Bus timetable from Ningbo passenger transport center to Airport
Publish: 2021-05-10 06:34:41
1. According to the main load-bearing structure system, there are beam bridge, arch bridge, suspension bridge, rigid frame bridge, cable-stayed bridge and composite system bridge. The first three are the basic system of bridge
according to the building materials of the superstructure of bridges, bridges can be divided into wooden bridges, stone bridges, concrete bridges, reinforced concrete bridges, prestressed concrete bridges (sometimes referred to as concrete bridges), steel bridges and composite bridges. Wooden bridges are easy to corrode, and are mostly used for temporary bridges. Stone and concrete have high compressive strength and low tensile strength, which are mainly used for arch bridges. Reinforced concrete bridge is a combination of compressive concrete and steel bars with good tensile and compressive properties. It is mainly used for beam bridges and arch bridges with small span. Prestressed concrete bridge is built with high-strength steel (wire) and high-grade concrete, which can achieve a much larger span than reinforced concrete, and can adopt a wide range of structural systems than reinforced concrete bridge. Steel bridges are made of structural steel, and are often used in solid web girder bridges, long-span truss girder bridges, arch bridges, cable-stayed bridges and suspension bridges. Its main advantages are fast construction speed and large span capacity; The disadvantages are more steel consumption and high maintenance cost. Composite beam bridge, also known as composite beam bridge, is a bridge made of two different building materials. It usually refers to a bridge made of steel beam and reinforced concrete deck, which can save steel. In addition, there are bridges made of lightweight concrete, aluminum alloy, FRP and other building materials.
according to the building materials of the superstructure of bridges, bridges can be divided into wooden bridges, stone bridges, concrete bridges, reinforced concrete bridges, prestressed concrete bridges (sometimes referred to as concrete bridges), steel bridges and composite bridges. Wooden bridges are easy to corrode, and are mostly used for temporary bridges. Stone and concrete have high compressive strength and low tensile strength, which are mainly used for arch bridges. Reinforced concrete bridge is a combination of compressive concrete and steel bars with good tensile and compressive properties. It is mainly used for beam bridges and arch bridges with small span. Prestressed concrete bridge is built with high-strength steel (wire) and high-grade concrete, which can achieve a much larger span than reinforced concrete, and can adopt a wide range of structural systems than reinforced concrete bridge. Steel bridges are made of structural steel, and are often used in solid web girder bridges, long-span truss girder bridges, arch bridges, cable-stayed bridges and suspension bridges. Its main advantages are fast construction speed and large span capacity; The disadvantages are more steel consumption and high maintenance cost. Composite beam bridge, also known as composite beam bridge, is a bridge made of two different building materials. It usually refers to a bridge made of steel beam and reinforced concrete deck, which can save steel. In addition, there are bridges made of lightweight concrete, aluminum alloy, FRP and other building materials.
2. If you look at the specifications, there are three checking computations: strength checking, stress checking and deformation checking
the strength mainly depends on the bearing capacity, the stress mainly depends on whether there is tensile stress and principal compressive stress, and the deformation mainly depends on the crack and deflection
basically, the stress components of the bridge should be checked, such as the upper beam structure, pier, pile foundation, and local components.
the strength mainly depends on the bearing capacity, the stress mainly depends on whether there is tensile stress and principal compressive stress, and the deformation mainly depends on the crack and deflection
basically, the stress components of the bridge should be checked, such as the upper beam structure, pier, pile foundation, and local components.
