Bus to Qingdao Hisense R & D Center
Publish: 2021-05-09 10:28:16
1. At the end of the year before last, we had a 6-day tour of Cairns with Zhongxin. Cairns was super good. In addition to the Great Barrier Reef, we also went to the tropical rainforest ~ ~ I think the most interesting thing about the Great Barrier Reef is diving. One hour 180 includes a little basic training. I think it's super value ~ the bottom of the sea is really beautiful. If you are not in good health or have an old man, you can make a glass boat, Looking at the Great Barrier Reef is also very beautiful, but the color is much different, and the price is not expensive. It seems that 35 people can go back and forth for half an hour. Hot air balloons are more suitable for taking photos and taking panoramic view of the island than helicopters. It's very good ~ ~ the tropical rainforest is mainly to go to the blue butterfly garden, take amphibious vehicles to see feeding crocodiles, and Aboriginal living areas and sky cable cars ~ ~ there are so many things to play with!! Keynes is really great!
2. Then you come to Cairns' railway station. From the railway station, you can take the famous tourist train of Kuranda tropical rainforest Town, which is also one of the necessary projects to visit Cairns. The train here retains the style of more than 100 years ago. It passes through tropical rainforests, waterfalls and river valleys. It's spectacular. Every morning, there are two trains (8:00 and 9:00) to Kuranda, and two trains (2:00 and 3:00) to Cairns in the afternoon. The one-way price is 35 / person, and the round-trip price is 50 / person. The car is very slow. You can enjoy the scenery along the way.
3. Drive northbound from Cairns to Port Douglas and beyond. Explore tropical rainforests and view the Pacific coast. The beautiful scenery on the shore will surprise you; You can also choose to set out from Cairns to Kuranda village, take the ancient train along the way to travel through the rainforests and mountains, and visit the natural ecology museum and handicraft shops in Kuranda. Finally, you can take a crane down to the plain to visit the aboriginal cultural center; If you just want to stay in Cairns for a holiday, you can enjoy the delicious food, shopping malls and night markets there. Cairns is known as the "tropical capital" for its lush tropical rain forest around the city, miles of silver sand beaches on the north and south sides, and the vast ocean full of marine life
the surrounding green island, Fitzroy island and nearby reef islands are all holiday paradise loved by tourists. Although it is an outer island, the sea and air transportation is quite convenient. Cairns is surrounded by dense tropical rain forests, while the coast is covered with pure white sand beaches. The blue ocean and active marine animals constitute a beautiful scenery. Northern beaches stretch 26 kilometers along the coastline. Cairns has a tropical climate, which is warm all year round, especially in coastal areas. The daytime temperature is about 31 degrees Celsius from December to March and 26 degrees Celsius from May to August. Due to the high annual rainfall on Cairns Great Barrier Reef, the tropical trees around it are luxuriant and even the rain is warm! Basically, you don't need to pay much attention to clothes. Just take your swimsuit with you.
the surrounding green island, Fitzroy island and nearby reef islands are all holiday paradise loved by tourists. Although it is an outer island, the sea and air transportation is quite convenient. Cairns is surrounded by dense tropical rain forests, while the coast is covered with pure white sand beaches. The blue ocean and active marine animals constitute a beautiful scenery. Northern beaches stretch 26 kilometers along the coastline. Cairns has a tropical climate, which is warm all year round, especially in coastal areas. The daytime temperature is about 31 degrees Celsius from December to March and 26 degrees Celsius from May to August. Due to the high annual rainfall on Cairns Great Barrier Reef, the tropical trees around it are luxuriant and even the rain is warm! Basically, you don't need to pay much attention to clothes. Just take your swimsuit with you.
