Decentralization of Feminism

1.

feminist theory can be divided into macro theory and micro theory, which can be studied from these two aspects

2. Micro theory

Exchange Theory: this theory points out that rational people have always been assumed to be selfish, isolated and emotionless, while feminist theory makes another hypothesis, which assumes that people are interconnected, altruistic and emotional. Feminism also uses the exchange theory to explain the inequality between men and women: Men occupy a much larger share of political, economic, cultural and intellectual resources than women

feminism and feminism are two ways of translating the same English word (Feminism) in China. Feminism is related to the equal division of labor between men and women and women's rights and interests

2. In 1985, the feminist movement in the United States had been institutionalized, which was reflected in the fact that many colleges and universities had established women's studies programs, which are teaching institutions. In the major public universities in the United States, e to the promotion of teachers and students, feminism has entered the discipline system of the University, with courses, credits, and some degree programs, mainly undergraate degree at that time. This is the action of feminism in the academic circle - the significance behind the curriculum is very far-reaching. The feminist movement is to oppose a male centered social system and culture, so knowledge proction is a very important part. Of course, later we have Foucault's post structuralism theory: knowledge is power, that is power, who can put knowledge into proction, who has the right to speak, which is related to power. In history, women's inability to make a voice means that women have no power, no voice, no writing, no voice. In fact, Chinese history is different. There is a tradition of talented women in China. There are many records about women in Chinese history, as well as women's own writing. Of course, this writing can not fully express her feelings, because women's writing is generally funded by men at home, so there is still a process of self-examination, deletion and screening. In the history of the United States, it was very difficult for women to enter the channels of knowledge proction. In the past, there were few female teachers in the academic field. Until the second half of the 1960s, under the background of the feminist movement, more and more women entered the academic field. Now the sex ratio of American literary scientists is half, and the number of female Ph.D. in science and engineering has reached more than 40% more than 20 years ago. With the promotion of women's rights, women have entered all kinds of professional fields, which has brought tremendous changes
the American feminist movement in the 1970s
I was commissioned by the president of the American history society to write a history of the American women's movement, because I went to the United States to study American history. So when I first came to the United States, I mainly studied American women's history. Of course, I also need to study American social history, cultural history and other courses. However, for the sake of writing this book, I spent more time on women's history. The history of American women is also an early field of American Feminism in the academic field. First of all, the movement began in the society. Then young college students were not satisfied with the knowledge they received in school, because the original fields of knowledge, whether history or literature, were all about men, and women could not see them at all. Therefore, some history scholars who advocate feminism started the teaching of American women's history relatively early. At the beginning, there were no teaching materials. Because almost no one had done such research, they mobilized their students to do research together to search for information. Because there were social movements in the 1960s and 1970s, such an action to create women's history soon spread out in Colleges and universities. Students studying in Colleges and universities, graate students and undergraates of various disciplines have begun to do these academic combing work, mainly focusing on history, literature and anthropology have also begun to do the creation of new knowledge. For example, literature began to look for women writers and novelists in history, then came to the field of Chinese history and began to pay attention to women poets and women writers in our history.

3. 1 Demonized feminism
on November 19, students from 12 normal universities jointly wrote to the president, asking for the addition or expansion of women's toilets. This action can not help but remind people of the germination of western feminism and the rise of feminist movement in the late 19th century. Li Yinhe, a famous Chinese sexologist, analyzes that feminism has always been demonized in China

the demonized feminism is an extreme "feminism", which not only requires women to get the same power status as men in today's society, but also emphasizes that women's rights should enjoy preferential treatment. Contemporary women not only enjoy the same power as men, but also advocate that because of the objective differences between men and women, women should be cared by men and enjoy preferential treatment. Women enjoy the same treatment in the workplace but do not have to pay the same labor. In the family, because of "feminism", they should enjoy absolute preferential treatment
this kind of view is e to the contemporary women's wrong interpretation of feminism. They do not correctly understand the real connotation of postmodern feminism. They only focus on the status of women, which leads to the demonization of feminism. The demonized feminism also aroused the disgust of the society, and there were "anti feminism" remarks, which caused extremely negative effects< (2) egoistic "feminism"
emotional bloggers like ayawa often use the name of feminism in their microblog comments, and use contemporary people's stereotype of some men and women to misinterpret feminism and confuse the masses for personal gain
ayawa is torn again! This time it's Ma Weiwei. Ayawa, a famous "emotion expert" on microblog, often publishes some love opinions without theoretical support, and all kinds of behaviors that show the lower limit of intelligence quotient are bombarded by many netizens, but at the same time, she also has a group of supporters who are brain disabled

