Calculation of forging force by projection area
Publish: 2021-05-05 02:42:27
1. The
formula for selecting the tonnage of screw press is as follows:
1) P = P / Q = (64-73) f / Q, where P -- tonnage of screw press (KN)
P -- deformation force required for die forging (KN)
F -- the projected area of the forging and the flash ( 2)
(64-73) - the coefficient of complex forging is 73, and that of simple forging is 64
q is a deformation coefficient. According to the stroke and deformation work in die forging of screw press, it can be divided into:
① when forging needs large deformation stroke, deformation amount and deformation work for die forging, q = 0.9-1.1
② when forging needs less deformation stroke and work, q = 1.3
③ forging only needs a small deformation stroke, but needs a large deformation force for fine pressing, q = 1.6
2) P = (17.5-28) k · ftotal (KN), where ftotal is the total projected area of the forging and the flash ( 2); K - steel grade coefficient, refer to the calculation section of unit 3 equipment tonnage 5 ~ 28) - coefficient 28 is used in the condition of difficult deformation (such as extrusion deformation, flash deformation, etc.) and high proctivity, otherwise, it is 17.5. The above formula is applicable to the tonnage calculation of equipment required for hammering 2-3 times. If one blow forming is needed, it should be doubled according to the calculation.
formula for selecting the tonnage of screw press is as follows:
1) P = P / Q = (64-73) f / Q, where P -- tonnage of screw press (KN)
P -- deformation force required for die forging (KN)
F -- the projected area of the forging and the flash ( 2)
(64-73) - the coefficient of complex forging is 73, and that of simple forging is 64
q is a deformation coefficient. According to the stroke and deformation work in die forging of screw press, it can be divided into:
① when forging needs large deformation stroke, deformation amount and deformation work for die forging, q = 0.9-1.1
② when forging needs less deformation stroke and work, q = 1.3
③ forging only needs a small deformation stroke, but needs a large deformation force for fine pressing, q = 1.6
2) P = (17.5-28) k · ftotal (KN), where ftotal is the total projected area of the forging and the flash ( 2); K - steel grade coefficient, refer to the calculation section of unit 3 equipment tonnage 5 ~ 28) - coefficient 28 is used in the condition of difficult deformation (such as extrusion deformation, flash deformation, etc.) and high proctivity, otherwise, it is 17.5. The above formula is applicable to the tonnage calculation of equipment required for hammering 2-3 times. If one blow forming is needed, it should be doubled according to the calculation.
2.
The width of the shape of an object standing on the wall multiplied by the height is the projection area of the object, that is, the length * height of the projection plane. Through such calculation, the projection area can be calculated
the building area of the balcony inside the apartment is calculated according to the horizontal projected area between the balcony periphery and the external wall of the house. The construction area of closed balcony is calculated according to the horizontal projection, and the construction area of unclosed balcony is calculated according to half of the horizontal projection
extended data:
precautions for projection area calculation:
projection area is the length of the wardrobe multiplied by the height of the wardrobe. When the unit price is known, the projection area multiplied by the unit price can get the total cost of the wardrobe
when measuring the length of the wardrobe, the position of the door and switch should be reserved 150-200 mm, which should be cut off
the height of the wardrobe is from the ground to the top. Generally, the height of the wardrobe is more than 2200mm to 2400mm, and the top cabinet will be made on it
the user can also calculate the area of each side of the cabinet separately, add the areas of these sides, and the overall area of the seat is the projection area
3. 1、 The built-in area of a complete set of houses
the built-in area of a complete set of houses consists of three parts: the usable area of the built-in houses, the built-in wall area and the built-in balcony area
1. The use area of the apartment
the use area of the apartment is the area of the use space of the apartment, and the horizontal projection area is calculated according to the following provisions:
a. the use area of the apartment is the sum of the space areas of the bedroom, living room, hallway, aisle, kitchen, toilet, toilet, storage room, closet, etc
B. the total area of internal stairs in the suite is included in the use area according to the total area of natural floors
C. the chimneys, ventilation cts and pipe wells inside the casing not included in the structural area are included in the service area
D. the decorative thickness of the inner wall is included in the use area
2. The area of the interior wall
the area of the interior wall is the area occupied by the maintenance or load-bearing walls or other load-bearing supports around the use space of the interior, in which the partition wall between each set, the partition wall between the set and the public building space, and the common wall (including the gable) are included in the interior wall area according to half of the horizontal projection area. The free wall in the sleeve is included in the wall area of the sleeve according to the horizontal projection area
3. The building area of balcony in the apartment
the building area of balcony in the apartment is calculated according to the horizontal projected area between the balcony periphery and the external wall of the house. The construction area of closed balcony is calculated according to the horizontal projection, and the construction area of unclosed balcony is calculated according to half of the horizontal projection
Annex: the common building area of a house
the common building area of a house refers to the building area jointly occupied or jointly occupied or used by all property owners. The common building area includes: elevator shaft, pipe shaft, staircase, garbage channel, substation room, equipment room, public hall, aisle, basement, ty guard room, etc., as well as the building area of public and management rooms serving the whole building, calculated by horizontal projection area