4. There are two ways, one is to go by plane, the other is to go by boat. There is a strait in the middle, so we can't consider taking a long-distance bus or driving there
5. Keynes's financial theory
first, the main argument of Keynes's leading economic theory
Keynes's leading economic theory is the neoclassical school of laissez faire economics represented by Marshall, also known as traditional economics. This theory is based on the five principles of "free market, free operation, free competition, automatic adjustment and automatic equilibrium", and its core is the theory of "automatic equilibrium". Under the condition of free competition, the economy can reach equilibrium automatically through price mechanism; The fluctuation of commodity price can balance the supply and demand of commodities; The change of capital's price interest rate can make saving and investment tend to equilibrium; The rise and fall of labor price wage can balance the supply and demand of labor market and realize full employment. Therefore, all human intervention, especially government intervention, is superfluous. No matter what, the government is the most capable of management. It should abide by the economic principles of free competition, automatic regulation and laissez faire. The government's intervention in the economy will only destroy the automatic regulation mechanism, but will cause economic turbulence or imbalance< Second, the main content of Keynesian theoretical system
Keynesian theoretical system is to solve the problem of employment as the center, and the logical starting point of employment theory is the principle of effective demand. Its basic point is: the amount of employment depends on the effective demand, the so-called effective demand refers to the total demand when the total supply price and the total demand price of goods reach equilibrium. When the total demand price is greater than the total supply price, the social demand for goods exceeds the supply of goods, and capitalists will hire more workers and expand proction; On the contrary, when the total demand price is less than the total supply price, there will be an oversupply situation. Capitalists will be forced to sell goods at a lower price, or make some goods unsalable. Because they can not achieve their minimum profit, they will cut employees and shrink proction. Therefore, the amount of employment depends on the equilibrium point between the total supply and the total demand. In the short term, the proction cost and the normal profit fluctuate little, so the output that the capitalists are willing to supply will not change greatly, and the total supply is basically stable. In this way, the amount of employment actually depends on the total demand, and the total demand balanced with the total supply is the effective demand
Keynes further believes that the effective demand composed of consumption demand and investment demand mainly depends on three basic psychological factors: consumption tendency, marginal efficiency of capital, liquidity preference and the quantity of money. Consumption tendency refers to the proportion of consumption in income, which determines consumption demand. Generally speaking, with the increase of income, the increase of consumption can't catch up with the increase of income, showing the law of "diminishing marginal propensity to consume", which leads to insufficient consumption demand. Investment demand is determined by the comparative relationship between marginal efficiency of capital and interest rate. Marginal efficiency of capital refers to the profit rate expected by increasing an investment. It will decrease with the increase of investment. In the long run, it will show the law of "diminishing marginal efficiency of capital", so as to rece the temptation of investment. As the precondition of whether people invest or not is that the marginal efficiency of capital is greater than the interest rate (which is profitable only at this time), when the marginal efficiency of capital decreases, if the interest rate can fall year-on-year, the investment can not be reced. Therefore, the interest rate becomes the key factor to determine the investment demand. According to Keynes, the interest rate depends on the liquidity preference and the amount of money. Liquidity preference refers to the psychological factor that people are willing to maintain their income or wealth in the form of money, which determines the demand for money. Under a certain amount of money supply, the stronger people's preference for money flow, the higher the interest rate, and the higher interest rate will hinder investment. In this way, under the influence of diminishing marginal efficiency of capital and the existence of liquidity preference, the investment demand is insufficient. Lack of consumption demand and investment demand will lead to a large number of unemployment and an economic crisis of overproction. Therefore, the best way to solve unemployment and revive the economy is for the government to intervene in the economy, adopt Deficit Fiscal Policy and expansionary monetary policy to expand government expenditure and rece the interest rate, so as to stimulate consumption, increase investment, increase effective demand and realize full employment< In a word, Keynes believes that there are "three basic psychological laws", which lead to insufficient consumption demand and investment demand, making total demand less than total supply, resulting in insufficient effective demand, resulting in economic crisis of overproction and unemployment, which can not be adjusted through the market price mechanism. He further denied the theory that saving will be converted into investment by the automatic adjustment of interest rate. He believed