East and West
the eastward spread of Western learning refers to the historical process of the spread of modern western academic thoughts to China. Although it can also generally refer to the introction of various Western things into China from ancient times to the present, it generally refers to the introction of academic thoughts from Europe and the United States in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties and the late Qing and early Republic of China
ring this period, the attitude of Chinese towards Western things changed from rejection to acceptance, and even to "total Westernization". In the process of Western learning spreading to the East, through the media of Western Chinese, overseas Chinese, various newspapers, books and new ecation, Macao, Hong Kong, other trading ports and Japan as important windows, the western philosophy, astronomy, physics, chemistry, medicine, biology, geography, politics, sociology, economics, law, applied science and technology, history, etc The introction of literature and art into China has a great impact on China's academic, ideological, political and social economy< 1. The arrival of Jesuit missionaries in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties
ring the Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, with the arrival of Jesuit missionaries, Chinese academic thoughts were touched. At this time, Western science and technology began to develop rapidly, while the development of science and technology in China was very slow, which was far behind that of Europe in the same period. Missionaries not only spread Christian doctrine, but also introced a lot of science and technology. At that time, some Chinese literati and emperors accepted the knowledge of science and technology, but they were not affected in thought. At this stage, the introction of Western learning to the East was interrupted because of Yongzheng's ban on religion and the change of the Vatican's missionary policy in China, but the introction of Western learning on a smaller scale did not stop completely
at this time, the introction of Western learning mainly focused on the translation of western scientific works by missionaries and some Chinese. In 1605, Matteo Ricci compiled Qian Kun Ti Yi, which was called "the beginning of the introction of Western learning into China" by the compilers of Si Ku Quan Shu. At that time, the influence on China was mainly in astronomy, mathematics and cartography. Because it was only spread among a small number of literati and bureaucrats, and most of them were hidden in the Imperial Palace, it could not be well popularized< 2. From the Opium War to the May 4th movement
from the mid-19th century, Westerners began to enter China again and brought new western knowledge through various media. Stimulated by the Opium War and the Allied forces of Britain and France, the Qing government began to carry out the Westernization Movement in the 1860s, and also promoted the introction of Western science and technology into China again. At that time, westernization personages mainly adopted the attitude of "middle school as the body and Western learning as the use" to face western learning. They mainly focused on western advanced weapons and related equipment transportation, but did not try to learn western academic thoughts. Therefore, ring this period, academic thoughts were mainly introced through the media founded by Western missionaries, And the books translated for military purposes in Westernization organizations
after the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, as China was facing the fate of national destruction, many people of insight began to learn from the West more actively and comprehensively, and a group of thinkers such as Liang Qichao, Kang Youwei and Tan Sitong emerged. They learned a lot from the West about natural science and social science, and demanded political reform. During this period, a large amount of Western knowledge was introced into China, and its influence was very extensive. Many people accept western learning by translating western learning books written by Japanese. In the period of the Republic of China, the dissatisfaction with politics further led the intellectuals to put forward the idea of total Westernization, which had a great influence in the period of the May 4th movement. This wave of Western learning has continued to the present age< [media]
(1) Westerners, including missionaries, diplomats and officials, who came to China, all had an impact on the eastward spread of Western learning< The missionaries played an important role in the eastward spread of Western learning in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties. At that time, the missionaries, who were mainly Catholic Jesuits (later also Franciscans, Dominicans and so on), tried to introce Catholicism into China and introced western scientific and technological academic thoughts, Translated a large number of western academic books. Among them, Matteo Ricci, Emilio and Tang ruowang played an important role
in the 19th century, Protestant missionaries began to enter China, and Catholic missionaries also came and went with the opening of ports. They set up church schools and hospitals, set up printing houses, set up periodicals, and translated a large number of books. It made a great contribution to the introction of Western learning
2. Besides missionaries, many officials and explorers who came to China also became important media for the introction of Western learning, such as general Gordon's influence on China's military ring the Westernization period. Hurd, who presided over the General Revenue Department of customs, had an influence on the introction of Western management system, the translation of books and the introction of the earliest Western military band< (2) overseas Chinese
1. Travelers, businessmen and diplomats
many Chinese traveled with missionaries to Europe in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, but they did not leave any relevant words in the early period, so they had little influence on the introction of western culture. The earliest record is that fan Shouyi (1682-1753) was sent to Rome with four missionaries ring the reign of Emperor Kangxi, and wrote the book "personal records", The description of European political system, architecture, customs and so on has a lot of influence on the Chinese people's understanding of the West. Many Chinese scholars who doubt the works of Matteo Ricci and others begin to change their views. After traveling to Europe, Xie Qinggao, a businessman in Qianlong's reign, wrote the record of the trade, crafts, people's life and world geography in Europe