on the surface, such figures publish suggestions of "helping contemporary women get better treatment". In fact, they are actually fawning on men by secretly instilling "feminism" into some immature women, especially those "love brain" women. This phenomenon leads to the retrogression of some women's thoughts and seriously destroys the achievements of feminism so far. Fortunately, most of the discussions she aroused were criticisms, which had a positive impact on the propaganda of feminism
(3) real feminism
contemporary feminism is actually a social group movement that advocates crossing class and breaking racial boundaries. It puts forward exclusive proposals for women in different societies by means of parades, public speeches, speeches and advocacy. Such as proposing to abolish female circumcision in Sudan, improving Chinese women's right to participate in politics, advocating that women with unwanted pregnancy have the right to choose whether to abort or not
Chanel
(Chanel)
on the women's show in spring and summer of 2015, banners on models' hands implied the theme of feminism. Carl? "I think it's interesting to choose a topic that I'm very familiar with," Lagerfeld explained. My mother was a feminist, and I grew up in that context. I don't understand why every human being can't be equal, especially in my instry. I agree with a saying very much; Telling people what is not allowed is not allowed in the first place&# 39; It's a great thing to be a feminist. My mother once said to me: &; Men are not so important. If a woman is not particularly ugly, she can have children with any man she wants&# 39;”
these activities are targeted and can effectively fight for the rights and interests of target women. It has greatly eliminated the negative influence of false "feminism", made the society realize the real feminism, and played a positive role in promoting the development of feminism. So that women can look at themselves correctly, emancipate contemporary women's thinking, promote independence, and advocate the elimination of gender discrimination. It is the inheritance of the former feminism, the real modern feminism

to sum up, it is the development process of feminism and the current situation of feminism. You can not support feminism, but you can not oppose it. Because it's a legitimate movement for women to fight for their rights. As long as you agree with the idea of feminism, no matter you are male or female, in what class you can join the feminist movement, the development of feminism needs our participation!

4. Feminism, also known as feminism, women's Liberation and gender equality, refers to the social theory and political movement founded and launched to end sexism, sexual exploitation, sexual discrimination and oppression, and to promote sexual equality, Besides the criticism, it also focuses on the analysis of gender inequality and the rights, interests and issues of the bottom. Feminism is a historical term in the primary stage of feminism, and there is no difference between them in essence. The basic idea of feminism is that the present society is based on the male centered patriarchal system. The purpose of feminist theory is to understand the essence of inequality and to focus on sexual politics, power relations and sexuality. Feminist political action challenges issues such as reproctive rights, abortion rights, ecation rights, domestic violence, maternity leave, equal pay, voting rights, representation politics, sexual harassment, gender discrimination and sexual violence. The themes of feminism include discrimination, stereotype, materialization (especially about sex), body, oppression and patriarchy. The feminist movement is a social movement across class and race boundaries. The feminist movements under each culture have their own uniqueness, and they will put forward issues for women in this society, such as the sexual mutilation in Sudan or the glass ceiling effect in North America, as well as the problem of women's political participation and low remuneration for women's sexual labor in China; The problem of the high proportion of laid-off women; Abortion and abandonment of baby girls; The inequality between men and women caused by living in the husband's home after marriage; In the media and social concept, patriarchy thought remains. Rape, incest and motherhood are universal issues.

