The thinking game of improving numeration ability
Publish: 2021-05-08 13:38:02
1. How to improve primary school students' mathematical calculation ability
Ningxia Bowen primary school
Tian Xiaojuan
calculation is an important basic knowledge in primary school mathematics,
whether students' calculation ability is strong or not is directly related to their interest in learning mathematics. The calculation ability of primary school students mainly shows whether the calculation is correct,
fast and flexible,
that is to say,
"right,
fast,
clever"
. How to improve students' computing ability? Let's talk about some of my humble opinions, please
teachers give advice:
first, create an exciting environment, cultivate quality, let students say:
"I can do it"
<
"interest is the best teacher"
,
I think teachers should create a certain teaching situation,
let students explore new knowledge with a strong thirst for knowledge,
make the dry computing teaching lively
interesting, establish students' self-confidence, and make students happy to learn and do, Let the students say:
"I can do it"
explain typical examples of Chinese and foreign mathematicians or short stories related to classroom teaching content to stimulate students' interest. For example: before teaching simple operation, I first explained mathematics to the students and creatively answered "
1 + 2 + 3 +
&" 8222&# 8222;
+ 99 + 100
"this
story of the sum of
100
natural numbers creates a good learning situation for students and stimulates their interest in learning mathematics. Students do not consciously have the idea of comparing with mathematicians< As a result,
students are more serious than before in examining the questions,
they are more careful in analyzing the characteristics of the questions, and they can flexibly use the relevant laws and rules to find out the rules of solving the problems, thus enhancing their interest in learning<
according to the characteristics of pupils' inattention,
instability,
vulnerable to the influence of external and some internal factors,
teachers should reasonably arrange the time and quantity of practice,
adopt the method of
"short time,
small amount and many times" to avoid students' fatigue and boredom, So that the students' attention
can be stably concentrated on the exercise object, so as to ensure the accuracy of the calculation
in view of the fact that primary school students are afraid of difficulties when they see difficult problems and simple calculation problems, I adopt the method of "one problem every day"
,
"finding a home for difficult problems"
,
"who is the ever victorious general"
,
"my solution is the most peculiar -
one problem
multiple solutions" to encourage students to conquer difficult problems and overcome difficulties in competition, Cultivate good quality of
will<
ring the implementation of the above methods,
I asked each student to design a statistical chart and record their own scores; Each group designed a statistical chart to record the group's achievements, regular evaluation and
praise. In this way, it not only improves students' computing ability, but also cultivates students' competition and team spirit< Second, comprehensive guidance and reasonable training, so that students can say:
"I can do it too"
1
, comprehensive guidance
(
1
) let students fully "speak"
, and combine operation with language. Change the past calculation
teaching is the student's "calculation" method, let the students fully "say"
,
say their thinking
process, and give appropriate guidance
,
give students good thinking methods< At the same time, teachers and students should pay attention to
,
, and combine operation with language
,
strengthen students' intuitive understanding, effectively develop students' thinking
.
for example,
:
when teaching carry addition within
20,
,
let students fully "
speak at the same time
,
while doing
,
while thinking
,
let students experience the process of "gathering ten"
.
(
2
)
, advocate estimation
,
make students' intuitive thinking active, and then improve their ability of calculation
<
2
, reasonable training
(
1
)
practice oral arithmetic every day. Use
5
minutes every day to strengthen students' oral arithmetic training
,
single item calculation
should be focused on according to the situation that students master,
for the points that students are difficult to master and easy to make mistakes, we should focus on
practice. There are various forms of practice,
,
for example,
:
winning the red flag, confrontation race, relay race, oral arithmetic tour, etc
(
2
) contrast exercises. In teaching,
,
I put the confusing and fallible topics together, let the students
distinguish and compare, through purposeful exercises,
,
make the students correct their mistakes, so as to improve their discrimination ability, and timely evaluate their homework and correct their mistakes
(
3
) error correction exercises. The teacher intentionally wrote out the typical mistakes in the students' homework on the blackboard and asked the students to point out the mistakes, explain the causes of the mistakes and correct them. Teachers should timely
find out the problems in students' homework, collect the wrong questions
,
regularly have a class to correct the mistakes, let
students consult
,
be a "wrong doctor"
, and practice repeatedly, so as to suit the remedy to the case<
Third, overcome carelessness
,
cultivate habits
,
let students say
:
"I really can do it"
.
from teaching practice, I summed up:
lack of serious learning attitude and good learning habits,
is the main reason for errors in mathematics
learning
therefore,
we must pay attention to the cultivation of good calculation habits, so that students can develop a serious and meticulous learning attitude. Teachers must start from little by little, and strictly require students. For errors caused by carelessness in students' homework,
we must not tolerate them, and we must not let students have problems caused by carelessness, It is necessary to establish the idea of "can do the problem must not be wrong"
1
, pay attention to writing. Students are required to write Arabic numerals and operational symbols carefully according to the format,
writing should be correct, so as to effectively avoid the occurrence of "wrong reading". Teachers should take the lead in
fan
,
have clear requirements for students
,
homework design should be careful
,
to avoid students' coping psychology
2
, clear examination. In my opinion, this is the first condition for correct calculation.
