Exhibition center to honglingnan
Publish: 2021-05-09 00:22:25
1. The landlord is too lazy!
2.
1. Sichuan Tibet railway, new land sea channel in Western China, national water network and other traditional infrastructure, as well as 5g, data center, UHV and other new infrastructure
2. Investment in strategic emerging instries such as artificial intelligence, quantum information, integrated circuit, aerospace science and technology, deep earth and deep sea, such as interstellar exploration, Beidou instrialization and other major projects
In the field of national defense and military instry, it is proposed to speed up the modernization of weapons and equipment. On the basis of the Fifth Plenary Session communique's emphasis on "strengthening military training and preparation", the latest document further emphasizes "building a high-level strategic deterrence and joint operation system, and strengthening joint training, joint support and joint application of military forces"and emphatically pointed out that it is necessary to "accelerate the modernization of weapons and equipment, focus on independent innovation and original innovation of national defense science and technology, accelerate the development of strategic frontier disruptive technology, and accelerate the upgrading and upgrading of weapons and equipment and the development of intelligent weapons and equipment."
It is expected that ring the 14th Five Year Plan period, the national defense construction will usher in a new round of upgrading, and strengthening military training and preparation will further enhance the demand for military equipment 4. In the financial field, it is emphasized to "steadily promote the research and development of digital currency" and "comprehensively implement the registration system of stock issuance"“ Build a modern central bank system, improve the money supply control mechanism, and steadily promote the research and development of digital money“ We will fully implement the registration system for stock issuance, establish a normalized delisting mechanism, and increase the proportion of direct financing. "it is expected that digital currency and the full implementation of the registration system will become one of the key reforms in the financial field, and from the recent news, these two things are not far away
In the field of security, it is proposed to "ensure food security, energy and strategic mineral resources security"3. The story of Edison cherishing his time
Edison only went to primary school for three months in his life. His knowledge came from his mother's teaching and self-study. His success should be attributed to his mother's understanding and patient teaching since childhood, which made Edison, who was originally regarded as an incompetent child, become a world-famous "king of invention" when he grew up
Edison was curious about many things since he was a child, and he liked to experiment with them himself until he understood the truth. When he grew up, he devoted himself to research and invention according to his own interests. He set up a laboratory in New Jersey and invented more than 2000 kinds of things in his life, such as electric lamp, telegraph, phonograph, video camera, magnetic separator, crusher and so on. Edison's strong research spirit made him make great contribution to the improvement of human life style
"waste, the biggest waste is to waste time." Edison often said to his assistant“ Life is too short. Think more and do more with less time. "
one day, Edison was working in the laboratory. He handed his assistant an empty glass bulb without a light port and said, "you measure the capacity of the bulb." He bowed his head to work again. After a long time, he asked, "what's the capacity?" He didn't hear the answer. He turned his head and saw his assistant measuring the perimeter and inclination of the bulb with a tape measure. He took the measured number and put it on the table to calculate. He said, "time, time, how do you spend so much time?" Edison came over, picked up the empty light bulb, filled it with water, handed it to his assistant, and said, "pour the water in the measuring glass, and tell me its capacity right away." The assistant read out the number immediately. Edison said, "what an easy way to measure. It's accurate and time-saving. How can you not think of it? Is it not a waste of time? " The assistant blushed
Edison murmured: "life is too short, too short. Save time and do more things!"
Edison only went to primary school for three months in his life. His knowledge came from his mother's teaching and self-study. His success should be attributed to his mother's understanding and patient teaching since childhood, which made Edison, who was originally regarded as an incompetent child, become a world-famous "king of invention" when he grew up
Edison was curious about many things since he was a child, and he liked to experiment with them himself until he understood the truth. When he grew up, he devoted himself to research and invention according to his own interests. He set up a laboratory in New Jersey and invented more than 2000 kinds of things in his life, such as electric lamp, telegraph, phonograph, video camera, magnetic separator, crusher and so on. Edison's strong research spirit made him make great contribution to the improvement of human life style
"waste, the biggest waste is to waste time." Edison often said to his assistant“ Life is too short. Think more and do more with less time. "
one day, Edison was working in the laboratory. He handed his assistant an empty glass bulb without a light port and said, "you measure the capacity of the bulb." He bowed his head to work again. After a long time, he asked, "what's the capacity?" He didn't hear the answer. He turned his head and saw his assistant measuring the perimeter and inclination of the bulb with a tape measure. He took the measured number and put it on the table to calculate. He said, "time, time, how do you spend so much time?" Edison came over, picked up the empty light bulb, filled it with water, handed it to his assistant, and said, "pour the water in the measuring glass, and tell me its capacity right away." The assistant read out the number immediately. Edison said, "what an easy way to measure. It's accurate and time-saving. How can you not think of it? Is it not a waste of time? " The assistant blushed
Edison murmured: "life is too short, too short. Save time and do more things!"