3. Unknown_Error
4. There is no problem within the scope of the motherboard support. If it is overrun in disorder, it is easy to damage the CPU. If the stability is high, the fan is not good, it will burn, but if the CPU quality is good, it will not. Long time will burn the motherboard and CPU, overclocking problems can be solved by clearing COMS
if the CPU performance is not enough or there is a bottleneck between the CPU and the graphics card, you can choose overclocking
overfrequency: modify external frequency (the vast majority of U) and modify frequency doubling (a few U), which are common for civil use. Another high point is the CPU pressurization and memory frequency rection, liquid nitrogen cooling overclocking competition
If overclocking is carried out within a certain range, the main frequency of CPU will rise, and the performance will naturally go up. At the same time, the current passing through and its own temperature rise, but it is not very obvious (it is obvious when the pressure is applied). This will rece the service life. It's OK to rest assured that the CPU will be out of date for several years
the failure of overclocking will cause a splash screen
common failure phenomena:
1. Exit the BIOS black screen, restart and enter the BIOS, overclocking failure
2. Enter the system, blue screen, black screen and flower screen
if the CPU performance is not enough or there is a bottleneck between the CPU and the graphics card, you can choose overclocking
overfrequency: modify external frequency (the vast majority of U) and modify frequency doubling (a few U), which are common for civil use. Another high point is the CPU pressurization and memory frequency rection, liquid nitrogen cooling overclocking competition
If overclocking is carried out within a certain range, the main frequency of CPU will rise, and the performance will naturally go up. At the same time, the current passing through and its own temperature rise, but it is not very obvious (it is obvious when the pressure is applied). This will rece the service life. It's OK to rest assured that the CPU will be out of date for several years
the failure of overclocking will cause a splash screen
common failure phenomena:
1. Exit the BIOS black screen, restart and enter the BIOS, overclocking failure
2. Enter the system, blue screen, black screen and flower screen
5. Strictly speaking, overfrequency is a broad concept. It refers to any behavior of improving the performance of a computer component by increasing its working frequency and making it work under non-standard frequency, including CPU overfrequency, motherboard overfrequency, memory overfrequency, display card overfrequency, hard disk overfrequency and many other parts
generally speaking, CPU overclocking is only a way to improve the working frequency of CPU. Generally speaking, CPU manufacturers will reserve a bit of frequency space to ensure the quality of procts. For example, the actual 2GHz P4 CPU may only be sold at nominal 1.8GHz. Therefore, the CPU overclocking method can make you improve the performance of the computer system at a very low cost
in the past, our method of overclocking was to speed up the CPU clock. Nowadays, many motherboard manufacturers have begun to make user-friendly overclocking function in their procts, so the method of overclocking has changed from hard overclocking to soft overclocking, which is more convenient and simpler now. The so-called hard overclocking is realized by setting the external frequency, CPU, memory and other working voltage manually through the jumper or dip switch on the motherboard; Soft overfrequency refers to setting parameters such as external frequency, frequency doubling and voltage in the BIOS of the system. Some motherboard manufacturers have also introced the fool overclocking function, that is, the motherboard can automatically increase the external frequency in 1MHz, and automatically find a maximum frequency for users to make the CPU run stably
for overclocking, the cooling device is very important. If you are in overclocking, you can start the computer, but within a minute, your machine died, which is usually the cause of your CPU overheating. The cooling device we choose is usually radiator, fan or installed at the same time. You can find these devices in the computer city. When choosing a heat sink, make sure your CPU matches it. The surface of the heat sink must be in full contact with the surface of the CPU. You can glue the heat sink to the CPU. If necessary, you can install a small fan on the heat sink. At the same time, the heat dissipation of the chassis is also very important
overclocking is harmful to the CPU and the components on the motherboard, but if the method is appropriate, the damage will not immediately come to your CPU, only when your CPU is running at a higher temperature. Usually, the life span of a CPU is about 10 years. Overclocking will shorten the life span of CPU
CPU frequency
anyone who knows something about computers should be familiar with the word "frequency"! As the core of the machine, the frequency of CPU is very important, because it can directly affect the performance of the machine. So, do you have a thorough understanding of CPU frequency? Please follow me,
let me tell you more about it
the so-called main frequency is the clock frequency of the CPU when it works normally. Theoretically, the higher the main frequency of the CPU, the faster its speed will be, because the higher the frequency
