain "fuzzy concept". At present, the more unified understanding is that "distribution according to work" is understood as a specific scale of payment. We believe that at the present stage of the development of socialist society, "distribution according to work" is not only a specific measure of payment, but also a development trend of the distribution mode in socialist society. Its ultimate realization can only be achieved through the hard work of countless generations. First, from the ideological source of "distribution according to work", it is Marx's "foresight" of the distribution trend of socialist social procts in the late 19th century. This is how Marx foresaw the distribution trend of socialist social procts in the future: in "capital", he proposed: "imagine a free man Union, they use the public means of proction for labor, and consciously use many of their personal labor force as a social labor force... Just for comparison with commodity proction, we assume that, Each procer's share in the means of living is determined by his working time... Working time is the measure of the indivial procer's share in the common labor, so it is also the measure of the indivial procer's share in the indivial consumption of the common proct. ". In Critique of Gotha Program, he further elaborated: "every procer, after making various dections, just takes back everything he has given society. What he gives to the society is his personal labor. For example, social labor day is composed of all indivial labor hours; Every procer's personal labor time is the part he provides in the social labor day, which is his part in the social labor day. He received a certificate from the society to prove how much labor he provided (decting the labor he carried out for the social fund). With this certificate, he received a share of consumption materials equivalent to the amount of labor he provided from the social storage. The amount of labor he gave to the society in one form was brought back in another. These two paragraphs are the most complete expression of Marx's "distribution according to work" and the most adequate expression of Marx's "distribution according to work" thought. From the words "assumption", "assumption" and "e.g." in these two paragraphs and their explanations, we can see that "distribution according to work" is only Marx's "prediction" of the distribution trend of socialist social procts in the future. Marx's research on capitalist society focused on the main energy, while his research on the situation of the future communist society was relatively small. Therefore, when he explained the situation of the future communist society, he was very cautious. He always made repeated statements and only made some "predictions" and "assumptions". He never gives too much description of the specific details of the future society, and does not draw any conclusions about the future society. Marx also holds this attitude towards the problem of proct distribution in the future communist society, stating that he has only "imagined" or "foreseen" the trend of proct distribution in the future society. Of course, Marx negated capitalist ownership by socialist ownership and distribution according to work by capital, which is a logical abstraction in line with the law. Therefore, Marx's "foresight" of "distribution according to work" for future socialist social procts naturally contains an inevitable trend. With the maturity of social development conditions, this "foresight" is bound to become a universal reality in socialist society. Second, from the perspective of the connotation of "distribution according to work", it reflects the highly developed level of proctive forces corresponding to the procer's "taking back everything he has given society". According to Marx's "critique of the Gotha Program", the rights of procers are proportional to the labor they provide "and" every procer, after making various dections, just takes back everything he gives society from the social aspect ", We should take "the procer just takes back what he has given society" as the connotation of "distribution according to work". Lenin summed it up as "distribution according to work", which is very appropriate. So, how to understand this connotation? Under what conditions can procers obtain this connotation? We know that the value of procts created by procers (including physical and mental procers) is partly the value transferred from the means of proction and raw materials consumed in the proction process (c), and partly the value of social necessities consumed by procers themselves and their families in the proction work (V). These two parts are the compensation for the material and human resources consumed in proction, in which the procer does not give anything to the society. So what do they "give to society"? Of course, we have to find out from these two parts of value, that is, surplus value (m) (we used to call it "profit" in Socialist Society). Surplus value is realized through market exchange, and is distributed among procers according to their contribution to proctive labor after decting the necessary social items. This is what Marx means when rights are proportional to the labor provided. In other words, the procer's claim to surplus value and their labor contribution constitute a positive proportional relationship“ Every procer, after making various dections, just takes back everything he has given the society from the social aspect. The meaning expressed in this paper is that all the surplus value belongs to the procer, which is the real connotation of "distribution according to work". The connotation of "distribution according to work" is only possible under the condition of highly developed proctive forces. Under the condition of high development of proctive forces, capital owners and procers can be integrated into one and become the only subject in the process of proction and labor, so that they can make reasonable distribution only according to the contribution of labor, without considering the contribution of capital, technology and other factors at all. Obviously, "distribution