4. It takes time for the United States to fall. The United States, which specializes in war and hegemony, should not have been "born" in this world. It is this forced "birth" in the world that leads to thousands of innocent lives being engulfed by the aggressive wars it launched again and again and makes countless survivors disabled and lose their homes. Over the past few decades, the United States has invaded and bombed the world dozens of times, committed war crimes and hegemonic crimes, and formulated international laws, which dare not impose legal sanctions on it. Nowadays, the United States supports Japan, the Philippines, Vietnam and other countries, but talks about international law when occupying China's offshore islands. Excuse me, are these countries supported by the United States qualified to talk about international law? International law only escorts former Yugoslavian president Milosevic, who was bombed by the United States and NATO, to the International Court of justice in the Hague, but does not dare to impose sanctions on the war crimes committed by the United States and NATO. Is this kind of international law that fears the strong and bullies the weak fair and just? As long as the United States and Western countries participate in the formulation of international law, it is a great insult to the world. Therefore, the International Tribunal for the law of the sea, the International Tribunal for the law of the sea and the arbitration tribunal are not fair and just adjudicating bodies, but are guarding homes for the United States and Western countries. Facts have proved that there is no justice at all when the United States pursues the world under hegemony. Only when the United States perishes can there be justice in the world. Can beauty perish quickly? Yes, absolutely. Look at the following four signs before the demise of the United States: first, the economy is in a downturn. The annual economic value of the United States is only about 15 trillion US dollars, but its annual debt is 16 trillion US dollars, which reaches 17.3 trillion US dollars. In just one year, its debt will not only not fall, but rise by 1.3 trillion US dollars. The huge debt of the United States has exceeded the affordability of its annual GDP, which makes us wonder whether the United States is still the most powerful economic power in the world today? No, it's just a name. Although the United States still relies on its declining military power to continue to grab 7.3 trillion US dollars of hegemony dividends from the world every year for its domestic arbitrary spending, with the rapid rise of China and other world powers, it is bound to squeeze the strategic space of the United States' world hegemony, which is the natural result of the collision of many "geographical plates" in the world, and no one can stop it. Therefore, the national strength of the United States will continue to be greatly defeated. At the same time, its international status and prestige will also be greatly reced. Finally, the hegemony of the US dollar in the world will be graally narrowed until it collapses. 2、 The military power has been greatly reced, and the economic downturn of the United States has also led to the loss of its military power. If the United States slashes its military spending by about US $100 million to US $1 trillion, its military power will be reced by 20-30 years. Today, the military power of the United States is not the world's formidable superpower in the past, but has degenerated into a regional military power. According to its shrinking military power of 20-30 years, it is only equal to or slightly higher than that of India. What is the world's military superpower? The world's military superpower is a country with prosperous development, strong economic strength, no default or less debt, annual increase or steady or slight decrease in military expenditure, rapid development of advanced military technology, massive blowout of offensive and defensive weapons, vast territory and huge population. But now the United States, with a huge debt of 17.3 trillion US dollars, is forced to slash its military spending, resulting in less input and output of its weapons, and the graal shrinkage of its military technology. These facts are enough to prove that the United States has already been defeated. Although it is temporarily impossible for people's minds to make a sharp turn to accept this reality, people only evaluate the strength of the United States with feelings, and will be thrown into the Pacific Ocean by the facts. 3、 Some people in the United States have suggested that the territory of Sri Lanka should be given to China to repay its debts. Coincidentally, the current president of the United States has also said very pessimistically that the United States should never be the second largest country in the world. From the same despair of these two Americans, we can see that the bad social morbid state of the United States has reached an unprecedented serious crisis, and its decadent capitalist system has also been shaken. Is there any country in the world that owes more than the United States can afford for its own economic development? Is there any country like the United States living a parasite life by grabbing hegemony dividends? Not at all. No country can advance unless it develops its economy on its own; On the contrary, if we only rely on plundering the wealth of other countries and reap it without any effort, our society will surely retrogress, as is the case in the United States today. 4、 It has been reported that many states in the United States have submitted applications. Although they have been rejected by the United States, many of the territories they occupied by force will be disintegrated from the United States. The social morbid state of the United States today is very similar to that of the former Soviet Union. In order to compete with the United States for hegemony in the world, the former Soviet Union vigorously developed offensive weapons, especially the huge nuclear arsenals that could neither eat nor wear, which exceeded its economic development capacity. In the 1970s, the former Soviet Union did not invade and bomb Afghan again for nearly 10 years, resulting in a great defeat in both national and military strength, and finally disintegrated in the early 1990s, It has given birth to a very weak boss and many old and small countries. Today, the United States is more seriously ill than the former Soviet Union. Because of its aggression and bombing of the world, it pays too much and earns too little, which leads to the waste of military resources. In this way, the United States is heavily in debt, its national strength and military strength are defeated at the same time, and its disintegration like the former Soviet Union is not far away. In today's American capitalist society, its "internal organs" are rotten and stinking, leaving almost its own "trunk". Because of the greed of capitalists