,
to examine numbers and
symbols, and to observe the relationship between them<
we should also examine the order of calculation,
make clear what should be calculated first,
what should be calculated later,
,
if it can be simple,
,
we should know well before doing the questions.
Ningxia Bowen primary school
Tian Xiaojuan
calculation is an important basic knowledge in primary school mathematics,
whether students' calculation ability is strong or not is directly related to their interest in learning mathematics. The calculation ability of primary school students mainly shows whether the calculation is correct,
fast and flexible,
that is to say,
"right,
fast,
clever"
. How to improve students' computing ability? Let's talk about some of my humble opinions, please
teachers give advice:
first, create an exciting environment, cultivate quality, let students say:
"I can do it"
<
"interest is the best teacher"
,
I think teachers should create a certain teaching situation,
let students explore new knowledge with a strong thirst for knowledge,
make the dry computing teaching lively
interesting, establish students' self-confidence, and make students happy to learn and do, Let the students say:
"I can do it"
explain typical examples of Chinese and foreign mathematicians or short stories related to classroom teaching content to stimulate students' interest. For example: before teaching simple operation, I first explained mathematics to the students and creatively answered "
1 + 2 + 3 +
&" 8222&# 8222;
+ 99 + 100
"this
story of the sum of
100
natural numbers creates a good learning situation for students and stimulates their interest in learning mathematics. Students do not consciously have the idea of comparing with mathematicians< As a result,
students are more serious than before in examining the questions,
they are more careful in analyzing the characteristics of the questions, and they can flexibly use the relevant laws and rules to find out the rules of solving the problems, thus enhancing their interest in learning<
according to the characteristics of pupils' inattention,
instability,
vulnerable to the influence of external and some internal factors,
teachers should reasonably arrange the time and quantity of practice,
adopt the method of
"short time,
small amount and many times" to avoid students' fatigue and boredom, So that the students' attention
can be stably concentrated on the exercise object, so as to ensure the accuracy of the calculation
in view of the fact that primary school students are afraid of difficulties when they see difficult problems and simple calculation problems, I adopt the method of "one problem every day"
,
"finding a home for difficult problems"
,
"who is the ever victorious general"
,
"my solution is the most peculiar -
one problem
multiple solutions" to encourage students to conquer difficult problems and overcome difficulties in competition, Cultivate good quality of
will<
ring the implementation of the above methods,
I asked each student to design a statistical chart and record their own scores; Each group designed a statistical chart to record the group's achievements, regular evaluation and
praise. In this way, it not only improves students' computing ability, but also cultivates students' competition and team spirit< Second, comprehensive guidance and reasonable training, so that students can say:
"I can do it too"
1
, comprehensive guidance
(
1
) let students fully "speak"
, and combine operation with language. Change the past calculation
teaching is the student's "calculation" method, let the students fully "say"
,
say their thinking
process, and give appropriate guidance
,
give students good thinking methods< At the same time, teachers and students should pay attention to
,
, and combine operation with language
,
strengthen students' intuitive understanding, effectively develop students' thinking
.
for example,
:
when teaching carry addition within
20,
,
let students fully "
speak at the same time
,
while doing
,
while thinking
,
let students experience the process of "gathering ten"
.
(
2
)
, advocate estimation
,
make students' intuitive thinking active, and then improve their ability of calculation
<
2
, reasonable training
(
1
)
practice oral arithmetic every day. Use
5
minutes every day to strengthen students' oral arithmetic training
,
single item calculation
should be focused on according to the situation that students master,
for the points that students are difficult to master and easy to make mistakes, we should focus on
practice. There are various forms of practice,
,
for example,
:
winning the red flag, confrontation race, relay race, oral arithmetic tour, etc
(
2
) contrast exercises. In teaching,
,
I put the confusing and fallible topics together, let the students
distinguish and compare, through purposeful exercises,
,
make the students correct their mistakes, so as to improve their discrimination ability, and timely evaluate their homework and correct their mistakes
(
3
) error correction exercises. The teacher intentionally wrote out the typical mistakes in the students' homework on the blackboard and asked the students to point out the mistakes, explain the causes of the mistakes and correct them. Teachers should timely
find out the problems in students' homework, collect the wrong questions
,
regularly have a class to correct the mistakes, let
students consult
,
be a "wrong doctor"
, and practice repeatedly, so as to suit the remedy to the case<
Third, overcome carelessness
,
cultivate habits
,
let students say
:
"I really can do it"
.
from teaching practice, I summed up:
lack of serious learning attitude and good learning habits,
is the main reason for errors in mathematics
learning
therefore,
we must pay attention to the cultivation of good calculation habits, so that students can develop a serious and meticulous learning attitude. Teachers must start from little by little, and strictly require students. For errors caused by carelessness in students' homework,
we must not tolerate them, and we must not let students have problems caused by carelessness, It is necessary to establish the idea of "can do the problem must not be wrong"
1
, pay attention to writing. Students are required to write Arabic numerals and operational symbols carefully according to the format,
writing should be correct, so as to effectively avoid the occurrence of "wrong reading". Teachers should take the lead in
fan
,
have clear requirements for students
,
homework design should be careful
,
to avoid students' coping psychology
2
, clear examination. In my opinion, this is the first condition for correct calculation.