that interest rate does not depend on saving and investment, but on liquidity preference (money demand) and money quantity (money supply). Saving and investment can only achieve balance through the change of total income. Moreover, he denied the wage theory of traditional economics that can ensure full employment. He thought that the traditional theory ignored the difference between real wage and monetary wage. Monetary wage is rigid, and it is impossible to maintain full employment only by flexible wage policy. He admitted that in addition to voluntary unemployment and frictional unemployment, there is also "involuntary unemployment" in capitalist society. The reason is that the effective demand is insufficient, so the capitalist economy often appears less than the equilibrium under the state of full employment. In this way, Keynes betrayed the traditional economic theory and created the macroeconomics of aggregate analysis< Therefore, financial theory plays a very important role in Keynesian economic theory. It can even be said that Keynes's economic theory is based on his monetary and financial theory< Thirdly, Keynes' discussion on the nature and characteristics of money
1. The nature of money
in the view of the nature of money, Keynes is a typical nominalist. He believes that money is a symbol used for debt payment and commodity exchange, which is derived from the relationship of "calculating money". The so-called "calculated money" refers to a kind of money in concept, which is the basic concept of money. The calculation of money itself is a symbol or title, which has no real value. It is a symbol or ticket with no real value, created by the state with power, and has the right to change it at any time
2. The function of money
Keynes emphasized that there are two functions of money: one is to act as the medium of exchange as the calculation money, and the function of money is only to facilitate exchange, which does not have an important and substantial impact on the economy. The second function of money is to accumulate wealth and serve as a means of storage. The function of storing wealth here is different from the function of "means of storing" mentioned by Marx< According to Keynes, modern money has the following characteristics:
(1) the proction elasticity of money equals zero
the so-called elasticity of money proction refers to the change rate of the number of people who proce money divided by the change rate of the number of people who buy money. Keynes believed that in countries where banknotes are not cashed or managed, the proction or issuance of banknotes are strictly controlled by the state. For private enterprises, there is absolutely no right to proce banknotes, and the proction elasticity of money can only be equal to zero
(2) the substitution elasticity of money is close to or almost equal to zero
the so-called substitution elasticity of money refers to the ratio that people abandon money and replace money with other goods when the exchange value of money rises. Keynes believed that the substitution elasticity of money is equal to zero. This is because money itself is not effective, its utility comes from the exchange value. As the representative of general purchasing power, it can be exchanged for any other commodity, but none of the other commodities has this effect. Therefore, people are not willing to replace money with other goods. The higher the exchange value of money, the more people are unwilling to replace money with other goods, and the greater the demand for money< (3) money has the characteristics of turnover flexibility and low preservation cost
Keynes believes that money has turnover flexibility compared with other commodities. This is because currency is more liquid than other commodities and has convenient turnover. It can be directly used for payment and can be stored in case of unexpected needs in the future. It can also be flexibly used for speculation of various assets; At the same time, e to the uncertainty of the future, and money wages are often quite stable, so people's estimation of the future value of money is optimistic. Because of its material properties (such as small size, less natural loss, etc.), currency has the characteristics of low preservation cost, even negligible. The combination of this characteristic and turnover flexibility is of great significance< According to Keynes, money supply is an exogenous variable controlled by the central bank. Its changes affect the economic operation, but it is not restricted by economic factors. This view of Keynes is closely related to the fact that the elasticity of supply is almost equal to zero. The proction of money (the source of money supply) is out of reach for private enterprises. The control of money supply is firmly in the hands of the government through the central bank. The central bank can adjust and control the money supply artificially according to the government's decision-making and financial policies and the needs of the changing economic situation; Increase or decrease the money supply< Fifth, money supply channel. Keynes believes that open market business is the main way to increase or decrease money supply. Financial authorities can regulate the money supply by buying and selling various debt instruments on the open market. When the financial authorities buy all kinds of securities, they put money in at the same time, which increases the money supply; On the contrary, if the financial authorities want to rece the money supply, they will sell all kinds of securities to get the money back. Keynes believed that the financial authorities should buy and sell securities of various maturities in the open market business in order to achieve rapid and good results. At the same time, the interest rate of buying and selling securities should not be single, but should be different according to the type and term of securities< Six, the theory of three motives of money demand
