Marginal effect after decentralization
Publish: 2021-05-07 04:21:03
1. Marginal effect is sometimes called marginal contribution, which refers to the time when consumers increase one unit of consumer goods one by one
2. http://ke..com/view/288493.htm http://ke..com/view/133805.htm
recently, I've been studying microeconomics, too. You can find out their figures and compare them with marginal cost
marginal benefit is the value of one more unit of good or service, value is the maximum price that a person is willing to pay. The more Q we have, the smaller MB will be. When MB = MC, benefit is the biggest, competitive market is efficient.
marginal utility. With the increase of quantity Q, Tu becomes larger and Mu becomes smaller. It is tu2-tu1 = mu. After adding a quantity, subtract the previous Tu from the increased tu. TU will only get bigger and bigger, but mu will decrease. There are two conditions for maximizing total utility: 1. Spend all available money, 2mu1 divided by P1 = mu2 divided by P2. MU1/P1> Mu2 / P2, increase the quantity of 1 item Q1 to rece Mu to balance them. It's a bit like that the more things you have, the less you cherish them. The more satisfaction you get from them, the less they are. The theory of value further shows that the more quantity Q is, the larger Tu is, and the smaller Mu is
MB emphasizes the relationship between benefit and quantity. Mu emphasizes the relationship between satisfaction and quantity
it's a bit confusing. Read more books and study the pictures. I died miserably in this chapter. There are also price changes, how their graphics change, income changes, how graphics change. There are several marginal * * in the back
recently, I've been studying microeconomics, too. You can find out their figures and compare them with marginal cost
marginal benefit is the value of one more unit of good or service, value is the maximum price that a person is willing to pay. The more Q we have, the smaller MB will be. When MB = MC, benefit is the biggest, competitive market is efficient.
marginal utility. With the increase of quantity Q, Tu becomes larger and Mu becomes smaller. It is tu2-tu1 = mu. After adding a quantity, subtract the previous Tu from the increased tu. TU will only get bigger and bigger, but mu will decrease. There are two conditions for maximizing total utility: 1. Spend all available money, 2mu1 divided by P1 = mu2 divided by P2. MU1/P1> Mu2 / P2, increase the quantity of 1 item Q1 to rece Mu to balance them. It's a bit like that the more things you have, the less you cherish them. The more satisfaction you get from them, the less they are. The theory of value further shows that the more quantity Q is, the larger Tu is, and the smaller Mu is
MB emphasizes the relationship between benefit and quantity. Mu emphasizes the relationship between satisfaction and quantity
it's a bit confusing. Read more books and study the pictures. I died miserably in this chapter. There are also price changes, how their graphics change, income changes, how graphics change. There are several marginal * * in the back
3. 1. Hehe, this topic is put forward by the economists wesall and mengus: it denies the original view that the value is not determined by the workers, but by the marginal effect. The economics books you have read do not fully explain this theory. In the foreign textbooks, it is emphasized that "the price determined by the last unit is called marginal theory". Here, it is easy to explain this truth
2. The meaning of marginal effect as you understand it is put forward by Mr. hormans. In short, it means that "when you invest a unit of cost, more of it corresponds to the increment of output, and the marginal effect is decreasing". He systematizes this theory to guide the formulation of enterprise proction strategy in microeconomics more accurately, rather than the marginal theory of complete meaning
3. Lang Xianping has an article called "the spirit of capitalism and socialist reform", which contains this story and a more detailed explanation. You can check it and experience it yourself. Because you haven't studied the history of economics, you must have misunderstood the integrity of these theories. Many of the contents in the textbook have been simplified. It needs your own experience.
2. The meaning of marginal effect as you understand it is put forward by Mr. hormans. In short, it means that "when you invest a unit of cost, more of it corresponds to the increment of output, and the marginal effect is decreasing". He systematizes this theory to guide the formulation of enterprise proction strategy in microeconomics more accurately, rather than the marginal theory of complete meaning
3. Lang Xianping has an article called "the spirit of capitalism and socialist reform", which contains this story and a more detailed explanation. You can check it and experience it yourself. Because you haven't studied the history of economics, you must have misunderstood the integrity of these theories. Many of the contents in the textbook have been simplified. It needs your own experience.
4. The change of general income will affect the consumption structure of consumers, not only to increase the specific consumption of goods in the same proportion, but also the proction of utility has a certain relationship with the consumption of procts. The change of consumption structure leads to some changes in the evaluation of utility. It only represents personal opinions.