after the Opium War, more Chinese went abroad on their own. In 1840's, merchant Lin Zhen wrote about his travels to Europe and the United States. Wang Tao, a famous political thinker in modern times, traveled to Europe in 1867. In 1870, he published two books, a brief account of France and the war of popularizing France; In 1879, he traveled to Japan and influenced his various ideas. In 1876, businessman Li Gui went to the United States to participate in the Expo and wrote a new record of traveling around the earth. He became the first Chinese to record a week around the earth and introced the development of American academic science and technology< Because of the Westernization Movement, the Qing government sent officials such as Bin chun to visit 12 European countries in 1866 and wrote notes on Chengcha; From 1868 to 1870, Zhigang, a Manchu, made his first official mission to Europe and the United States. In addition, Zhang Deyi, a student of Tongwen library who visited with binchun in his early years, has traveled to Europe many times and has written seven books of the book of sailing, which makes a more in-depth description of European society, academic culture
since the establishment of foreign envoys in the reign of Emperor Guangxu, more important officials and intellectuals have been sent to Europe and the United States and written travel notes. Because the envoys stayed longer than ordinary travelers, they have a deeper understanding of Western ideology and culture. Among them, Guo Songtao, Liu Xihong, Li Shuchang, Zeng Jize, Xu Jianyin, and Li Shuchang have exerted great influence on Chinese ideology and culture Xue Fucheng et al. After the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, the traffic between China and foreign countries opened up greatly, and it became a very common phenomenon to go abroad< Foreign students in modern China began after the Opium War. Most of the early foreign students were from missionary schools in Hong Kong and Macao. Rong Hong, who studied at Yale University in 1850, and Huang Kuan, who studied at Edinburgh University in 1848, were representatives of the early foreign students. Rong Hong felt the inadequacy of Chinese society and culture in his study. After returning to China, he hoped that more people would go abroad to study western things. Under his proposal, the Qing government finally selected the first group of children to study in the United States in 1872. The next year, there was a second group. After graating from middle school, they mainly studied western military and instrial technology, Although they were recruited back in 1881 by the Qing government who changed the policy, they contributed to the introction of Western learning, and also affected the future students studying abroad. Among them, the most famous were Zhan Tianyou, Tang Shaoyi, Liang Yu, etc< On the other hand, since 1875, students from Fujian shipyard and Beiyang naval academy have been sent to European countries to study, which has contributed to the study of Western Navy in the late Qing Dynasty. However, Yan Fu, the most famous of them, had a significant impact on the introction of other Western learning rather than military
compared with the Westernization Movement, most of the foreign students were sent by the government, and the number was small and sporadic. After the Sino Japanese War of 1894-1895, the wave of studying in Japan first rose, and a large number of students who were funded by the government and went to Japan by the people themselves appeared, which was of great help to learn western learning from Japan. In addition, after 1900, because the United States returned part of the Boxer Indemnity as funds for studying in the United States, the number of students studying in the United States increased greatly. In 1912, Li Shizeng and Cai Yuanpei launched the work study movement, which enabled many people to study in France. These large numbers of foreign students are directly exposed to western ecation, so that they can more directly introce western learning into China
[media]
the media is a way to spread the western learning acquired by a few intellectuals to more people more quickly. Among the modern western learning spreading to the East, the most important media are books, periodicals, newspapers and so on
1. Publication and circulation of books
the translation and writing of Western learning books are very important media for the introction of Western learning to the East. For various published books and brief introction, please refer to the book list and related contents of various disciplines. This paper mainly discusses the publication and circulation of books
in the process of Western learning spreading to the East in the late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty, although there were a large number of books co authored and co translated by priests and scholar bureaucrats, these books failed to attract the attention of the general society at that time, and failed to penetrate into the highly developed commercial publishing instry in the late Ming Dynasty. Therefore, although western learning books were printed, they were still mainly circulated among a few interested scholar bureaucrats
since the beginning of the 19th century, the Western church organizations began to publish a large number of Western books. For example, in 1843, the British missionary Maddox founded Mohai Library in Shanghai. Mohai library published a number of books on western politics, science and religion, such as the New Testament, the chronicles of the great American Federation, the new edition of the natural history, botany, daiweijishiji, and algebra. It also published the Chinese Journal Liuhe congtan, which was the most important publishing organization for the translation and introction of Western learning ring the reign of Daoxian, In addition, the early important western publishing houses included Meihua library, etc< In 1887, the association of missionaries and foreign businessmen was another important publishing organization of Western learning. It published and translated a large number of books on politics, science and technology, history and geography, and law, especially in 1895
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extended information:
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1 headquarters of State Grid Corporation of China
2 headquarters of Regional Power Grid Corporation and China Southern Power Grid Corporation, and headquarters of East provincial power company of China
3 headquarters of five major power generation groups (Huaneng, Guodian, Datang, Huadian, and China Power Investment)
electric power specialty and Jincheng power company The electric power bureau is not a concept (the electric power company refers to the headquarters and regional headquarters of the five major electric power groups and their central city offices, the headquarters and regional headquarters of the power grid company and their central city offices, the electric power bureaus of the large and medium-sized cities, and the provincial electric power group headquarters, such as the headquarters and city offices of Guangdong Electric Power Group and Zhejiang Energy Group), I don't want to recruit new graates majoring in electric power. They usually work in remote power plants or substations for N years. Suddenly, you are lucky to get 5 million yuan. You are transferred to the headquarters! Or local small power bureau step by step to climb up
4 design institutes (northeast, East China, Central South, northwest, southwest, electric power design institute, North China Electric Power Design Institute Engineering Co., Ltd.)