according to work" reflects the highly developed level of proctive forces. In other words, the first prerequisite for a procer to "take back what he has given society from the social aspect" is the high development of social proctive forces. According to the current level of proctivity development, no country or enterprise in the world can implement this kind of distribution. In China, the overall level of the development of proctive forces is still very low, far from the condition that "every procer, after making various dections, just takes back everything he has given society from the social aspect". Therefore, "distribution according to work" is only a development trend of distribution mode in China's socialist society. In the practice of socialism, we must follow the direction of socialist development, vigorously develop the proctive forces, and implement and standardize our actions according to the requirements and development trend of "distribution according to work". Third, from the perspective of the basis of "distribution according to work", it relies on the nature of social mode of proction based on the common possession of means of proction by procers“ The realization of "distribution according to work" not only has the prerequisite of highly developing proctive forces, but also has to realize the nature of social mode of proction in which procers and ownership of means of proction are fully integrated. Marx always linked the possession of the means of proction with the way of distribution. He thought that the possession of the means of proction was the premise and basis of participating in distribution. Any distribution of the means of consumption was just the result of the distribution of the conditions of proction itself. The distribution of proction conditions is the nature of the mode of proction itself. In his Das Kapital and critique of the Gotha Program, he envisioned "distribution according to work", which is to distribute the means of living according to the amount of labor in a society based on the common possession of the means of proction. Only when the society owns all the means of proction and realizes the comprehensive combination of the procer and the ownership of the means of proction, the labor of the procer can be directly transformed into social labor, and "distribution according to work" can be realized. Procers directly "jointly" possess the means of proction, and there is no difference in the possession of the means of proction between indivial procers. For indivial procers, the possession of the means of proction has lost its significance as a measure of distribution. Determined by the distribution result of this kind of proction condition, we can only take the factor of "labor" as the scale of distribution. At present, there is no country or enterprise in the world that has the nature of "distribution according to work". In our country, the mode of possession of means of proction with the public ownership economy as the main body and the common development of various economies is implemented at the present stage. Even public ownership is still at a relatively low stage of development. Therefore, the proction condition that all procers directly "jointly" possess the means of proction does not exist. One important aspect is that indivial procers have different possession of the means of proction. This kind of difference in the possession of means of proction is a meaningful existing scale for indivial distribution, which determines that the distribution mode of our country must also consider the participation of other proction factors in distribution, and implement the distribution principle of "combining distribution according to work with distribution according to factors". Our "distribution according to work" is obviously not in a complete sense, and its connotation and basis are different from that in a complete sense. Because in reality, what the procer gets after working is not all the results of labor "after social dection", but wages, which are the value of labor force and necessary labor. It reflects the exchange relationship between means of living and labor force, which is different from Marx's idea of "distribution according to work". We have not yet been able to realize the mode of distribution in which the procers "give the amount of labor to the society in one form, and then take it back in another form". Therefore, for the nature of the mode of proction which "realizes the comprehensive combination of the procers and the ownership of the means of proction", distribution according to work is only the goal we strive for and a development trend of the mode of distribution in our socialist society, Only through the hard work of many generations can it be realized. To sum up, at the present stage, we can't meet the conditions for the realization of "distribution according to work" either in terms of its connotation or in terms of the nature of the social mode of proction it relies on. Therefore, "distribution according to work" is not only a specific measure of payment, but also a development trend of distribution in socialist society. In terms of theoretical belief, just as "communism" can not be realized at present, but represents the development trend of the future society and is our goal, it can continue to be an ideal and belief of scientific socialism, a program of socialist revolution and construction, and an important theoretical pillar of socialist political economy; In practice, it can adapt to the existing mode of possession of means of proction, and implement the combination of distribution according to work and distribution according to factors. It can be compatible with the market mechanism and graally realized with the help of the market mechanism. If we insist on understanding it as a specific scale of payment, and pay according to the amount of labor in every specific occasion, it will be difficult to operate concretely. On the contrary, it will show signs of being out of date and out of date, and will graally be put on the shelf and forgotten [References]