and the past ambition of the United States to invade and bomb the world, it aggravated the serious attack of the original chronic disease of its capitalist society and led to the occurrence of financial crises again and again. This is the evidence of the abnormal economic structure of the United States. On one side of the US economy, huge debts are piling up; on the other side, the average annual economic growth is about 2%, which makes people mistakenly think that its economy is full of sunshine. In fact, the US $17.3 trillion of domestic and foreign debt is like a malignant tumor growing in the belly of the US. Instead of shrinking, the tumor is growing year by year, and it has rotted and graally eroded into the internal organs of the whole us. Judging from the large-scale spread of the tumor cells, the US is incurable and facing death; The average annual economic growth of about 2% is just like the "trunk" economy of the United States, which is the world hegemony dividend of US $7.3 trillion. The "trunk" economy of the United States must receive "blood" (i.e. hegemonic dividend) from the whole world every year to maintain its life (i.e. economic growth). If the world situation suddenly changes, and all countries in the world, especially China, stop importing "blood" to the United States, then the "trunk" economy of the United States will have a significant negative growth, and the United States economy will be dormant, and then it will perish. Now that the United States is on the wane, it is no longer able to invade and bomb the next small countries such as Iran, North Korea, Cuba, Venezuela and Sudan. However, in front of China, it deliberately plays with some of its advanced weapons and cooperates with other countries in military exercises. What is its purpose? The US drunkard's intention is not to drink. In fact, it is a steady increase in revenue from the world's arms and the dividend of maintaining its hegemony, which is the biggest strategic interest of the US. In the face of a powerful China, no matter what the United States clamours today or what small military actions it will make tomorrow, it is a sign of weakness and despair. This kind of performance is only reflected in the high-profile voice of one pseudo military strategy after another, such as "return to the Asia Pacific", coastal blockade, "air sea integrated war", global rapid strike weapons and small deployment of some advanced weapons and equipment, but in fact there is no major military deployment. The United States grabs a large amount of hegemonic dividends from the world's arms and weapons every year, benefiting from China's unintentional strong support. As long as the United States deliberately throws out one pseudo military strategy after another or clamors to deploy some advanced weapons in front of China, Chinese media and TV commentators will be afraid to do a lot for their weapon world. For example, a military commentator of Shenzhen TV station always praises the United States and China, especially in the program of live broadcast of Hong Kong Olympic TV station on January 12, 2004. He tried to play up the great anti satellite technology of the United States, but deliberately criticized China's anti satellite missile for nothing. He said nonsense that China's anti satellite missile could not destroy the satellites in orbit of the United States, The US anti satellite weapons are fully capable of destroying all Chinese satellites in orbit. May I ask this so-called military commentator, if China's anti satellite missiles and other weapons are really unable to destroy the US satellites in orbit, then why is the United States worried that its satellites will be destroyed by China? Why does China continue to develop this kind of anti satellite missile? This military critic, please take a look at the following article published in the issue of Hainan Special Administrative Region digest, entitled "China's submarine launched anti satellite missiles are frightening to the United States". The article points out that "the US Department of defense claims that in the face of a number of anti satellite technologies, the United States lacks defense capability" and "the development of land-based anti satellite weapons has given us a headache, If nuclear submarines are used to carry submarine launched satellite missiles, the U.S. military will be even more alarmed. "Even if a U.S. reconnaissance or communication satellite is destroyed, its combat readiness will be seriously affected," and so on. Since then, China's strategy of pretending to be poor, weak and backward has made China pay less world obligation fees and take a lot of advantage, but it has also caused great losses to China's world strategy. For example, China has lost 3.6 trillion US dollars in hegemonic dividends every year. It is China's long established strategy of pretending to be poor, weak and backward that makes domestic economic and military experts, especially netizens, always "proud" to evaluate the economic and military strength of the United States far greater than that of China. In this way, many of the world's friends who originally embraced China turned to the United States, which is the main reason why the United States has more friends than China. As the saying goes, water flows to the bottom and people go to the top. Countries all over the world believe that China has admitted that it is too poor, too weak and too backward. If we join China, we will not get security protection. The fate of the former Libya and the former Libya may also be that Syria is about to fall, which is enough to prove this fact. Therefore, only when we go against our conscience to the "powerful" United States, can we get the guarantee of security. As a result, these countries bought a large number of US dollars and US fire and so on. The main basis for China to formulate the strategy of pretending to be poor, weak and backward is the per capita output value. According to the published data, China's per capita output value is about US dollars, ranking behind the 90th in the world. The author believes that it is not true to use the per capita output value to evaluate the poor, weak and backward countries, because the per capita output value is a kind of false data, which can only be used for simple and confused comparison of economic strength between countries, so as to make the countries in the world line up for "meetings" in order. It does not really represent the poor and rich, weak and strong economies of countries. For example, the annual income of a multimillionaire who owns a high-end car or a high-end car is temporarily reced, while the annual income of a multimillionaire who owns only a worn-out motorcycle is temporarily increased. In this way, the annual income of the two is flattened, but this artificially flattened per capita income not only makes the rich cheap, but also harms them