,
to examine numbers and
symbols, and to observe the relationship between them<
we should also examine the order of calculation,
make clear what should be calculated first,
what should be calculated later,
,
if it can be simple,
,
we should know well before doing the questions.
2. First of all, understand and firmly grasp the basic knowledge. That is, the basic knowledge related to computing power, mainly refers to mathematical concepts, operation laws, operation properties, operation rules and calculation formulas. It is difficult for students to understand some calculation rules. In teaching, teachers should not be in a hurry for success, but should help students to master basic knowledge as a breakthrough, disperse and break through difficulties. For example, when teaching the addition and subtraction method of different denominator fractions, first of all, let students understand that the denominator is different, that is, the units of fractions are different. If the units of fractions are different, they can't add and subtract directly. When they understand this truth, they can guide students to use the knowledge of general score to change the different denominator fractions into the same denominator fractions, so the problem turns into the addition and subtraction of the same denominator fractions that they have learned
Second, strengthen the practice and basic skills training. In the calculation practice, strengthening the basic skills training is an important step to improve the calculation ability. In addition, in the calculation practice, we should help students summarize some regular things, so that they can skillfully use the basic knowledge to calculate, and constantly improve their calculation ability. In addition, the forms of calculation exercises should be diversified, and the forms should serve the content. However, we should pay attention to the quantity of exercises. We can't do the opposite as long as we don't pay attention to the quantity and quality. Some students lack the spirit of diligent learning, and the calculation itself is boring and lack of plot. When students encounter a large number of questions, they are easy to resist and unwilling to calculate, which can seriously affect students' interest in learning mathematics. In teaching, as teachers, we should simplify the topic selection, Try to find some simple calculation problems to guide students to do abstruse calculation problems
thirdly, cultivate students' good study habits. Good learning habits are the guarantee to improve the accuracy of calculation. First of all, students are required to carefully review the calculation, and do not blindly simplify the calculation without reviewing the operation order, such as 15 + 5 × 5), the students mistakenly calculated it as 20 × Secondly, the calculation process should be strictly standardized. When solving problems, students are required to have standard calculation format, neat writing, clean homework and paper surface. Even the draft should be written neatly and clearly. When students make mistakes in calculation, students should not only check the calculation process, but also find out whether there are errors in the draft. For example; The alignment of digits, whether the carry is added or not. Let the students form the habit of self checking in calculation< Fourth, strengthen the cultivation of the ability of oral calculation.
calculation is the basis of estimation and written calculation. Any four item mixed calculation problem is synthesized by the oral calculation problem of the main road. The correctness and rapidity of oral calculation directly affect the improvement of the calculation ability. When designing oral calculation exercises, we should be targeted, from easy to difficult, and graally improve them, including some simple calculation problems, It is helpful to train students' thinking flexibility to do oral arithmetic exercises frequently.
Second, strengthen the practice and basic skills training. In the calculation practice, strengthening the basic skills training is an important step to improve the calculation ability. In addition, in the calculation practice, we should help students summarize some regular things, so that they can skillfully use the basic knowledge to calculate, and constantly improve their calculation ability. In addition, the forms of calculation exercises should be diversified, and the forms should serve the content. However, we should pay attention to the quantity of exercises. We can't do the opposite as long as we don't pay attention to the quantity and quality. Some students lack the spirit of diligent learning, and the calculation itself is boring and lack of plot. When students encounter a large number of questions, they are easy to resist and unwilling to calculate, which can seriously affect students' interest in learning mathematics. In teaching, as teachers, we should simplify the topic selection, Try to find some simple calculation problems to guide students to do abstruse calculation problems
thirdly, cultivate students' good study habits. Good learning habits are the guarantee to improve the accuracy of calculation. First of all, students are required to carefully review the calculation, and do not blindly simplify the calculation without reviewing the operation order, such as 15 + 5 × 5), the students mistakenly calculated it as 20 × Secondly, the calculation process should be strictly standardized. When solving problems, students are required to have standard calculation format, neat writing, clean homework and paper surface. Even the draft should be written neatly and clearly. When students make mistakes in calculation, students should not only check the calculation process, but also find out whether there are errors in the draft. For example; The alignment of digits, whether the carry is added or not. Let the students form the habit of self checking in calculation< Fourth, strengthen the cultivation of the ability of oral calculation.
calculation is the basis of estimation and written calculation. Any four item mixed calculation problem is synthesized by the oral calculation problem of the main road. The correctness and rapidity of oral calculation directly affect the improvement of the calculation ability. When designing oral calculation exercises, we should be targeted, from easy to difficult, and graally improve them, including some simple calculation problems, It is helpful to train students' thinking flexibility to do oral arithmetic exercises frequently.