5. If you want to write a thesis, you should pay attention to the following aspects:

1. The difference between feminism and feminism
it should be said that "feminism" and "feminism" are not only the difference in formulation“ "Feminism" is a more early translation, aiming at the feminist movement at that time, striving for women's legitimate rights to vote, work and participate in politics. The formulation of "feminism" emphasizes women's own value, identity and status, and emphasizes women's characteristics and unique experience after the women's rights movement has achieved certain results
in short, "feminism" is more significant and widely used than "feminism"

2. The development process of feminist research
feminist research should be said to be a main line, but there are many branches in the development of the main line
the main line of research is
a negation of male chauvinism and striving for women's rights - B thinks that men and women are completely equal and fall into the stereotype of disciplining women as men - C emphasizes women's characteristics and unique experience
but when overemphasizing women's characteristics, it is easy to fall into the trap of male centralism, which is equivalent to going around and coming back
therefore, feminism is still in the process of development and growth. There are many schools, such as British feminism, French feminism, ecofeminism, extreme feminism and so on. There is no systematic conclusion<

3 the current situation of feminism in China and the West. For the thesis, it is suggested to base on the theoretical research abroad
in the early stage of the study of feminism, it is suggested to look at the relevant theoretical research of French feminist scholars first. Because relatively speaking, it is a logical system with more text and theoretical support. Simon Beauvoir, Julia Kristeva, Lucy allegray and Elena SISU must be seen
the development of feminism is e to the different status, race, class and so on of feminist scholars, but the theme of opposing male oppression and seeking women's equality is the same, but each has its own practical methods and theoretical propositions< The paper suggests that feminist scholars can make their own judgment and appraisal on the theoretical objections of male chauvinists such as Freud, Lacan and Foucault
b feminist analysis can be made on feminist literature, film and television works, such as Woolf, Chen Ran, etc
C can make a comparative analysis of the two feminist schools, and then put forward his own views

the above is based on personal opinions. I hope it can help
feminism is a research field with a wide connotation. As long as you find your own points of interest, you will find what you want to explore. I wish you all the best.

6. I found some on the Internet.... The simple editor sorted it out
feminism graally turned into an organized social movement in the 19th century, when people increasingly believed that women were treated unfairly in a male centered Society (see patriarchy). Feminism is rooted in Western progressivism, especially in the reform movement in the 19th century. The organizing movement began in 1848 with the first women's rights Congress in Seneca Falls, New York. Feminism after 1960 is called "the second wave". There is also the so-called third wave, but there are different opinions among feminists on its necessity, contribution and concept. The reason why these three "waves" are so called is that they are like waves, one after another, and the latter uses the contribution and resources of the former. A very important supporting factor of modern feminism is the book sex and temperament in three primitive societies (1935) published by anthropologist Margaret Mead. She is a professor at Columbia University and the University of Bella Abzug, one of the leading leaders of American feminism. In Mead's book, it is reported that women in the tchambuli tribe are dominant without causing any problems. This book makes the intellectuals of his time believe that the concept of masculinity and femininity in Europe is a very cultural orientation rather than an indelible nature

cultural feminism in the 19th century, on the one hand, continues to recognize the importance of critical thinking and self-development put forward by liberal feminism in the Enlightenment period; on the other hand, it also emphasizes the role of irrational, intuitive and common parts in life. What they pay attention to is not the similarities between men and women, but their differences There are some theoretical differences between this view and the idea of equality advocated by liberal feminism in the Enlightenment period, which leads to the conflict between them. On the other hand, liberal feminism advocated equality ring the Enlightenment period, and women should collapse into the public sphere and have elections; Cultural feminism, on the other hand, believes that the corrupt (male) political world needs to be purified by women's morality, implying Utopian maternal fantasy However, they firmly believe that there is no female brain, because the brain is not a sexual organ. Indivials should give full play to their talents and be taught to take responsibility for their own lives

Darwin's theory of evolution in the 19th century, just like Newton's theory in the Enlightenment period, has become a metaphor for the dominance of an era, advocating the theory of male superiority But Darwin's own theory does not necessarily contain the view of social Darwinism - "survival of the fittest" applied to society, race or indivial.) Social Darwinism holds that the cruel survival competition and fighting promote the evolution or "progress" of species, and struggle is the driving force of social evolution and progress. Without struggle, human beings will still be weak, parasitic in caves and live a primitive life. But in another kind of social Darwinism, there is another tendency that has not been noticed: the evolution of race is developing towards a more organized social group, which requires cooperation rather than competition, and altruism rather than egoism. The latter's argument is exactly what feminists of the same period emphasized: what women need is not to act as women or gain the upper hand, but to grow up like a natural person, to distinguish everything like a wise man, to live freely and to have the space to show their talents