5. Many years ago, as one of the important contents of China's diplomacy, the "key word" foreign aid "frequently appeared in newspapers and radio. For the older Chinese, the word "foreign aid" is not new. However, I am afraid few people have made it clear about the specific situation and statistical data of China's "foreign aid"
with the continuous declassification of diplomatic archives, new China's "foreign aid" is no longer a secret. In the diplomatic archives recently opened to the public until the end of 1960, the reporter found that there were more than 200 titles with the words "foreign aid"
1 Mongolia was the first country to ask for labor support
just after the founding of the people's Republic of China, letters from foreign countries came in droves
"Vietnam's request for China's aid for rice", "Laos's request for China's economic aid", "Yemen's request for aid", "Guinea's senior officials' request for China's economic aid and other conversation records", "Indonesia's request for China's aid in building textile mills and Indonesia's minister of instry's planned visit to China"... Diplomatic archives show that a country "requests China to provide" and "Ask for China's assistance", "ask me to give", "ask me to help build" and "ask me to send" are common words in the telephone calls of some Chinese embassies abroad and reports submitted by the Ministry of foreign affairs in the 1950s
many of the requests for money, food and materials from China or assistance in building factories are personally made by the heads of state. They either seek our ambassadors abroad, or directly send special letters to our leaders, or negotiate and handle "foreign aid" affairs by sending notes to our country from the government or the Ministry of foreign affairs; At that time, in the work of the Ministry of foreign affairs, Ministry of foreign trade and other government departments, embassies in relevant countries, this one played an important role< In July 1950, shortly after the arrival of jiyatai, China's first ambassador to Mongolia, Mongolian Prime Minister qiobashan asked him to "help solve the problem of labor force". This is probably the earliest foreign aid request to China. At that time, China's reply was: "because the domestic war of liberation is not over, it is difficult to mobilize workers to go abroad. This issue will be considered later."< Premier Zhou Enlai remembered this commitment to Mongolia. In November 1954, vice premier Ulan Fu led a delegation of the Chinese Communist Party to Ulan Bator. Before leaving, Premier Zhou instructed the Ministry of foreign affairs to inform Ambassador He Ying by cable: "inform the Mongolian delegation to Mongolia this time, in addition to attending the Congress of the Mongolian party, and hope to know what difficulties Mongolia has in terms of labor force and what kind of help China may give." On December 8, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China officially telegraphed the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party: "we should try our best to meet your requirements as far as possible." One month later, Mongolia submitted a list of 12250 workers to the Chinese Embassy in Mongolia, including nearly 40 types of work, including rough and fine carpenter, bricklayer, lime burning, grain, vegetable, tree and flower planting, furniture manufacturing, cook, tailor, boot making, printing and dyeing, barreler, fishing and so on. At the same time, Mongolia required workers to bring their own tools
in response to this, the Ministry of foreign affairs made a rather difficult reply to the Embassy: "this time, Mongolia has put forward many kinds of workers, the time required to go to Mongolia is urgent, and the problems involved are very wide... It is difficult to mobilize."“ Another example is going to fishermen. Does Mongolia have fishing boats or fishermen Later, according to China's proposal, the two sides organized a group to discuss this issue. At the end of April 1955, relevant departments began to organize workers to Mongolia in the three northeastern provinces. In that year, the first 8200 workers went to Mongolia
Vietnam offered assistance to China very early. In a material marked on May 15, 1951, the Vietnamese side's request was straight to the point: "we are in a period of failure. If we do not have rice, we will be cut off." Therefore, we sincerely ask you to help us with another 1500 to 2000 tons of rice to tide over this difficulty. " Obviously, before that, China had already supported Vietnam's grain proction< According to the reporter's rough statistics, by the end of 1960, China had provided assistance to 22 countries, including North Korea, Cambodia, Nepal, Myanmar, Mali, Uganda, Congo, Cameroon, Iraq, Syria, Egypt and Afghanistan
China helps Mongolia build schools, hospitals, sanatoriums, expert hostels, thermal power stations, glass factories, paper mills, chicken farms, bridges and roads, oatmeal seeds, timber supply, ancient temples, etc. the equipment for assisting the construction of textile factories is not available in China, so we use scarce foreign exchange to order in the UK
in the annex to the protocol between China and Vietnam on China's assistance to Vietnam in 1955, the list of goods for China's assistance to Vietnam includes 30000 tons of rice, 300 tons of flour, 5000 kg of raisins, 180 belts, 1130 cases of wine and vermicelli, cigarettes, Chinese patent medicine, medical equipment, etc; There are electric furnaces, ships, telephones, calipers, light bulbs, etc. in the list of materials for railway construction; Agricultural aid projects range from crop cultivation, seed selection, breeding, pest control, to the construction of veterinary hospitals, livestock anti epidemic pharmaceutical factories, etc., as well as 10 rice mills, 2 gasoline depots, match factories, and reinforced dams. The 30000 tons of rice were put forward in a top secret letter from the Central Committee of the Vietnamese Labor Party to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China five months before the signing of the protocol. At that time, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China called back: "although the domestic rice supply is also tight, it agreed to allocate it in order to assist the newly liberated brother countries." At that time, it was difficult for most Chinese to enjoy raisins and high-grade wine
in Cambodia, apart from building cement, textile, wood, paper, steel and other factories, we also help them build art schools, radio stations and explore iron mines
on September 30, 1955, at the construction site of Yuechi bridge, the boat carrying the steel cable tilted into the water e to the strong current. Chen Guoping, a 29 year old Chinese foreman and Communist, fell into the water for the "six Vietnamese comrades" on the rescue boat. He was the first to give his life for China's foreign aid cause. In order to report on this unfortunate incident in China and its aftermath, the embassy sent back three long telegrams