3. Dimensional data of fit relationship
4.
thank you! I don't know what you mean by computing power, whether it's speed and accuracy, or just like the most powerful calculation in the brain. I think that children's learning can not hurt Zhong Yong, but can't help others. As parents, children's learning is mainly encouraged, supplemented by ecation. To make them have a strong interest in learning and create a strong learning atmosphere, parents should set an example! Let's see which is the weak item in children's calculation of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. Let's focus on which aspect to strengthen and break it one by one. We should tell the process of calculus step by step, and understand it. Then through a large number of exercises to track, stimulate the brain to proce stress and thinking inertia, practice makes perfect! No move, no move! All the premise or to cultivate interest in learning, or are on paper! It's not easy to type in cold weather. Thank you for your approval
5. Computing is closely related to everyone's life and proction, and plays an irreplaceable role in reality. If thinking is the heart of mathematics, then calculation is the aorta of mathematics. Therefore, the teaching efficiency of computing teaching will affect students' potential for mathematics learning
computing is a simple thing for teachers, but computing teaching is a profound art. Therefore, we can't treat calculation teaching with our own calculation standard. Every computing class should be fully pre-set from the perspective of learning, including class objectives, key and difficult points, driving classroom questioning, classroom situation, teaching links, etc. Only in this way can we say that with sufficient presupposition, teaching can be used freely, and easy and effective classroom can be created. Therefore, our teaching should come from the students' learning, and should be guided according to the situation, so as to achieve the teaching goal
then, how to improve students' computing ability
first, cultivate good attention quality
aiming at the three characteristics of primary school students: low attention stability, small distribution span and poor transfer ability. Teachers should try their best to let students finish their homework in class. When students do their homework, in order to ensure that students' attention is consciously focused and kept on the homework, teachers should try their best to keep the classroom quiet. Teachers should not give guidance to the whole class, and indivial guidance should not be too loud. The adverse effects of distraction should be eliminated to the greatest extent. For more abstract and step-by-step calculation, teachers should let students repeatedly perceive and give necessary hints to attract students' attention. Teachers can also change the way to train students to show their calculation ability, such as: the way to show oral arithmetic questions, changing the previous way to look at a question card, and then immediately take back the card, and then let the students report the answers, so as to enhance the training intensity and strengthen the intentional attention. At the same time, in the process of calculation, students should try their best to keep their attention on the homework< Second, improve the ability of memory in calculation. First of all, we need to extract the calculation facts from the long-term memory and put them in the working memory. At the same time, we also need the participation of memory in the calculation process, so that the calculation can be carried out correctly. For example, in daily life, let students take part in some memory games to improve their memory. We also need to make students insist on oral arithmetic. Being proficient in oral arithmetic is the basis of correct written arithmetic. Any four mixed arithmetic problems are synthesized by oral arithmetic problems. Both oral and written arithmetic are inseparable from instantaneous memory, and oral arithmetic is the best form of students' short-term memory. The design of oral arithmetic exercises by teachers should be targeted, from easy to difficult, and graally improve, including some simple calculation problems. Persistent training not only cultivates memory ability, but also forms good thinking quality< Third, strengthen students' serious attitude towards calculation
when students lack purpose in the process of calculation, their attitude is often random, they don't care about the correctness of calculation, they care about when to complete the task. Teachers can give some examples of daily life to guide students. For example, when an engineer designed a bridge, e to the wrong decimal point in the calculation, the completed bridge became a dangerous bridge, which not only wasted the resources of the country, but also seriously endangered the safety of the people. So as to strengthen their will to complete the calculation seriously
at the same time, in the calculation, the errors of primary school students always emerge in an endless stream. Psychologist Thorndike believes that "trial and error are the basic forms of learning". Therefore, in the process of primary school students' learning, mistakes are inevitable. Teachers should not blame students for their mistakes. The key point is that teachers should discuss with students, make clear why they made mistakes and what step they took, help students find out the causes of calculation errors, and guide students to learn from their mistakes< Fourth, strengthen the targeted practice
in primary school mathematics, there are many calculations that are related and different. Teachers can put together the concepts, rules, theorems and formulas that are easy to be confused, so that students can fully perceive, distinguish and distinguish them, so that they can make clear the essential characteristics in the discrimination, master the connection and difference between the new and old knowledge, and actively prevent the stereotype of thinking
for example: four mixed operation exercises:
96-3 × thirty-two ÷ 4 96-4 × thirty-two ÷ 4
96-3 × thirty-two ÷ 4 96-4 × thirty-two ÷ 4)
make students distinguish the differences and relations among the same level, different level and operation with brackets, so as to grasp their own essential characteristics< 5. To cultivate good calculation habits of primary school students
good calculation habits of primary school students can not only help them master calculation theory and cultivate their interest in mathematics learning, but also help them overcome the psychological factors causing calculation errors, which is the guarantee of improving their calculation ability. Therefore, it is very necessary to cultivate the calculation habit of primary school students. There are three steps for teachers to cultivate pupils' habit of calculation, which are as follows:
1. Correct examination is the prerequisite for pupils' correct calculation, and its four steps are: first reading, second reading, third thinking and fourth calculation“ "Read" is a serious reading topic, "see" is to see the data, operation symbols, operation order in the topic, "think" is to think of the calculation method and order that should be used, "calculate" is to calculate according to the thought. For example, four arithmetic questions "36 + 4" × 10-7.5) "in the calculation process, read the questions first to see which operations (+ ×、-， Think about what to calculate first, and then what to calculate (in language description: first calculate the difference of "10-7.5", then calculate the proct of "4 times the difference", and finally calculate the sum of "36 plus proct"), and then calculate according to the order of thinking, so that the calculation can be carried out in an orderly way, thus recing the calculation errors< Careful writing is a necessary condition for pupils to calculate correctly. Therefore, in the calculation of primary school students, whether it is ing or off type calculation, the teacher strictly requires standard format, neat writing, clean paper surface (even if the draft also requires clear handwriting), every step of writing should be "back" carefully proofread, and then continue the next step of calculation after confirming that their ing and calculation are correct
3. Careful checking
checking is the guarantee of correct calculation. The teacher should strengthen the demonstration in the classroom teaching, improve the students' understanding of the importance of checking calculation, and develop the conscious behavior of checking calculation after the problem. The teacher can also guide the students to create a variety of checking calculation methods, such as heavy algorithm, inverse algorithm, alternative solution, estimation method, transposition method, substitution method, etc., so that the students can not only improve their interest in checking calculation, enhance their checking ability, and graally form the habit of checking calculation, But also cultivate students' thinking ability
it can be seen that computing teaching is a long-term and complex teaching process, and the improvement of students' computing ability is not a matter overnight. As long as we teachers study hard, summarize and improve our work, dig out the ability factors in computing problems seriously, and work together with students, students' computing ability will be improved
applied problem teaching is also a very important part in primary school mathematics teaching. To cultivate students' ability to solve practical problems, we should start from the following aspects
(1) cultivating students' habit of examining questions
careful examination and understanding of the meaning of questions are the prerequisite for solving practical questions accurately. Therefore, in teaching, students can first find out the direct and indirect conditions according to the requirements of solving problems, build the relationship between conditions and problems, and determine the quantitative relationship. In order to analyze the relationship between the known quantity and the unknown quantity in the problem, students can be asked to think while reading the problem, mark the conditions and problems with different symbols, or express the known conditions and problems with line diagram. In order to cultivate children's habit of careful examination, I often put some confusing questions at the same time, let students analyze and calculate. For example: (1) there are 3000 sci-tech books and story books in the library. The number of sci-tech books is two-thirds of that of story books. How many sci-tech books are there
② there are 3000 storybooks in the library, and the number of science and technology books is 2 / 3 of the storybooks. How many science and technology books are there
there are several 3000 volumes in question 1, and 3000 volumes in question 2 are one, so the calculation method is different. If you do this kind of exercises often, you can easily form the habit of examining questions carefully
(2) teach students the common reasoning methods of analyzing practical problems
in the process of solving problems, students are often used to imitate the solutions of teachers and examples, and complete them mechanically. Therefore, it is very important to teach students the reasoning method of analyzing practical problems and help students to understand the way of solving problems. Analysis method and synthesis method are commonly used analysis methods. The so-called analytical method is to analyze the problems from the application problems, first consider what conditions are needed to solve the problems, and which of these conditions are known and which are unknown, until the unknown conditions can be found in the problems. For example: car a transports 300 kg of coal at a time, car B transports 50 kg more than car a, and how many kg of coal do two cars transport at a time
instruct students to dictate how many kilos of coal are required to be transported by two vehicles at a time? Which two conditions must be known according to the meaning of the question? Which of the conditions listed in the question is known (by car a), which is unknown (by car B), and what should be sought first (300 + 50 = 350 by car B)? Then what do you ask (how many kilos of coal are used for two cars, 300 + 350 = 650)
the synthesis method is based on the known conditions of application problems, and deces the required problems through analysis. For example, to guide students to think like this: knowing that car a carries 300 kg of coal, car B uses 50 kg more than car a, we can find out the weight of coal carried by car B (300 + 50 = 350). With this condition, we can find out how many kg of coal the two cars carry in total 300+350=650 From the two solutions of the above problems, we can see that whether we use the analytical method or the comprehensive method, we should combine the known conditions of the application problems with the problems we seek. The problems we seek are the direction of thinking, and the known conditions are the basis for solving the problems
(3) comparative analysis of easily confused problems
some related and easily confused practical problems can guide students to make comparative analysis, for example: how much is the fraction of a number and the known fraction of a number, and the practical problems of solving this number are often easily confused by students. First, they can't tell whether to use multiplication or division; Secondly, it is not necessary to add brackets when the calculation is not clear. Therefore, the following group of questions can be arranged for comparative teaching
① there are 240 pear trees in the orchard, and apple trees account for 1 / 3 of pear trees. How many apple trees are there
② there are 240 pear trees in the orchard, accounting for 1 / 3 of the apple trees. How many apple trees are there
③ there are 240 pear trees in the orchard, one third less apple trees than pear trees. How many apple trees are there< (4) there are 240 pear trees in the orchard, one third less than apple trees. How many apple trees are there
⑤ there are 240 pear trees in the orchard, one third more apple trees than pear trees. How many apples are there< There are 240 pear trees in the orchard, one third more than apple trees. How many apple trees are there
when comparing two numbers, the following number is the standard number and the preceding number is the comparison number, that is, who is compared with is the standard number (usually set the standard number as 1). Given a number, find it