the common building area also includes the partition wall between the condominium and the public building space, and half of the horizontal projection area of the external wall (including the gable)
independent basement, garage, guard room for multiple buildings, management room and basement as civil air defense project are not included in the common building area. On this issue, I would like to explain to you the following concepts: building area, public shared area and real building area
usually, the price in advertisements and sales Books refers to the price of "building area" per square meter, and "building area" includes the public shared area and the actual building area. The building area includes the usable area of housing, the floor area of wall and column, the area of stairs and corridors, and other shared areas
in terms of calculation method, the building area refers to the horizontal projection area of the periphery of each floor above the external wall (column) plinth of the house, including balcony, corridor, basement, outdoor stairs, etc., and it is a permanent building with upper cover, solid structure and floor height of more than 2.2m (2.2m)
"actual construction area" is commonly known as "practical area". It is the balance of "building area" after decting public apportioned area. Therefore, we think that the private area you mentioned should be understood as "actual construction area"
the area directly available to the owner is called "usable area", commonly known as "floor tile area". It is a concept of content space after decting the space occupied by columns, walls and other buildings on the basis of practical area. That is, the total usable space area of the house is calculated according to the horizontal projection of the interior wall of the house
it is worth noting that there is a lot of room for sharing. The shared area refers to the building area jointly occupied or used by all property owners. The current shared area mainly includes stairs, elevators, aisles, the first floor lobby, etc., and the shared area of some buildings also includes the allocation of water room, electricity room, security booth and other supporting facilities. For the treatment of public apportioned area, there is no accurate legal norms, this problem, buyers should not underestimate
ten cases are not included in the building area
according to the new national standard "code for real estate measurement", the building area is not included in the 10 cases
1. Mezzanine, intercalation, technical floor, basement and semi basement with floor height less than 2.20M
2. The components, accessories, decorative columns, decorative glass curtain walls, buttresses, plinths, steps and pillarless awning of the house wall are highlighted
3
4. The roof, terrace, garden and swimming pool of the house
5. Operation platform, feeding platform and space platform of the building, as well as the platform for placing boxes and tanks in the building
6. The ground floor of the arcade and the crossing building is used as the part of the road
7. Houses with approach bridge, viact, viact and pavement as top cover
8
9. Expansion joints between houses which are not connected with the interior of the house
10. It is understood that according to the accuracy level, the new real estate survey standard will allow the error range of 0 ± 0.26%、 ± 0.6%、 ± 4%, while the area measurement error allowed by the old standard is 1. 4%
finally, I would like to remind you that when any commercial house is delivered for use, it must be approved by a qualified professional measuring unit for the area of each house, and the measured area can be obtained. Therefore, when self acceptance, as long as the measured area is checked with the area agreed in the contract, we can know whether the area has error. If the error is large, it should be put forward to the developer in time and the solution should be negotiated.
the built-in area of a complete set of houses consists of three parts: the usable area of the built-in houses, the built-in wall area and the built-in balcony area
1. The use area of the apartment
the use area of the apartment is the area of the use space of the apartment, and the horizontal projection area is calculated according to the following provisions:
a. the use area of the apartment is the sum of the space areas of the bedroom, living room, hallway, aisle, kitchen, toilet, toilet, storage room, closet, etc
B. the total area of internal stairs in the suite is included in the use area according to the total area of natural floors
C. the chimneys, ventilation cts and pipe wells inside the casing not included in the structural area are included in the service area
D. the decorative thickness of the inner wall is included in the use area
2. The area of the interior wall
the area of the interior wall is the area occupied by the maintenance or load-bearing walls or other load-bearing supports around the use space of the interior, in which the partition wall between each set, the partition wall between the set and the public building space, and the common wall (including the gable) are included in the interior wall area according to half of the horizontal projection area. The free wall in the sleeve is included in the wall area of the sleeve according to the horizontal projection area
3. The building area of balcony in the apartment
the building area of balcony in the apartment is calculated according to the horizontal projected area between the balcony periphery and the external wall of the house. The construction area of closed balcony is calculated according to the horizontal projection, and the construction area of unclosed balcony is calculated according to half of the horizontal projection
Annex: the common building area of a house
the common building area of a house refers to the building area jointly occupied or jointly occupied or used by all property owners. The common building area includes: elevator shaft, pipe shaft, staircase, garbage channel, substation room, equipment room, public hall, aisle, basement, ty guard room, etc., as well as the building area of public and management rooms serving the whole building, calculated by horizontal projection area