African countries began to establish diplomatic relations with China at the end of 1958, and assistance to them generally began a few months before the establishment of diplomatic relations. We help them build small and medium-sized instrial projects and farms, and help them find water and dig wells. Food is what these countries most hope to get from China. From 1959 to 1960, China's food proction decreased for two consecutive years, but it still generously contributed to the demands of African countries. For example, in 1960, we assisted Guinea with 10000 tons of rice, and also announced "to provide Congo with 5000 to 10000 tons of wheat or rice"
at this time, the new Chinese government was faced with a mess left by the government of the Republic of China after many years of war, with all kinds of wastes waiting to be revived, and its national strength was limited. However, the Chinese people were still frugal, overcame many difficulties, and met the requirements of all countries one by one. Moreover, our assistance is never conditional
3 the requirements of the recipient countries are often too large, too much and too urgent
although China provides foreign aid and we give things to others, it is not easy to negotiate with the recipient countries on foreign aid, and there are some problems in the implementation< On February 16, 1955, China and Mongolia began negotiations on China's assistance to Mongolian labor force“ As of April 7, it was officially signed and held 14 talks. " Why negotiate so many times? Originally, the Mongolian side proposed that Chinese workers "hope to come to Mongolia with their families, and the longer the stay, the better", the construction period "no less than five years", equal pay for equal work with Mongolian employees, and "all the wages are used in Mongolia, not sent back to China". In the report of my delegation to the State Council, there is such a paragraph: "ring the negotiation, many of our opinions were accepted after many explanations. For example, we proposed that the construction period of workers should be three years, that Chinese cadres should be sent to lead the team, that a workers' Office should be set up in Mongolia, that workers should be allowed to pay 30% of their wages in cash to support their families, and that the balance should be deposited in the Bank of Mongolia, The inclusion of remittances in non trade accounts has been repeatedly discussed. "
it seems that such problems do not only occur in the aid to indivial countries. A 1960 file said: "judging from the actual situation over the past few years, many projects put forward by recipient countries for China's help often exceed their domestic actual needs and possible conditions."“ The projects they ask for assistance are often too large, too many and too urgent. At the same time, according to China's actual situation, there is a certain limit to the ability to provide foreign economic and technical assistance. "
because the requirements of the recipient countries are often too urgent, "the completion time and equipment delivery time of some projects are relatively urgent, which brings some difficulties to the implementation of the agreement.". At the end of 1958, a file summarizing the work of foreign aid listed some problems: the scale of indivial projects was too large and the standard was too high; the time limit of the original agreement was too tight for the brick and tile factory, so the domestic design and equipment manufacturing could not be completed as scheled, and the work was delayed for half a year; it was estimated that the vegetables proced by the vegetable farm were more expensive than the local meat price According to the agreement, China should supply 60000 spindle textile machinery and equipment to North Korea in 1958, but "e to the current lack of high-quality steel, it can not meet the requirements of North Korea as soon as possible"< Therefore, at that time, the Ministry of foreign trade and other departments proposed that "providing assistance to brother countries... Is to help and promote their self-reliance and promote their economic independence." Foreign aid should "implement the principle of seeking truth from facts, acting according to one's ability, and flowing in a long way, so as to adapt measures to local conditions, give priority to small and medium-sized enterprises, and save more, faster and better"< From 1950 to the end of June 1960, China reached an agreement with some brother countries and Asian and African nationalist countries that China would provide free aid and loans totaling 4.028 billion yuan, including 3.539 billion yuan for brother countries (2.579 billion yuan for free aid and 960 million yuan for loans), 489 million yuan in aid to nationalist countries (238 million yuan in free aid and 251 million yuan in loans). Of the total aid, 986 million yuan was used to provide complete sets of equipment, including 962 million yuan for brother countries; For nationalist countries, 24.7 million yuan. "< This is the statistical data reported by Li Qiang, then Vice Minister of foreign trade, to the National Foreign Affairs Conference on July 1, 1960. His speech is entitled "foreign economic and technical assistance in the past few years", which is marked with the words "take back the top secret materials after the meeting". Forty six years later, the speech appeared to the public with a cover printed with the file number. What was the proportion of 4.028 billion yuan of foreign aid in China's total economy at that time? According to the China Statistical Yearbook, this figure is close to one tenth of the 42.74 billion yuan of national infrastructure investment planned ring the first five year plan period from 1953 to 1957
at that time, our "brother countries" were 11 socialist countries, including the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Vietnam and North Korea, which established diplomatic relations with China soon after the founding of new China. According to diplomatic records, among the "brother countries" in Europe, China only provided a small amount of aid to Albania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and other countries in the past 11 years. Therefore, most of the 3.539 billion yuan of aid to "brother countries" was shared by Vietnam, Mongolia and North Korea. The "nationalist countries" receiving our assistance are mainly Cambodia, Yemen, Nepal, Algeria, Sudan and other countries
Li Qiang also introced that China's assistance in providing complete sets of equipment began in 1955 and ended in 1960
with the continuous declassification of diplomatic archives, new China's "foreign aid" is no longer a secret. In the diplomatic archives recently opened to the public until the end of 1960, the reporter found that there were more than 200 titles with the words "foreign aid"
1 Mongolia was the first country to ask for labor support
just after the founding of the people's Republic of China, letters from foreign countries came in droves