7. The economy must rely on a high level of proctive forces to develop, and proctive forces must rely on science and technology. Without advanced science and technology, we can not drive the development of proction. Without development, we will shrink and die,

8. Proctivity in a narrow sense refers to regenerative proctivity, that is, the ability of human beings to create new wealth. Horizontally, proctivity is divided into indivial proctivity, enterprise proctivity and social proctivity; Vertically, proctivity can be divided into short-term proctivity and long-term proctivity; From the perspective of hierarchy, proctivity can be divided into material proctivity and spiritual proctivity. Proctivity is the function of proctivity system. The elements of proctivity system include laborer, labor material and labor object. The structure of proctivity system is the relationship between the elements of proctivity system. If the structure of proctivity system is symmetrical, proctivity will develop rapidly; If the structure of the proctive forces system is asymmetric, the development speed of the proctive forces will be slow. The symmetry degree of proctivity system structure determines the development speed of proctivity, so the development of proctivity is the result of the interaction between subject and object, the regeneration of resources, and the overall function of social system. The development of proctive forces is an intermediate link in the transformation from growth to development
the level of proctivity development is the result of the system of proctivity elements and its political, economic, social, cultural and ecological environment
the basic elements of proctivity are: the means of labor based on proction tools, the labor objects introced into the proction process, and the workers with certain proction experience and labor skills. It is the internal dynamic foundation of social development. In addition, human beings use all kinds of professional science and engineering technology to manufacture and create procts of material civilization and spiritual civilization, so as to meet their own ability of survival and life
proctivity also includes science and technology. Science and technology can be applied to the proction process, permeated in the basic elements of proctivity and transformed into actual proction capacity. Invention and creation in science and technology will lead to profound changes and great progress in the means of labor, the object of labor and the quality of workers; Scientific application in the organization and management of proction can greatly improve the management efficiency; Science and technology mastered by workers can greatly improve labor proctivity. With the rapid development of modern science and technology, the cycle applied to the proction process is becoming shorter and shorter, which plays a more and more important role in the development of proction and has increasingly become a decisive factor in the development of proction. In this sense, science and technology are the concentrated embodiment and important symbol of advanced proctive forces and the primary proctive forces
proctivity is not only vertical, but also horizontal
since the formation of primitive society, there has been almost no essential change in workers and objects of labor (workers have not been completely separated from animals, and objects of labor are still water, land and plants). Only tools of labor have undergone five kinds of "material changes" which can be indicated by the accuracy of natural science, namely stone, bronze, iron, machinery and electrical appliances. Stone tools, bronzes and irons can be judged according to the materials of tools; A machine is a device that uses mechanical energy to do work; Electrical appliances are devices that use electromagnetic energy to do work. Mature stone proctivity determines the primitive social form; The mature bronze proctivity determined the form of slave society; The mature iron proctivity determined the feudal social form; Mature machine proctivity determines the social form of capital; Mature electrical proctivity determines the form of the Communist society.

9.

Because the proctive forces determine the relations of proction, our country's current unbalanced development of proctive forces determines that our country adheres to public ownership as the main body, multiple economic development, distribution according to work as the main body, and multiple modes of distribution coexist

With the development of China's reform and opening up practice, the connotation of socialism with Chinese characteristics has been constantly enriched and improved. The report of the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China makes a profound elaboration on the relationship between the practice road, theory and system of socialism with Chinese characteristics

This is the achievement of the party and the people's struggle, creation and accumulation for more than 90 years. To study and implement the spirit of the 18th CPC National Congress is to adhere to and develop socialism with Chinese characteristics, deeply understand and grasp its scientific connotation and grasp its development law

extended data:

the foundation of socialist cultural system and socialist economy. It plays a guiding role in socialist cultural system and socialist economic system; Socialist economic system is not only the practice of social ideological system, but also the only way to realize socialist cultural system. These three forms are interrelated and inseparable. It is mutual promotion and common development

socialist cultural transformation is the only way and ideology for China to become a big country and a powerful country. Chinese socialism is still in the primary stage at the beginning of the 21st century. Through the current system and consciousness of capitalism, it further proves the correctness of China's socialist road with Chinese characteristics

10. Cross border e-commerce is the abbreviation of cross-border e-commerce, which refers to a new e-commerce application mode that the trading entities belonging to different countries or regions realize various activities of commodity trading through e-commerce platform, and realize the flow of goods from sellers to buyers and other related activities through cross-border logistics. Cross border e-commerce originates from e-commerce and belongs to the category of e-commerce. It is a new application mode of e-commerce, including both overseas shopping and cross-border retail, as well as cross-border B2B mode. All business activities that cross the border with the help of e-commerce mode belong to the category of cross-border e-commerce
digital trade is a new trade activity based on digital platform, which realizes the accurate exchange of physical goods, digital procts and services, digital knowledge and information through the effective use of digital technologies such as artificial intelligence, big data and cloud computing, so as to promote the transformation of consumer Internet to instrial Internet and finally realize the intelligent manufacturing instry, It is the expansion, extension and iteration of traditional trade in the era of digital economy. As an organic part, cross-border e-commerce will boost the arrival of digital trade; As a new type of trade activity, global digital trade is an advanced form of cross-border e-commerce development. The comparison of the two is as follows:
first, e-commerce takes the modern information network as the carrier, while digital trade takes the digital platform as the carrier
secondly, cross-border e-commerce platform is a bilateral platform, helping to "buy the world and sell the world"; The global digital trading platform is a multilateral platform, which helps "buy and sell globally" by matching more digital tools and means
thirdly, e-commerce relies on information and communication technology, while digital trade relies on artificial intelligence, big data and cloud computing technology
fourthly, compared with e-commerce, the trade objects of Digital Trade include increasingly rich digital procts and services, digital knowledge and information
fifthly, e-commerce corresponds to the popularization and application of consumer Internet, while digital trade corresponds to the popularization and application of instrial Internet or instrial Internet. Instrial Internet reflects the business path of platform digitization, while instrial Internet reflects the technical path of platform digitization
sixth, compared with e-commerce, digital trade pays more attention to consumer behavior, serves the intelligent and digital transformation of traditional manufacturing instry, and actively reflects consumer preferences through the accumulation and application of consumer big data.