computing is a simple thing for teachers, but computing teaching is a profound art. Therefore, we can't treat calculation teaching with our own calculation standard. Every computing class should be fully pre-set from the perspective of learning, including class objectives, key and difficult points, driving classroom questioning, classroom situation, teaching links, etc. Only in this way can we say that with sufficient presupposition, teaching can be used freely, and easy and effective classroom can be created. Therefore, our teaching should come from the students' learning, and should be guided according to the situation, so as to achieve the teaching goal
then, how to improve students' computing ability
first, cultivate good attention quality
aiming at the three characteristics of primary school students: low attention stability, small distribution span and poor transfer ability. Teachers should try their best to let students finish their homework in class. When students do their homework, in order to ensure that students' attention is consciously focused and kept on the homework, teachers should try their best to keep the classroom quiet. Teachers should not give guidance to the whole class, and indivial guidance should not be too loud. The adverse effects of distraction should be eliminated to the greatest extent. For more abstract and step-by-step calculation, teachers should let students repeatedly perceive and give necessary hints to attract students' attention. Teachers can also change the way to train students to show their calculation ability, such as: the way to show oral arithmetic questions, changing the previous way to look at a question card, and then immediately take back the card, and then let the students report the answers, so as to enhance the training intensity and strengthen the intentional attention. At the same time, in the process of calculation, students should try their best to keep their attention on the homework< Second, improve the ability of memory in calculation. First of all, we need to extract the calculation facts from the long-term memory and put them in the working memory. At the same time, we also need the participation of memory in the calculation process, so that the calculation can be carried out correctly. For example, in daily life, let students take part in some memory games to improve their memory. We also need to make students insist on oral arithmetic. Being proficient in oral arithmetic is the basis of correct written arithmetic. Any four mixed arithmetic problems are synthesized by oral arithmetic problems. Both oral and written arithmetic are inseparable from instantaneous memory, and oral arithmetic is the best form of students' short-term memory. The design of oral arithmetic exercises by teachers should be targeted, from easy to difficult, and graally improve, including some simple calculation problems. Persistent training not only cultivates memory ability, but also forms good thinking quality< Third, strengthen students' serious attitude towards calculation
when students lack purpose in the process of calculation, their attitude is often random, they don't care about the correctness of calculation, they care about when to complete the task. Teachers can give some examples of daily life to guide students. For example, when an engineer designed a bridge, e to the wrong decimal point in the calculation, the completed bridge became a dangerous bridge, which not only wasted the resources of the country, but also seriously endangered the safety of the people. So as to strengthen their will to complete the calculation seriously
at the same time, in the calculation, the errors of primary school students always emerge in an endless stream. Psychologist Thorndike believes that "trial and error are the basic forms of learning". Therefore, in the process of primary school students' learning, mistakes are inevitable. Teachers should not blame students for their mistakes. The key point is that teachers should discuss with students, make clear why they made mistakes and what step they took, help students find out the causes of calculation errors, and guide students to learn from their mistakes< Fourth, strengthen the targeted practice
in primary school mathematics, there are many calculations that are related and different. Teachers can put together the concepts, rules, theorems and formulas that are easy to be confused, so that students can fully perceive, distinguish and distinguish them, so that they can make clear the essential characteristics in the discrimination, master the connection and difference between the new and old knowledge, and actively prevent the stereotype of thinking
for example: four mixed operation exercises:
96-3 × thirty-two ÷ 4 96-4 × thirty-two ÷ 4
96-3 × thirty-two ÷ 4 96-4 × thirty-two ÷ 4)
make students distinguish the differences and relations among the same level, different level and operation with brackets, so as to grasp their own essential characteristics< 5. To cultivate good calculation habits of primary school students
good calculation habits of primary school students can not only help them master calculation theory and cultivate their interest in mathematics learning, but also help them overcome the psychological factors causing calculation errors, which is the guarantee of improving their calculation ability. Therefore, it is very necessary to cultivate the calculation habit of primary school students. There are three steps for teachers to cultivate pupils' habit of calculation, which are as follows:
1. Correct examination is the prerequisite for pupils' correct calculation, and its four steps are: first reading, second reading, third thinking and fourth calculation“ "Read" is a serious reading topic, "see" is to see the data, operation symbols, operation order in the topic, "think" is to think of the calculation method and order that should be used, "calculate" is to calculate according to the thought. For example, four arithmetic questions "36 + 4" × 10-7.5) "in the calculation process, read the questions first to see which operations (+ ×、-， Think about what to calculate first, and then what to calculate (in language description: first calculate the difference of "10-7.5", then calculate the proct of "4 times the difference", and finally calculate the sum of "36 plus proct"), and then calculate according to the order of thinking, so that the calculation can be carried out in an orderly way, thus recing the calculation errors< Careful writing is a necessary condition for pupils to calculate correctly. Therefore, in the calculation of primary school students, whether it is ing or off type calculation, the teacher strictly requires standard format, neat writing, clean paper surface (even if the draft also requires clear handwriting), every step of writing should be "back" carefully proofread, and then continue the next step of calculation after confirming that their ing and calculation are correct
3. Careful checking
checking is the guarantee of correct calculation. The teacher should strengthen the demonstration in the classroom teaching, improve the students' understanding of the importance of checking calculation, and develop the conscious behavior of checking calculation after the problem. The teacher can also guide the students to create a variety of checking calculation methods, such as heavy algorithm, inverse algorithm, alternative solution, estimation method, transposition method, substitution method, etc., so that the students can not only improve their interest in checking calculation, enhance their checking ability, and graally form the habit of checking calculation, But also cultivate students' thinking ability