"Vietnam's request for China's aid for rice", "Laos's request for China's economic aid", "Yemen's request for aid", "Guinea's senior officials' request for China's economic aid and other conversation records", "Indonesia's request for China's aid in building textile mills and Indonesia's minister of instry's planned visit to China"... Diplomatic archives show that a country "requests China to provide" and "Ask for China's assistance", "ask me to give", "ask me to help build" and "ask me to send" are common words in the telephone calls of some Chinese embassies abroad and reports submitted by the Ministry of foreign affairs in the 1950s
many of the requests for money, food and materials from China or assistance in building factories are personally made by the heads of state. They either seek our ambassadors abroad, or directly send special letters to our leaders, or negotiate and handle "foreign aid" affairs by sending notes to our country from the government or the Ministry of foreign affairs; At that time, in the work of the Ministry of foreign affairs, Ministry of foreign trade and other government departments, embassies in relevant countries, this one played an important role< In July 1950, shortly after the arrival of jiyatai, China's first ambassador to Mongolia, Mongolian Prime Minister qiobashan asked him to "help solve the problem of labor force". This is probably the earliest foreign aid request to China. At that time, China's reply was: "because the domestic war of liberation is not over, it is difficult to mobilize workers to go abroad. This issue will be considered later."< Premier Zhou Enlai remembered this commitment to Mongolia. In November 1954, vice premier Ulan Fu led a delegation of the Chinese Communist Party to Ulan Bator. Before leaving, Premier Zhou instructed the Ministry of foreign affairs to inform Ambassador He Ying by cable: "inform the Mongolian delegation to Mongolia this time, in addition to attending the Congress of the Mongolian party, and hope to know what difficulties Mongolia has in terms of labor force and what kind of help China may give." On December 8, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China officially telegraphed the Central Committee of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party: "we should try our best to meet your requirements as far as possible." One month later, Mongolia submitted a list of 12250 workers to the Chinese Embassy in Mongolia, including nearly 40 types of work, including rough and fine carpenter, bricklayer, lime burning, grain, vegetable, tree and flower planting, furniture manufacturing, cook, tailor, boot making, printing and dyeing, barreler, fishing and so on. At the same time, Mongolia required workers to bring their own tools
in response to this, the Ministry of foreign affairs made a rather difficult reply to the Embassy: "this time, Mongolia has put forward many kinds of workers, the time required to go to Mongolia is urgent, and the problems involved are very wide... It is difficult to mobilize."“ Another example is going to fishermen. Does Mongolia have fishing boats or fishermen Later, according to China's proposal, the two sides organized a group to discuss this issue. At the end of April 1955, relevant departments began to organize workers to Mongolia in the three northeastern provinces. In that year, the first 8200 workers went to Mongolia
Vietnam offered assistance to China very early. In a material marked on May 15, 1951, the Vietnamese side's request was straight to the point: "we are in a period of failure. If we do not have rice, we will be cut off." Therefore, we sincerely ask you to help us with another 1500 to 2000 tons of rice to tide over this difficulty. " Obviously, before that, China had already supported Vietnam's grain proction< According to the reporter's rough statistics, by the end of 1960, China had provided assistance to 22 countries, including North Korea, Cambodia, Nepal, Myanmar, Mali, Uganda, Congo, Cameroon, Iraq, Syria, Egypt and Afghanistan
China helps Mongolia build schools, hospitals, sanatoriums, expert hostels, thermal power stations, glass factories, paper mills, chicken farms, bridges and roads, oatmeal seeds, timber supply, ancient temples, etc. the equipment for assisting the construction of textile factories is not available in China, so we use scarce foreign exchange to order in the UK
in the annex to the protocol between China and Vietnam on China's assistance to Vietnam in 1955, the list of goods for China's assistance to Vietnam includes 30000 tons of rice, 300 tons of flour, 5000 kg of raisins, 180 belts, 1130 cases of wine and vermicelli, cigarettes, Chinese patent medicine, medical equipment, etc; There are electric furnaces, ships, telephones, calipers, light bulbs, etc. in the list of materials for railway construction; Agricultural aid projects range from crop cultivation, seed selection, breeding, pest control, to the construction of veterinary hospitals, livestock anti epidemic pharmaceutical factories, etc., as well as 10 rice mills, 2 gasoline depots, match factories, and reinforced dams. The 30000 tons of rice were put forward in a top secret letter from the Central Committee of the Vietnamese Labor Party to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China five months before the signing of the protocol. At that time, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China called back: "although the domestic rice supply is also tight, it agreed to allocate it in order to assist the newly liberated brother countries." At that time, it was difficult for most Chinese to enjoy raisins and high-grade wine
in Cambodia, apart from building cement, textile, wood, paper, steel and other factories, we also help them build art schools, radio stations and explore iron mines
on September 30, 1955, at the construction site of Yuechi bridge, the boat carrying the steel cable tilted into the water e to the strong current. Chen Guoping, a 29 year old Chinese foreman and Communist, fell into the water for the "six Vietnamese comrades" on the rescue boat. He was the first to give his life for China's foreign aid cause. In order to report on this unfortunate incident in China and its aftermath, the embassy sent back three long telegrams
African countries began to establish diplomatic relations with China at the end of 1958, and assistance to them generally began a few months before the establishment of diplomatic relations. We help them build small and medium-sized instrial projects and farms, and help them find water and dig wells. Food is what these countries most hope to get from China. From 1959 to 1960, China's food proction decreased for two consecutive years, but it still generously contributed to the demands of African countries. For example, in 1960, we assisted Guinea with 10000 tons of rice, and also announced "to provide Congo with 5000 to 10000 tons of wheat or rice"