the common building area also includes the partition wall between the condominium and the public building space, and half of the horizontal projection area of the external wall (including the gable)
independent basement, garage, guard room for multiple buildings, management room and basement as civil air defense project are not included in the common building area. On this issue, I would like to explain to you the following concepts: building area, public shared area and real building area
usually, the price in advertisements and sales Books refers to the price of "building area" per square meter, and "building area" includes the public shared area and the actual building area. The building area includes the usable area of housing, the floor area of wall and column, the area of stairs and corridors, and other shared areas
in terms of calculation method, the building area refers to the horizontal projection area of the periphery of each floor above the external wall (column) plinth of the house, including balcony, corridor, basement, outdoor stairs, etc., and it is a permanent building with upper cover, solid structure and floor height of more than 2.2m (2.2m)
"actual construction area" is commonly known as "practical area". It is the balance of "building area" after decting public apportioned area. Therefore, we think that the private area you mentioned should be understood as "actual construction area"
the area directly available to the owner is called "usable area", commonly known as "floor tile area". It is a concept of content space after decting the space occupied by columns, walls and other buildings on the basis of practical area. That is, the total usable space area of the house is calculated according to the horizontal projection of the interior wall of the house
it is worth noting that there is a lot of room for sharing. The shared area refers to the building area jointly occupied or used by all property owners. The current shared area mainly includes stairs, elevators, aisles, the first floor lobby, etc., and the shared area of some buildings also includes the allocation of water room, electricity room, security booth and other supporting facilities. For the treatment of public apportioned area, there is no accurate legal norms, this problem, buyers should not underestimate
ten cases are not included in the building area
according to the new national standard "code for real estate measurement", the building area is not included in the 10 cases
1. Mezzanine, intercalation, technical floor, basement and semi basement with floor height less than 2.20M
2. The components, accessories, decorative columns, decorative glass curtain walls, buttresses, plinths, steps and pillarless awning of the house wall are highlighted
3
4. The roof, terrace, garden and swimming pool of the house
5. Operation platform, feeding platform and space platform of the building, as well as the platform for placing boxes and tanks in the building
6. The ground floor of the arcade and the crossing building is used as the part of the road
7. Houses with approach bridge, viact, viact and pavement as top cover
8
9. Expansion joints between houses which are not connected with the interior of the house
10. It is understood that according to the accuracy level, the new real estate survey standard will allow the error range of 0 ± 0.26%、 ± 0.6%、 ± 4%, while the area measurement error allowed by the old standard is 1. 4%
finally, I would like to remind you that when any commercial house is delivered for use, it must be approved by a qualified professional measuring unit for the area of each house, and the measured area can be obtained. Therefore, when self acceptance, as long as the measured area is checked with the area agreed in the contract, we can know whether the area has error. If the error is large, it should be put forward to the developer in time and the solution should be negotiated.
4. Register Jingdong account or QQ wechat
5. Subway line 3 Panyu Square Station, from exit d to bus Panyu Square Station, take bus No. 93 or 126 to Panyu District Central Hospital (terminus)
6. < UL > < / UL >
fan51 road 15.0km
Guangzhou Panyu District Central Hospital...
walk about 400m to Panyu Central Hospital terminus
take fan51 Road, pass 25 stops, and reach Nanshan Park Station
walk about 510 meters, To get to the comprehensive market of the South Village, the market of the comprehensive market
< P >
< p>
7.
Dujiangyan has 24 flights to the airport, and the departure time (two buses at each time) is 6:40, 7:50, 8:40, 9:45, 11:10, 12:20, 13:40, 14:40, 15:40, 17:00, 17:40 and 19:00
8. The owner can take the bus to Huayang in Dujiangyan and transfer to bus 804 to Shuangliu Airport. It's about two hours. It is suggested that the owner should arrive a few hours in advance to avoid traffic jams. Or take 303b from Cheng Shuangliu Airport to Jinsha station; Transfer 305 to yinfengyuan (Chuangong) and the fare is 2 yuan; After getting off the bus, stop a minibus on laochengguan road to Dujiangyan. The fare is 5 yuan
you can also take the airport bus line 303 to the terminal, and the fare is 10 yuan; Take a taxi to chadianzi long distance bus station, about 15 yuan; Take a long-distance bus to Dujiangyan, the ticket price is 8.5 yuan
I heard that Shuangliu Airport opened a long-distance airport bus to nearby counties and cities last year. It seems that there is one to Dujiangyan. You can inquire about it. Shuangliu Airport To Cheng, and Shuangliu Airport to Dujiangyan ride time is about the same
but it's too late for you to get to the airport. It's suggested that you stay in Shuangliu or Cheng for one night and leave the next day. I hope I can help you and wish you a good journey!!! thank you!!!
you can also take the airport bus line 303 to the terminal, and the fare is 10 yuan; Take a taxi to chadianzi long distance bus station, about 15 yuan; Take a long-distance bus to Dujiangyan, the ticket price is 8.5 yuan
I heard that Shuangliu Airport opened a long-distance airport bus to nearby counties and cities last year. It seems that there is one to Dujiangyan. You can inquire about it. Shuangliu Airport To Cheng, and Shuangliu Airport to Dujiangyan ride time is about the same
but it's too late for you to get to the airport. It's suggested that you stay in Shuangliu or Cheng for one night and leave the next day. I hope I can help you and wish you a good journey!!! thank you!!!
Hot content