it can be seen that computing teaching is a long-term and complex teaching process, and the improvement of students' computing ability is not a matter overnight. As long as we teachers study hard, summarize and improve our work, dig out the ability factors in computing problems seriously, and work together with students, students' computing ability will be improved
applied problem teaching is also a very important part in primary school mathematics teaching. To cultivate students' ability to solve practical problems, we should start from the following aspects
(1) cultivating students' habit of examining questions
careful examination and understanding of the meaning of questions are the prerequisite for solving practical questions accurately. Therefore, in teaching, students can first find out the direct and indirect conditions according to the requirements of solving problems, build the relationship between conditions and problems, and determine the quantitative relationship. In order to analyze the relationship between the known quantity and the unknown quantity in the problem, students can be asked to think while reading the problem, mark the conditions and problems with different symbols, or express the known conditions and problems with line diagram. In order to cultivate children's habit of careful examination, I often put some confusing questions at the same time, let students analyze and calculate. For example: (1) there are 3000 sci-tech books and story books in the library. The number of sci-tech books is two-thirds of that of story books. How many sci-tech books are there
② there are 3000 storybooks in the library, and the number of science and technology books is 2 / 3 of the storybooks. How many science and technology books are there
there are several 3000 volumes in question 1, and 3000 volumes in question 2 are one, so the calculation method is different. If you do this kind of exercises often, you can easily form the habit of examining questions carefully
(2) teach students the common reasoning methods of analyzing practical problems
in the process of solving problems, students are often used to imitate the solutions of teachers and examples, and complete them mechanically. Therefore, it is very important to teach students the reasoning method of analyzing practical problems and help students to understand the way of solving problems. Analysis method and synthesis method are commonly used analysis methods. The so-called analytical method is to analyze the problems from the application problems, first consider what conditions are needed to solve the problems, and which of these conditions are known and which are unknown, until the unknown conditions can be found in the problems. For example: car a transports 300 kg of coal at a time, car B transports 50 kg more than car a, and how many kg of coal do two cars transport at a time
instruct students to dictate how many kilos of coal are required to be transported by two vehicles at a time? Which two conditions must be known according to the meaning of the question? Which of the conditions listed in the question is known (by car a), which is unknown (by car B), and what should be sought first (300 + 50 = 350 by car B)? Then what do you ask (how many kilos of coal are used for two cars, 300 + 350 = 650)
the synthesis method is based on the known conditions of application problems, and deces the required problems through analysis. For example, to guide students to think like this: knowing that car a carries 300 kg of coal, car B uses 50 kg more than car a, we can find out the weight of coal carried by car B (300 + 50 = 350). With this condition, we can find out how many kg of coal the two cars carry in total 300+350=650 From the two solutions of the above problems, we can see that whether we use the analytical method or the comprehensive method, we should combine the known conditions of the application problems with the problems we seek. The problems we seek are the direction of thinking, and the known conditions are the basis for solving the problems
(3) comparative analysis of easily confused problems
some related and easily confused practical problems can guide students to make comparative analysis, for example: how much is the fraction of a number and the known fraction of a number, and the practical problems of solving this number are often easily confused by students. First, they can't tell whether to use multiplication or division; Secondly, it is not necessary to add brackets when the calculation is not clear. Therefore, the following group of questions can be arranged for comparative teaching
① there are 240 pear trees in the orchard, and apple trees account for 1 / 3 of pear trees. How many apple trees are there
② there are 240 pear trees in the orchard, accounting for 1 / 3 of the apple trees. How many apple trees are there
③ there are 240 pear trees in the orchard, one third less apple trees than pear trees. How many apple trees are there< (4) there are 240 pear trees in the orchard, one third less than apple trees. How many apple trees are there
⑤ there are 240 pear trees in the orchard, one third more apple trees than pear trees. How many apples are there< There are 240 pear trees in the orchard, one third more than apple trees. How many apple trees are there
when comparing two numbers, the following number is the standard number and the preceding number is the comparison number, that is, who is compared with is the standard number (usually set the standard number as 1). Given a number, find it
6. Do others use scanning tools to scan your SIQ vulnerability? Just inject it, he or the administrator account, and you can modify your database at will. The solution is to clear the Trojan horse first:
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2. Carefully check the files stored in the upload directory of the website. Many Trojans disguise as pictures and save them in the upload directory. You can directly download the upload folder to the local, use the form of thumbnail to check whether the pictures are or not, and delete them if they are not displayed
3. If there is a Trojan horse in the database, clear the Trojan code in the database! It can be replaced by searching
4. If there is no website source file, you need to download the website file by FTP, and then clear it one by one in DW by replacing it. Pay attention to the number of Trojans on the website. If there are many different ones, you must check more!
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2. Carefully check the files stored in the upload directory of the website. Many Trojans disguise as pictures and save them in the upload directory. You can directly download the upload folder to the local, use the form of thumbnail to check whether the pictures are or not, and delete them if they are not displayed
3. If there is a Trojan horse in the database, clear the Trojan code in the database! It can be replaced by searching
4. If there is no website source file, you need to download the website file by FTP, and then clear it one by one in DW by replacing it. Pay attention to the number of Trojans on the website. If there are many different ones, you must check more!