at this time, the new Chinese government was faced with a mess left by the government of the Republic of China after many years of war, with all kinds of wastes waiting to be revived, and its national strength was limited. However, the Chinese people were still frugal, overcame many difficulties, and met the requirements of all countries one by one. Moreover, our assistance is never conditional
3 the requirements of the recipient countries are often too large, too much and too urgent
although China provides foreign aid and we give things to others, it is not easy to negotiate with the recipient countries on foreign aid, and there are some problems in the implementation< On February 16, 1955, China and Mongolia began negotiations on China's assistance to Mongolian labor force“ As of April 7, it was officially signed and held 14 talks. " Why negotiate so many times? Originally, the Mongolian side proposed that Chinese workers "hope to come to Mongolia with their families, and the longer the stay, the better", the construction period "no less than five years", equal pay for equal work with Mongolian employees, and "all the wages are used in Mongolia, not sent back to China". In the report of my delegation to the State Council, there is such a paragraph: "ring the negotiation, many of our opinions were accepted after many explanations. For example, we proposed that the construction period of workers should be three years, that Chinese cadres should be sent to lead the team, that a workers' Office should be set up in Mongolia, that workers should be allowed to pay 30% of their wages in cash to support their families, and that the balance should be deposited in the Bank of Mongolia, The inclusion of remittances in non trade accounts has been repeatedly discussed. "
it seems that such problems do not only occur in the aid to indivial countries. A 1960 file said: "judging from the actual situation over the past few years, many projects put forward by recipient countries for China's help often exceed their domestic actual needs and possible conditions."“ The projects they ask for assistance are often too large, too many and too urgent. At the same time, according to China's actual situation, there is a certain limit to the ability to provide foreign economic and technical assistance. "
because the requirements of the recipient countries are often too urgent, "the completion time and equipment delivery time of some projects are relatively urgent, which brings some difficulties to the implementation of the agreement.". At the end of 1958, a file summarizing the work of foreign aid listed some problems: the scale of indivial projects was too large and the standard was too high; the time limit of the original agreement was too tight for the brick and tile factory, so the domestic design and equipment manufacturing could not be completed as scheled, and the work was delayed for half a year; it was estimated that the vegetables proced by the vegetable farm were more expensive than the local meat price According to the agreement, China should supply 60000 spindle textile machinery and equipment to North Korea in 1958, but "e to the current lack of high-quality steel, it can not meet the requirements of North Korea as soon as possible"< Therefore, at that time, the Ministry of foreign trade and other departments proposed that "providing assistance to brother countries... Is to help and promote their self-reliance and promote their economic independence." Foreign aid should "implement the principle of seeking truth from facts, acting according to one's ability, and flowing in a long way, so as to adapt measures to local conditions, give priority to small and medium-sized enterprises, and save more, faster and better"< From 1950 to the end of June 1960, China reached an agreement with some brother countries and Asian and African nationalist countries that China would provide free aid and loans totaling 4.028 billion yuan, including 3.539 billion yuan for brother countries (2.579 billion yuan for free aid and 960 million yuan for loans), 489 million yuan in aid to nationalist countries (238 million yuan in free aid and 251 million yuan in loans). Of the total aid, 986 million yuan was used to provide complete sets of equipment, including 962 million yuan for brother countries; For nationalist countries, 24.7 million yuan. "< This is the statistical data reported by Li Qiang, then Vice Minister of foreign trade, to the National Foreign Affairs Conference on July 1, 1960. His speech is entitled "foreign economic and technical assistance in the past few years", which is marked with the words "take back the top secret materials after the meeting". Forty six years later, the speech appeared to the public with a cover printed with the file number. What was the proportion of 4.028 billion yuan of foreign aid in China's total economy at that time? According to the China Statistical Yearbook, this figure is close to one tenth of the 42.74 billion yuan of national infrastructure investment planned ring the first five year plan period from 1953 to 1957
at that time, our "brother countries" were 11 socialist countries, including the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, Vietnam and North Korea, which established diplomatic relations with China soon after the founding of new China. According to diplomatic records, among the "brother countries" in Europe, China only provided a small amount of aid to Albania, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and other countries in the past 11 years. Therefore, most of the 3.539 billion yuan of aid to "brother countries" was shared by Vietnam, Mongolia and North Korea. The "nationalist countries" receiving our assistance are mainly Cambodia, Yemen, Nepal, Algeria, Sudan and other countries
Li Qiang also introced that China's assistance in providing complete sets of equipment began in 1955 and ended in 1960
6. Hehe, minimum 5.5 I believe it is possible for you to do 6.5 or even higher in 50 days ~
review. You're going to finish the improvement class. Last half a month. Then buy some books to read by yourself ~
if you listen, you have heard Cambridge, 4, 5 and 6 once. If you find it difficult to understand, it is suggested to practice with black eyes first, and then recite Wang Lu's listening words 807. Before the exam, recite the prediction machine Classics (both in 3G and worry free)
reading, you also do 4, 5, 6, or buy 9 points to read, reading is mainly practice, I think you also know ~
writing, go to buy the IELTS teacher's "10 days breakthrough IELTS Writing", which is very useful ~ according to the inside, contact writing every day, and soon find a way
oral English, I don't know if you are good at it, but if you are good, you can buy new Oriental's "oral English classics" and come back to practice the topics in it. In addition, if you read some teachers' blog, you will come up with some new oral English questions every month and practice by yourself
if your oral English is not good, you can also buy Teacher Wang Lu's "witticism" to practice at the beginning.