electric power design, research and development are the sites of graate students
power supply companies in 5 big cities
Beijing & gt; Shanghai & gt; Suzhou & gt; Guangzhou & gt; Tianjin & gt; Chongqing & gt; Foshan & gt; Shenzhen & gt; Hangzhou & gt; Nanjing & gt; Cheng & gt; Xiamen & gt; Harbin & gt; Wuhan
6 power generation (energy) Company
Luneng, SDIC, north power, Guangdong power, Shenyuan, Beijing energy, zheneng, Jinneng, Suyuan, dianneng, China Resources
7 million kW power plants (new power plants or new units)
e to the general lack of power in southern China in recent years, new power plants have sprung up like mushrooms, They are all sent to Beijing 2008. These power plants are generally 2-4 sets of 60wkw generating units, which have a bright future. But not all of them generate electricity. If they haven't generated electricity, it's estimated that the benefit will not be very good within 10 years, because after they go in, they help to build in the first few years, and then they are busy paying back the national loan after they generate electricity, He is still training, because his power plant can only be connected to the grid in 2007. But after the training, at least the unit will be long. Therefore, compared with the new power plant that has already generated electricity, its posts are full, and its development is not as good as the former, However, the benefits are definitely on the right path
1) Huaneng Yuhuan Power Plant (two 1 million KW ultra supercritical coal-fired units will be built in the first phase)
2) Feixian power plant (the overall planned installed capacity is 7200 MW, and 2 * 600 MW supercritical condensing coal-fired units will be installed in the first phase), 2 * 1000 MW supercritical condensing coal-fired generating units will be installed in the second phase)
3) Datang Tuoketuo Power Plant (which has been put into operation for 7 years) × 4) Huadian International Zouxian Power Plant (newly invested 1 million kilowatt ultra supercritical units, 5) Zhejiang Beilun Power Plant (with a total installed capacity of 3 million KW)
6) Huaneng nine power plants (two 660000 domestic supercritical coal-fired units in phase I)
7) Guangdong Taishan Power Plant (with a planned installed capacity of 8 600000 kW coal-fired units, After completion, the annual power generation will exceed 30 billion KWH)
8) Zhangzhou Houshi Power Plant (with a total installed capacity of 10 billion KWH) × 600MW, of which the installed capacity of phase I project is 2 × 600MW)
8 famous electric (Jibao) companies, including Nari, Nanzi, Sifang, Xuji, abb, Siemens, Ge
9 provincial design institutes (Class A Electric Power Design Institute, electric power survey and Design Institute Electric Power Engineering Consulting Institute)
Electric Power Design Institutes of various provinces and autonomous regions
10 regional power supply companies
Shandong 1 Jinan 2 Qing 3 Yantai 4 Linyi 5 Weifang 6 Jining 7 Zibo 8 Weihai
Zhejiang 1 Hangzhou 2 Ningbo 3 Wenzhou 4 Shaoxing 5 Taizhou 6 Jiaxing 7 Jinhua 8 Huzhou
Jiangsu 1 Suzhou 2 Nanjing 3 Wuxi 4 Changzhou 5 Nantong 6 Xuzhou 7 Yancheng 8 Yangzhou
Guangdong 1 Guangzhou State 2 Foshan 3 Shenzhen 4 Dongguan 5 Zhongshan 6 Huizhou 7 Maoming 8 Jiangmen
Liaoning 1 Dalian 2 Shenyang 2 Anshan 3 Panjin 4 Fushun 5 Jinzhou
11.6 million KW new power plants
12 county power supply companies
Jiangyin, Kunshan, Zhangjiagang, Changshu, Wujiang, Jiangsu, Taicang, Yixing of Jiangsu Province
Cixi, Shaoxing, Yiwu, Yuyao, Zhuji, Haining Fuyang, Tongxiang
Shandong Province Longkou, Shouguang, Xintai, Feicheng, Wendeng, Cangshan, Qufu
Fujian Province Jinjiang, Fuqing, Hui'an, Shishi, Longhai
Liaoning Province Haicheng, Wafangdian, Pulandian, Dashiqiao Zhuanghe
list of the first batch of first-class county power supply enterprises
Shandong Electric Power Group Corporation:
Wendeng Electric Power Corporation, Muping District Electric Power Bureau, Penglai electric power company
Zaozhuang Central Power Supply Bureau, Qufu electric power supply company
Shouguang Electric Power Corporation, Ping electric power company, Linshu Electric Power Corporation
Tianjin Electric Power Corporation Company:
Baodi power supply Co., Ltd.