5. Marginal effect, sometimes called marginal contribution, refers to the graal decrease of unit utility (although the total utility is still increased) when consumers increase one unit of consumer goods one by one
marginal effect is widely used. For example, the law of demand in economics is based on it, that is, the more goods a user purchases or uses, the lower the cost he is willing to pay for a unit of goods (because the utility of later purchased goods is reced). Of course, there are a few exceptions. For example, people who are addicted to alcohol drink more and more happily, or stamp collectors collect a set of Cultural Revolution stamps. Then the marginal effect of the last stamp collected in this set of stamps is the biggest.
marginal effect is widely used. For example, the law of demand in economics is based on it, that is, the more goods a user purchases or uses, the lower the cost he is willing to pay for a unit of goods (because the utility of later purchased goods is reced). Of course, there are a few exceptions. For example, people who are addicted to alcohol drink more and more happily, or stamp collectors collect a set of Cultural Revolution stamps. Then the marginal effect of the last stamp collected in this set of stamps is the biggest.
6. Let's take a simple example
you are very hungry. The first bowl of rice makes you feel the most satisfied. Then you feel that you have not had enough and go to eat the second bowl of rice. After eating, you feel that you are full and have no satisfaction. You only feel sick because you are too full. If someone asks you to eat the third bowl of rice, you will refuse wisely, because it will only increase your discomfort
therefore, the marginal utility may be equivalent to the decreasing "satisfaction". The book is not around, roughly remember is such a meaning: every increase in the cost of a unit of marginal effect is decreasing
if we combine this effort with marginal utility theory, I can only say that it is too far fetched to answer.
you are very hungry. The first bowl of rice makes you feel the most satisfied. Then you feel that you have not had enough and go to eat the second bowl of rice. After eating, you feel that you are full and have no satisfaction. You only feel sick because you are too full. If someone asks you to eat the third bowl of rice, you will refuse wisely, because it will only increase your discomfort
therefore, the marginal utility may be equivalent to the decreasing "satisfaction". The book is not around, roughly remember is such a meaning: every increase in the cost of a unit of marginal effect is decreasing
if we combine this effort with marginal utility theory, I can only say that it is too far fetched to answer.
7. The value scale of marginal utility axiology (subjective axiology) in western economics refers to the utility of the last unit that satisfies people's minimum desire< The utility theory of value has been clearly stated in the works of bourgeois economics in the first half of the 17th-18th century. British economist n. baben used the effect of goods to explain the value of goods. Italian economist F. Galliani clearly pointed out that value is the ratio of goods to people's needs. Value depends on the evaluation of commodity utility by the exchange parties, or is determined by utility and scarcity of goods. In the second half of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th century, the theory of labor value was developed, and the theory of utility value was in a state of stagnation. After 1930's, marginal utility theory of value developed graally. In 1833, the British economist W.F. Lloyd proposed that the value of goods only represents people's psychological enjoyment of goods, which depends on people's desire and evaluation of goods. People's desire and evaluation will change with the change of the quantity of goods, and will be shown on the margin between the satisfied and unsatisfied desires, thus actually distinguishing the total utility and marginal utility
at the same time, Irish economist M. longfield also believes that the market price of goods is always regulated by the minimum demand intensity that can cause actual purchase. In 1854, the German economist H.H. Gossen put forward three theorems for human beings to meet their needs: ① the theorem of diminishing desire or utility, that is, with the increase of the possession of goods, people's desire or the utility of goods decrease. ② The theorem of marginal utility equality, that is, under the condition of limited goods, in order to satisfy people's desires to the greatest extent, we must properly distribute these goods among various desires, so that people's various desires are satisfied to the same extent. ③ If the original desire has been satisfied, the only way to obtain more enjoyment is to find new enjoyment or expand old enjoyment. These three theorems were later called Gossen's theorem. In 1870s, the British economist W.S. jevens, Austrian economist C. Menger and French economist M. - E. - L. Vallas independently put forward relatively complete marginal utility value theory and became the founder of marginal utility value theory. In the 1980s and 1990s, marginal utility theory of value developed into two branches, one is the school of psychology represented by Menger and his students F. von Wiesel and E. von BEM bavik, the other is the school of mathematics represented by Vallas and his successor v. Pareto. After Pareto and others used indifference curve to analyze utility, marginal utility value theory can be divided into cardinal utility theory and ordinal utility theory