the foundation is good. I think the problem of words is mainly for IELTS words. You can buy original words to memorize. But my suggestion is that when you come across new words, you should master them by yourself. After all, the words in the exam are all those
come on, I hope you can have a good result~
review. You're going to finish the improvement class. Last half a month. Then buy some books to read by yourself ~
if you listen, you have heard Cambridge, 4, 5 and 6 once. If you find it difficult to understand, it is suggested to practice with black eyes first, and then recite Wang Lu's listening words 807. Before the exam, recite the prediction machine Classics (both in 3G and worry free)
reading, you also do 4, 5, 6, or buy 9 points to read, reading is mainly practice, I think you also know ~
writing, go to buy the IELTS teacher's "10 days breakthrough IELTS Writing", which is very useful ~ according to the inside, contact writing every day, and soon find a way
oral English, I don't know if you are good at it, but if you are good, you can buy new Oriental's "oral English classics" and come back to practice the topics in it. In addition, if you read some teachers' blog, you will come up with some new oral English questions every month and practice by yourself
if your oral English is not good, you can also buy Teacher Wang Lu's "witticism" to practice at the beginning.
the foundation is good. I think the problem of words is mainly for IELTS words. You can buy original words to memorize. But my suggestion is that when you come across new words, you should master them by yourself. After all, the words in the exam are all those
come on, I hope you can have a good result~
7. TKC red chain is developed by youtang. It's very good recently.
8.
First of all, define the concept:
month on month growth rate = (number of current period - number of previous period) / number of previous period * 100%, reflecting the growth rate of current period compared with that of previous period
year on year growth rate = (amount of current period - amount of the same period) / amount of the same period * 100% refers to the growth rate compared with the same period last year
data table name: D_ temp_ Data
the query data is as follows:
the query SQL statements are as follows:
select a. *,
NVL (round (money / lag (money) over (orderbyid) * 100,2), & 39; 0')||&# 39;%&# 39;& quot; Year on year
nvl(round(money/lag(money)over(partitionbymonorderbyid)*100,2),' 0')||&# 39;%&# 39;& quot; Month on month & quot
fromd_ temp_ Dataa
idinameyearmoonney year on year one Pegasus shares two thousand and thirteen 01 three hundred 0% 0%
2 two Pegasus shares two thousand and thirteen 02 two hundred and seventy 90% 0%
3 three Pegasus shares two thousand and thirteen 03 three hundred and fifty 129.63% 0%
4 four Pegasus shares two thousand and thirteen 04 one hundred and eighty 51.43% 0%
5 five Pegasus shares two thousand and thirteen 05 five hundred 277.78% 0%
6 six Pegasus shares two thousand and thirteen 06 four hundred 80% 0%
7 seven Pegasus shares two thousand and fourteen 01 two hundred and ten 52.5% 70%
8 eight Pegasus shares two thousand and fourteen 02 two hundred and forty 114.29% 88.89%
9 nine Pegasus shares two thousand and fourteen 03 three hundred and twenty 133.33% 91.43%
10 ten Pegasus shares two thousand and fourteen 04 four hundred and eighty 150% 266.67%
11 eleven Pegasus shares two thousand and fourteen 05 four hundred 83.33% 80%
9. I don't understand the specific concept. Let's take an example
China is the largest U.S. bond country with us $2 trillion in reserves. However, the United States has lowered the exchange rate of the US dollar and forced the RMB to appreciate through quantitative easing of currency issuance and other policies. When the exchange rate is 1:8, RMB 2 trillion is RMB 16 trillion. When the exchange rate is 1:6, RMB 2 trillion is only RMB 12 trillion. Through this invisible way, it has brought a heavy blow to China's economy< In addition, the depreciation of US dollar leads to the increase of export cost, which slows down the development of China's export-oriented economy. Finally, we can achieve the goal of suppressing China's economic growth.
China is the largest U.S. bond country with us $2 trillion in reserves. However, the United States has lowered the exchange rate of the US dollar and forced the RMB to appreciate through quantitative easing of currency issuance and other policies. When the exchange rate is 1:8, RMB 2 trillion is RMB 16 trillion. When the exchange rate is 1:6, RMB 2 trillion is only RMB 12 trillion. Through this invisible way, it has brought a heavy blow to China's economy< In addition, the depreciation of US dollar leads to the increase of export cost, which slows down the development of China's export-oriented economy. Finally, we can achieve the goal of suppressing China's economic growth.
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