Jiangsu Electric Power Company:
Jiangyin Power Supply Bureau, Lishui Power Supply Bureau, Tongshan Power Supply Bureau
Hongze Power Supply Bureau, Yangzhong Power Supply Bureau
Zhejiang electric power company:
Tongxiang Power Supply Bureau, Lanxi Power Supply Bureau, Jiashan Power Supply Bureau
Shaanxi Electric Power Company:
Huxian power supply branch Pucheng Electric Power Bureau
Hunan Electric Power Company:
Liuyang Electric Power Bureau
13.3-600000kw power plants
these are mostly old power plants, which have been generating electricity for several years or more. Most of them rely on several 200000-350000kw units for support. But they don't think they can't, Because the market economy with Chinese characteristics now has a lot of planning elements. The electricity generated can only be sold if it is connected to the power grid. A few years ago, when there was no shortage of electricity, Zhejiang reced its proction and bought Jiangsu's electricity. Its noble character caused a lot of abuse, Therefore, in the face of such a unit, understanding should be the first, not necessarily remote inland, not well-known. It is better to choose those who are familiar with themselves or have acquaintances at work, so as not to regret. Because many old power plants come to our school with poor benefits, they all cheat.
14 power construction companies (133 in total, The following are the excellent construction enterprises in power construction)
1), Shandong power transmission and Transformation Engineering Company
2), Jiangsu power transmission and Transformation Company
3), Inner Mongolia power transmission and transformation Co., Ltd.
4), Hebei Power Transmission and Transformation Company
5), Henan first thermal power construction company
6), Shandong Power Construction Second Engineering Company
7) Ningxia Electric Power Construction Engineering Company
8), Zhejiang thermal power construction company
9), power transmission and transformation engineering company of Northeast Electric Power Administration Bureau
10), Shandong electric power construction No.3 engineering company
11), Hebei electric power construction No.2 Engineering company
12), Qinghai power transmission and Transformation Engineering Company
13), Jiangxi thermal power construction company
14) The second power construction company of Shanxi electric power company
15), the second power construction company of Sichuan Electric Power Company
16), the 12th water resources and Hydropower Engineering Bureau of China
17) Sinohydro Bureau 13
15 grade B Electric Power Design Institute (the following are 10 grade B electric power design institutes in Shandong Province for reference)
Zibo Electric Power Design Institute
Shandong Weifang Electric Power Design Institute
Yantai Electric Power Design Institute
Shandong Luneng Electric Power Design Institute
Jinan Electric Power Design Institute
Qing electric power design institute
Liaocheng Electric Power Design Institute
Zaozhuang Liyuan Electric Power Design Co., Ltd.
Linyi Electric Power Survey and Design Institute
Binzhou Luneng Dongli Electric Power Design Institute
16 electric equipment factory
electric power construction (including pilot plant) and equipment manufacturing company are the last choices for students majoring in electric power. We all depend on the market for a while. If the power instry is saturated one day and you are allowed to stay at home for a few years, I don't think everyone wants to do so. Even if the instry is hot and there is a lot of money, but there are endless high-intensity overtime. I don't know how many people can not complain? In particular, the power construction company, a construction company, in which the hard work, no fixed place to live, life, family, body are irreconcilable contradictions! I work in the power system, in a thermal power plant of Guodian group, thank you!
legal representative: Nie Zhengjun
time of establishment: January 7, 2016
registered capital: RMB 1 million
Instrial and commercial registration number: 440306114836027
enterprise type: limited liability company
address: 1 / F, No. 1, Yangzi West Lane, Xinqiao, Shajing street, Bao'an District, Shenzhen City