according to the theory of marginal utility value, value is a subjective psychological phenomenon, which originates from utility and is conditioned by the scarcity of goods. People's desire for goods will decrease with the continuous satisfaction of desire. If the quantity of goods is unlimited, the desire can be completely satisfied, and the intensity of desire will decrease to zero. But the quantity of unlimited items is limited to a few kinds such as air and sunlight, and the quantity of most other items is limited. Under the condition of limited supply, people have to give up their satisfaction at some point before their desire reaches saturation. In order to achieve the maximum satisfaction, we should distribute the limited quantity of goods among various desires, so that all desires are satisfied to the same extent. In this way, all desires should stop at a certain point before they are fully satisfied. The desire at this stop point must be the least important desire to be satisfied in a series of decreasing desires, which is on the edge of being satisfied and not being satisfied. This is marginal desire; The ability of goods to satisfy marginal desire is the marginal utility of goods. Because this marginal utility can best show the change of the value of goods, that is, the value changes in the opposite direction with the increase or decrease of the quantity of goods, so the marginal utility can be used as a measure of value. The term marginal utility, first coined by wessel, is used to summarize the utility of the unit of goods that satisfies man's last, that is, the smallest desire
in economics, utility refers to the ability of goods to satisfy people's desire, or utility refers to the degree of satisfaction consumers feel when consuming goods. On the measurement of this kind of "satisfaction degree", there are two schools: cardinal utility and ordinal utility. Base utility theory adopts marginal utility analysis method, ordinal utility theory adopts indifference curve analysis method
cardinal utility theorists divide utility into total utility and marginal utility. Total utility refers to the sum of utility that consumers get from the consumption of a certain number of goods in a certain period of time. Marginal utility refers to the increment of utility quantity obtained by increasing the consumption of a unit of goods in a certain period of time.
at the same time, Irish economist M. longfield also believes that the market price of goods is always regulated by the minimum demand intensity that can cause actual purchase. In 1854, the German economist H.H. Gossen put forward three theorems for human beings to meet their needs: ① the theorem of diminishing desire or utility, that is, with the increase of the possession of goods, people's desire or the utility of goods decrease. ② The theorem of marginal utility equality, that is, under the condition of limited goods, in order to satisfy people's desires to the greatest extent, we must properly distribute these goods among various desires, so that people's various desires are satisfied to the same extent. ③ If the original desire has been satisfied, the only way to obtain more enjoyment is to find new enjoyment or expand old enjoyment. These three theorems were later called Gossen's theorem. In 1870s, the British economist W.S. jevens, Austrian economist C. Menger and French economist M. - E. - L. Vallas independently put forward relatively complete marginal utility value theory and became the founder of marginal utility value theory. In the 1980s and 1990s, marginal utility theory of value developed into two branches, one is the school of psychology represented by Menger and his students F. von Wiesel and E. von BEM bavik, the other is the school of mathematics represented by Vallas and his successor v. Pareto. After Pareto and others used indifference curve to analyze utility, marginal utility value theory can be divided into cardinal utility theory and ordinal utility theory
according to the theory of marginal utility value, value is a subjective psychological phenomenon, which originates from utility and is conditioned by the scarcity of goods. People's desire for goods will decrease with the continuous satisfaction of desire. If the quantity of goods is unlimited, the desire can be completely satisfied, and the intensity of desire will decrease to zero. But the quantity of unlimited items is limited to a few kinds such as air and sunlight, and the quantity of most other items is limited. Under the condition of limited supply, people have to give up their satisfaction at some point before their desire reaches saturation. In order to achieve the maximum satisfaction, we should distribute the limited quantity of goods among various desires, so that all desires are satisfied to the same extent. In this way, all desires should stop at a certain point before they are fully satisfied. The desire at this stop point must be the least important desire to be satisfied in a series of decreasing desires, which is on the edge of being satisfied and not being satisfied. This is marginal desire; The ability of goods to satisfy marginal desire is the marginal utility of goods. Because this marginal utility can best show the change of the value of goods, that is, the value changes in the opposite direction with the increase or decrease of the quantity of goods, so the marginal utility can be used as a measure of value. The term marginal utility, first coined by wessel, is used to summarize the utility of the unit of goods that satisfies man's last, that is, the smallest desire
in economics, utility refers to the ability of goods to satisfy people's desire, or utility refers to the degree of satisfaction consumers feel when consuming goods. On the measurement of this kind of "satisfaction degree", there are two schools: cardinal utility and ordinal utility. Base utility theory adopts marginal utility analysis method, ordinal utility theory adopts indifference curve analysis method
cardinal utility theorists divide utility into total utility and marginal utility. Total utility refers to the sum of utility that consumers get from the consumption of a certain number of goods in a certain period of time. Marginal utility refers to the increment of utility quantity obtained by increasing the consumption of a unit of goods in a certain period of time.
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