Keynes believed that money demand refers to the amount of money that the public can and is willing to hold in a specific period. According to him, people need to hold money because of the general psychological tendency of liquidity preference. The so-called liquidity preference refers to people's psychological preference for liquidity and their desire to hold money rather than other illiquid assets. This desire constitutes the demand for money. Therefore, Keynes' theory of money demand is also called the theory of liquidity preference
so why do people prefer liquidity and why are they willing to hold money? Keynes believes that people's money demand comes from the following three motives: transaction motive, prevention motive and investment motive
(1) transaction motivation
transaction motivation refers to the motivation that people need to hold money in order to deal with daily commodity transactions. He divided transaction motivation into income motivation and business motivation. Income motivation mainly refers to the indivial, business motivation mainly refers to the enterprise. Money demand based on income motivation and business motivation, Keynes called it the transaction demand of money
(2) preventive motivation
preventive motivation refers to people's motivation to hold money in order to cope with unexpected needs
first, the main argument of Keynes's leading economic theory
Keynes's leading economic theory is the neoclassical school of laissez faire economics represented by Marshall, also known as traditional economics. This theory is based on the five principles of "free market, free operation, free competition, automatic adjustment and automatic equilibrium", and its core is the theory of "automatic equilibrium". Under the condition of free competition, the economy can reach equilibrium automatically through price mechanism; The fluctuation of commodity price can balance the supply and demand of commodities; The change of capital's price interest rate can make saving and investment tend to equilibrium; The rise and fall of labor price wage can balance the supply and demand of labor market and realize full employment. Therefore, all human intervention, especially government intervention, is superfluous. No matter what, the government is the most capable of management. It should abide by the economic principles of free competition, automatic regulation and laissez faire. The government's intervention in the economy will only destroy the automatic regulation mechanism, but will cause economic turbulence or imbalance< Second, the main content of Keynesian theoretical system
Keynesian theoretical system is to solve the problem of employment as the center, and the logical starting point of employment theory is the principle of effective demand. Its basic point is: the amount of employment depends on the effective demand, the so-called effective demand refers to the total demand when the total supply price and the total demand price of goods reach equilibrium. When the total demand price is greater than the total supply price, the social demand for goods exceeds the supply of goods, and capitalists will hire more workers and expand proction; On the contrary, when the total demand price is less than the total supply price, there will be an oversupply situation. Capitalists will be forced to sell goods at a lower price, or make some goods unsalable. Because they can not achieve their minimum profit, they will cut employees and shrink proction. Therefore, the amount of employment depends on the equilibrium point between the total supply and the total demand. In the short term, the proction cost and the normal profit fluctuate little, so the output that the capitalists are willing to supply will not change greatly, and the total supply is basically stable. In this way, the amount of employment actually depends on the total demand, and the total demand balanced with the total supply is the effective demand
Keynes further believes that the effective demand composed of consumption demand and investment demand mainly depends on three basic psychological factors: consumption tendency, marginal efficiency of capital, liquidity preference and the quantity of money. Consumption tendency refers to the proportion of consumption in income, which determines consumption demand. Generally speaking, with the increase of income, the increase of consumption can't catch up with the increase of income, showing the law of "diminishing marginal propensity to consume", which leads to insufficient consumption demand. Investment demand is determined by the comparative relationship between marginal efficiency of capital and interest rate. Marginal efficiency of capital refers to the profit rate expected by increasing an investment. It will decrease with the increase of investment. In the long run, it will show the law of "diminishing marginal efficiency of capital", so as to rece the temptation of investment. As the precondition of whether people invest or not is that the marginal efficiency of capital is greater than the interest rate (which is profitable only at this time), when the marginal efficiency of capital decreases, if the interest rate can fall year-on-year, the investment can not be reced. Therefore, the interest rate becomes the key factor to determine the investment demand. According to Keynes, the interest rate depends on the liquidity preference and the amount of money. Liquidity preference refers to the psychological factor that people are willing to maintain their income or wealth in the form of money, which