7. 1、 Online monitoring
webmasters who are engaged in SEO optimization work should know that if you enter site: + website in the search engine frame, you can see the situation of our website webpages being included. Not only that, but also the security situation of our website can be seen in this way. In addition, most of the servers used by many enterprises will install anti-virus software, and most of these security software have online Trojan horse monitoring function. Once a Trojan horse invades our website, these security software will prompt and clean up. Of course, the enterprise itself to do their own regular comprehensive monitoring of the site, the only way to better protect the safety of the site
Second, when you visit the website, you will be prompted that the website has virus
with the development of the Internet, there are many antivirus software in the Internet at present. When you visit the website, if the antivirus software prompts that there is risk or the website has virus, you should carefully detect the website. If someone hangs up the horse, it naturally means that the control of the website is in the hands of others. Once the other party has a plan and changes the content or information of the website, it will cause irreparable losses for the enterprise. Therefore, Tianjin website construction Wenli technology reminds you not to visit some websites with virus to avoid being infected
Third, website source code
most enterprise websites are hung with Trojans on the home page. When enterprises open their own websites and display content that is not their own, they can be sure that these content must be hung up by website hackers, and some black chains will be hidden in the website source code, and the home page of the website is invisible, At this time, we need to check the website source code line by line, the general Trojan horse is placed in the head or tail, enterprises in the inspection can focus on the inspection of these two parts, but other parts can not let go oh, try to be safe< (4) FTP
generally, check whether the website uses FTP or logs on to the server to check the modification time of the file, because if you type a hacker, if he modifies the website file, the modification time of the modified file will change. If the modification time of some files is obviously later than that of other files, and we haven't changed them ourselves, Then it means that this file has been modified by hackers. At this time, it means that your website may have been poisoned or hung with Trojan horse, which can be seen by viewing the source file
5. Dead links
as we all know, dead links have great influence on website ranking. Once there are too many dead links in your website, your website will not have a good ranking in the search engine. Generally, hackers will hang Trojans on the inside pages of your website, because it is difficult to detect them, It is suggested that you must use the professional dead chain search tools to find, some links will appear, and then find these codes, and delete them from the website background
it's not terrible to be Trojan horse on your website. What's terrible is that you don't know how to deal with Trojan horse. I believe you will have your own countermeasures after reading the articles that Xiaobian has shared for you. I also need to remind you that if you don't want your website to be Trojan horse frequently, you must choose to cooperate with professional website building service providers when you are building your website, Professional station service providers are very good technology.
webmasters who are engaged in SEO optimization work should know that if you enter site: + website in the search engine frame, you can see the situation of our website webpages being included. Not only that, but also the security situation of our website can be seen in this way. In addition, most of the servers used by many enterprises will install anti-virus software, and most of these security software have online Trojan horse monitoring function. Once a Trojan horse invades our website, these security software will prompt and clean up. Of course, the enterprise itself to do their own regular comprehensive monitoring of the site, the only way to better protect the safety of the site
Second, when you visit the website, you will be prompted that the website has virus
with the development of the Internet, there are many antivirus software in the Internet at present. When you visit the website, if the antivirus software prompts that there is risk or the website has virus, you should carefully detect the website. If someone hangs up the horse, it naturally means that the control of the website is in the hands of others. Once the other party has a plan and changes the content or information of the website, it will cause irreparable losses for the enterprise. Therefore, Tianjin website construction Wenli technology reminds you not to visit some websites with virus to avoid being infected
Third, website source code
most enterprise websites are hung with Trojans on the home page. When enterprises open their own websites and display content that is not their own, they can be sure that these content must be hung up by website hackers, and some black chains will be hidden in the website source code, and the home page of the website is invisible, At this time, we need to check the website source code line by line, the general Trojan horse is placed in the head or tail, enterprises in the inspection can focus on the inspection of these two parts, but other parts can not let go oh, try to be safe< (4) FTP
generally, check whether the website uses FTP or logs on to the server to check the modification time of the file, because if you type a hacker, if he modifies the website file, the modification time of the modified file will change. If the modification time of some files is obviously later than that of other files, and we haven't changed them ourselves, Then it means that this file has been modified by hackers. At this time, it means that your website may have been poisoned or hung with Trojan horse, which can be seen by viewing the source file
5. Dead links
as we all know, dead links have great influence on website ranking. Once there are too many dead links in your website, your website will not have a good ranking in the search engine. Generally, hackers will hang Trojans on the inside pages of your website, because it is difficult to detect them, It is suggested that you must use the professional dead chain search tools to find, some links will appear, and then find these codes, and delete them from the website background
it's not terrible to be Trojan horse on your website. What's terrible is that you don't know how to deal with Trojan horse. I believe you will have your own countermeasures after reading the articles that Xiaobian has shared for you. I also need to remind you that if you don't want your website to be Trojan horse frequently, you must choose to cooperate with professional website building service providers when you are building your website, Professional station service providers are very good technology.
8. Enter your website backstage to see if your webpage original code is suspicious. The webpage that be hanged horse, have a Trojan horse to download address code at the very bottom of original code.
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