through the research and analysis of social Darwinism, cultural feminists believe that women's oppressed state is an abnormal state for the progress of human beings, and this artificially created anti human social and economic environment results in women's dependence on men both economically and spiritually. Human beings have become a species whose gender relationship involves economic relationship. The economic life of one gender in all human beings depends on the other gender to some extent. Women's main energy is wrongly directed to how to find ways to please men, with sexual attraction to obtain certain benefits. This abnormal and pathological behavior of over Strengthening appearance has made human evolution deviate from the normal track and hindered human normal development

the prevailing Christian doctrines maintain the oppression of women. Men, as a gender, have sanctified their own characteristics. Religious theories train men and make them believe that women are born inferior. They are playthings made to satisfy their lusts and are attached to men. It is precisely because of this religious view that they follow, It leads to the existence of the ideology of oppressing women for a long time and encourages the neglect of women's most common rights. Since everyone's first responsibility is self discovery, the church's teaching of "obedience and self sacrifice" to women is fatal to her own essential interests

and the true civilization is measured by the extent to which an indivial can grasp himself freely and not hinder his own growth and development e to the invasion and coercion of power. The process of socialization leads women to treat themselves as sex objects. Although modern women are free, independent and ecated, they are only slaves of fashion and victims of inlgence, just like women's life in the past. However, it is slow and incomplete to expect the freedom brought about by the change. Any changed system or law can not achieve complete freedom. The essence of revolution should be to change people's ideology, because freedom comes from people's heart. Nothing is more important than the extreme desire to find a suitable outlet for the development of one's ability, so unless each indivial upholds her freedom and other rights, she will never be free

however, there are still some prominent problems in the theory of cultural feminism in the 19th century, such as what constitutes the ontological and cognitive "difference" between men and women? Is it the physiological reason or the result of social and cultural influence? It also needs to be explained. Biodeterminists tend to think that the difference is in genes, hormones, or the "right brain thinking" that women are good at. But once such determinism goes to extremes, it will exclude the possibility of human freedom, which is just the basic human nature. But if the difference is not caused by gene, it must be the proct of social environment. If this is the case, then the characteristics of men and women must be changeable. Changes in social process, or changes in ecation and social atmosphere will cause sexual differences, or will not cause sexual differences at all. This is the position of liberal feminism

the issue of "equality and difference" in the theory of cultural feminism is still an important issue in contemporary feminist jurisprudence. Social reform is a fundamental reassessment of various values, and our social system and environment are based on deep-rooted ideas in people's minds. To change the social situation does not touch the underlying ideas and values, which can only mean the surface change

excerpt from feminist intellectual tradition

7.

Feminism, also known as feminism, women's Liberation and gender equality, refers to the social theory and political movement founded and launched to end sexism, sexual exploitation, sexual discrimination and oppression, and promote the equality of sexual classes, Besides the criticism, it also focuses on the analysis of gender inequality and the rights, interests and issues of the bottom

There is no difference between feminism and feminism in essence. The basic idea of feminism is that the present society is based on the male centered patriarchal system

the purpose of feminist theory is to understand the essence of inequality and focus on sexual politics, power relations and sexuality

extended materials:

the influence of Feminism:

1. The influence on civil rights

feminism has made many important influences in western society, including women's right to vote; More equal wages; Put forward the initiative of divorce and the appearance of "no fault divorce"; The right to safe abortion and ligation; The right to university ecation, etc. Feminist jurisprudence has exerted a great influence on the legislation of China and other countries in the world

Many English speaking feminists support the use of sexless language, such as "Ms" to refer to all married and unmarried women, or "he" or "she" when gender is not clear, not just "he". Feminists also support the use of language with al elements

The feminist movement from the end of the 19th century to the first half of the 20th century is the first time in the western world to discuss the non reproctive role of sex after the formation of Christian civilization. The first characteristic of homosexual sex is that it has no reproctive function. Therefore, feminism's public discussion of the non reproctive function of sex is like opening a floodgate, which lays the foundation for various sexual movements

source: Internet feminism