determines the demand for money. Under a certain amount of money supply, the stronger people's preference for money flow, the higher the interest rate, and the higher interest rate will hinder investment. In this way, under the influence of diminishing marginal efficiency of capital and the existence of liquidity preference, the investment demand is insufficient. Lack of consumption demand and investment demand will lead to a large number of unemployment and an economic crisis of overproction. Therefore, the best way to solve unemployment and revive the economy is for the government to intervene in the economy, adopt Deficit Fiscal Policy and expansionary monetary policy to expand government expenditure and rece the interest rate, so as to stimulate consumption, increase investment, increase effective demand and realize full employment< In a word, Keynes believes that there are "three basic psychological laws", which lead to insufficient consumption demand and investment demand, making total demand less than total supply, resulting in insufficient effective demand, resulting in economic crisis of overproction and unemployment, which can not be adjusted through the market price mechanism. He further denied the theory that saving will be converted into investment by the automatic adjustment of interest rate. He believed that interest rate does not depend on saving and investment, but on liquidity preference (money demand) and money quantity (money supply). Saving and investment can only achieve balance through the change of total income. Moreover, he denied the wage theory of traditional economics that can ensure full employment. He thought that the traditional theory ignored the difference between real wage and monetary wage. Monetary wage is rigid, and it is impossible to maintain full employment only by flexible wage policy. He admitted that in addition to voluntary unemployment and frictional unemployment, there is also "involuntary unemployment" in capitalist society. The reason is that the effective demand is insufficient, so the capitalist economy often appears less than the equilibrium under the state of full employment. In this way, Keynes betrayed the traditional economic theory and created the macroeconomics of aggregate analysis< Therefore, financial theory plays a very important role in Keynesian economic theory. It can even be said that Keynes's economic theory is based on his monetary and financial theory< Thirdly, Keynes' discussion on the nature and characteristics of money
1. The nature of money
in the view of the nature of money, Keynes is a typical nominalist. He believes that money is a symbol used for debt payment and commodity exchange, which is derived from the relationship of "calculating money". The so-called "calculated money" refers to a kind of money in concept, which is the basic concept of money. The calculation of money itself is a symbol or title, which has no real value. It is a symbol or ticket with no real value, created by the state with power, and has the right to change it at any time
2. The function of money
Keynes emphasized that there are two functions of money: one is to act as the medium of exchange as the calculation money, and the function of money is only to facilitate exchange, which does not have an important and substantial impact on the economy. The second function of money is to accumulate wealth and serve as a means of storage. The function of storing wealth here is different from the function of "means of storing" mentioned by Marx< According to Keynes, modern money has the following characteristics:
(1) the proction elasticity of money equals zero
the so-called elasticity of money proction refers to the change rate of the number of people who proce money divided by the change rate of the number of people who buy money. Keynes believed that in countries where banknotes are not cashed or managed, the proction or issuance of banknotes are strictly controlled by the state. For private enterprises, there is absolutely no right to proce banknotes, and the proction elasticity of money can only be equal to zero
(2) the substitution elasticity of money is close to or almost equal to zero
the so-called substitution elasticity of money refers to the ratio that people abandon money and replace money with other goods when the exchange value of money rises. Keynes believed that the substitution elasticity of money is equal to zero. This is because money itself is not effective, its utility comes from the exchange value. As the representative of general purchasing power, it can be exchanged for any other commodity, but none of the other commodities has this effect. Therefore, people are not willing to replace money with other goods. The higher the exchange value of money, the more people are unwilling to replace money with other goods, and the greater the demand for money< (3) money has the characteristics of turnover flexibility and low preservation cost
Keynes believes that money has turnover flexibility compared with other commodities. This is because currency is more liquid than other commodities and has convenient turnover. It can be directly used for payment and can be stored in case of unexpected needs in the future. It can also be flexibly used for speculation of various assets; At the same time, e to the uncertainty of the future, and money wages are often quite stable, so people's estimation of the future value of money is optimistic. Because of its material properties (such as small size, less natural loss, etc.), currency has the characteristics of low preservation cost, even negligible. The combination of this characteristic and turnover flexibility is of great significance< According to Keynes, money supply is an exogenous variable controlled by the central bank. Its changes affect the economic operation, but it is not restricted by economic factors. This view of Keynes is closely related to the fact that the elasticity of supply is almost equal to zero. The proction of money (the source of money supply) is out of reach for private enterprises. The control of money supply is firmly in the hands of the government through the central bank. The central bank can adjust and control the money supply artificially according to the government's decision-making and financial policies and the needs of the changing economic situation; Increase or decrease the money supply< Fifth, money supply channel. Keynes believes that open market business is the main way to increase or decrease money supply. Financial authorities can regulate the money supply by buying and selling various debt instruments on the open market. When the financial authorities buy all kinds of securities, they put money in at the same time, which increases the money supply; On the contrary, if the financial authorities want to rece the money supply, they will sell all kinds of securities to get the money back. Keynes believed that the financial authorities should buy and sell securities of various maturities in the open market business in order to achieve rapid and good results. At the same time, the interest rate of buying and selling securities should not be single, but should be different according to the type and term of securities< Six, the theory of three motives of money demand
Keynes believed that money demand refers to the amount of money that the public can and is willing to hold in a specific period. According to him, people need to hold money because of the general psychological tendency of liquidity preference. The so-called liquidity preference refers to people's psychological preference for liquidity and their desire to hold money rather than other illiquid assets. This desire constitutes the demand for money. Therefore, Keynes' theory of money demand is also called the theory of liquidity preference
so why do people prefer liquidity and why are they willing to hold money? Keynes believes that people's money demand comes from the following three motives: transaction motive, prevention motive and investment motive
(1) transaction motivation
transaction motivation refers to the motivation that people need to hold money in order to deal with daily commodity transactions. He divided transaction motivation into income motivation and business motivation. Income motivation mainly refers to the indivial, business motivation mainly refers to the enterprise. Money demand based on income motivation and business motivation, Keynes called it the transaction demand of money
(2) preventive motivation
preventive motivation refers to people's motivation to hold money in order to cope with unexpected needs
6. At that time, I was still immersed in the climax of playing games. The first thing I did when I came home from school every day was not to study, but to turn on the computer to play my games. Every time my mother saw that my playing heart was so heavy, she was very sad, but she didn't care about me. Graally, it was time for me to enter junior high school, and I ushered in my graation exam. But how could I get good grades if I didn't read books, At last, I got into junior high school with very poor grades, and I was somewhat disappointed when I got my grades. My mother was very angry because of my grades and kept nagging, but she didn't beat me after all. The reason I know is that she didn't have the heart to start school. Finally, I promised that I would not play computer at the beginning of school.
the career of seventh grade began. After a summer vacation, do you think I am still in the mood to study? It goes without saying that I forgot my promise and became a perfidious villain. I'm still playing with the computer, but I'm not as crazy as before. I only play when my parents are away. My mother probably knows! But she didn't stop me, graally
the career of seventh grade began. After a summer vacation, do you think I am still in the mood to study? It goes without saying that I forgot my promise and became a perfidious villain. I'm still playing with the computer, but I'm not as crazy as before. I only play when my parents are away. My mother probably knows! But she didn't stop me, graally
7. Shanxi made Double Flag coin, a copper coin, is a genuine coin of the Republic of China; The characteristics of the times are remarkable; Genuine procts have collection value; In the market of genuine goods, the bidding price is about 100.
8. There's a lot of money in the world. I only have 50 yuan here
9. Friendly; The reservation period is from September 12 to October 11. The public can make an online reservation through the bank's official website or go to the bank's outlets for on-site reservation. If the number of Anti Japanese War coins has not been fully reserved within the specified period, they can continue to make an appointment until the end of the exchange period; The exchange period is from October 12 to October 30. The booking customer can exchange at the selected bank outlet with his / her valid ID card and booking number. Each person can only make an appointment once, and the maximum amount of one appointment can not exceed 3. The system will not accept the same customer's multiple appointments or exceeding the maximum limit. Exchangeable bank outlets: Bank of China, China Construction Bank, instrial and Commercial Bank of China, Agricultural Bank of China, and some commercial banks (not all of the above outlets will have exchangeable, according to the announcement of local banks).
10. Real money, the price is not high.
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