is, the more instructions will be completed in the unit clock cycle, so the speed will be faster. However, e to the differences in the internal structure of various CPUs,
(such as cache and instruction set), the speed is not the same with the same clock frequency, such as PIII and Celeron, Thunderbird and Duron, Celeron and Duron,
PIII and Thunderbird have different performance under the same main frequency. At present, the dominant frequency of mainstream CPU is above 600MHz, and P4 with the highest frequency
has reached 1.7GHz, and Thunderbird of AMD has reached 1.3GHz, and it will continue to improve< After the emergence of 486, e to the continuous increase of CPU working frequency, some other devices of PC (such as plug-in card, hard disk, etc.) are limited by technology, and can not bear higher frequency, so the further increase of CPU frequency is limited. Therefore, frequency doubling technology appears, which can
change the internal working frequency of CPU into a multiple of the external frequency, so as to achieve the purpose of increasing the main frequency by increasing the frequency doubling. Therefore, after 486,
we came into contact with two new concepts: external frequency and frequency doubling. The relationship between them and the main frequency is that the external frequency x times the frequency = the main frequency. The external frequency of a CPU is the same as the frequency of FSB (front side bus) which we often say today (note that the frequency is the same). At present, the external frequency of
CPU on the market mainly includes 66MHz (Celeron Series), 100MHz (partial PIII and partial Thunderbird and all P4 and Duron), 133MHz (partial PIII and partial Thunderbird). It is worth mentioning that at present, some media publicize that the external frequency of some CPUs has reached 200MHz (Duron),
266MHz (Thunderbird) or even 400MHz (P4). In fact, they confuse the external frequency with the front-end bus. In fact, their external frequencies are still
100MHz and 133MHz. However, e to the adoption of special technology, It enables the front-end bus to complete two or even four transfers in a clock cycle,
therefore, it is equivalent to increasing the front-end bus frequency several times. However, from the definition of external frequency and multiple frequency, their external frequency has not changed. I hope you will pay attention to this. Today, the external frequency has not improved much, but the frequency doubling technology has developed to a very high stage
. In the past, frequency doubling can only reach 2-3 times, but now P4 and Thunderbird have reached more than 10 times. I don't know if they will be higher in the future
at present, the frequency doubling of CPU is generally locked before leaving the factory (except for some engineering samples), while the external frequency is not locked. Some CPUs, such as AMD's
Duron and Thunderbird, can unlock their frequency doubling by special means, but Intel's CPUs can't
e to the continuous improvement of external frequency, it is graally increased to the point that other devices can't bear, so frequency division technology appears (in fact, this is the function of North Bridge chip of motherboard). Frequency division technology is to rece the external frequency of CPU through the north bridge chip of the motherboard, and then provide it to the card, hard disk and other devices. The 66MHz external frequency era in the early
period is that PCI devices divide the frequency by 2 and AGP devices do not; Later, in the era of 100MHz external frequency, PCI devices were divided into 3 parts, and AGP was set with
2 / 3 parts (some 100MHz Beiqiao chips also support PCI devices divided into 4 parts); Currently, Beiqiao chips generally support 133MHz external frequency, that is,
PCI device 4 frequency division and AGP device 2 frequency division. In a word, under the standard external frequency (66MHz, 100MHz, 133MHz), the Beiqiao chip must make PCI device
work at 33MHz and AGP device work at 66MHz, in order to say that the chip can officially support this kind of external frequency
finally, let's talk about CPU overclocking. CPU overclocking is actually to improve the main frequency of CPU by increasing the external frequency or frequency doubling, so as to improve the performance of the whole
system. Overclocking has a long history (in fact, it is only a few years), but it started from the proction of Celeron series, in which Celeron 300A super 450 and 366 super 550 are still talked about by people today. They improve the CPU's main frequency by increasing the CPU's external frequency from
66MHz to 100MHz. However, the early Duron overclocking is different from Celeron in that it increases the frequency by breaking the frequency doubling lock
and then increasing the frequency doubling. On the whole, the super frequency is more stable than the super frequency, because the super frequency does not change the external frequency, which will not affect the normal operation of other equipment; However, if extra frequency is used, non-standard external frequencies such as 75MHz, 83MHz, 112mhz may be encountered.
in these cases, e to the limitation of frequency division technology, other devices can not work at normal frequencies, which may cause system instability, even hard disk data loss and serious possible damage. Therefore, I would like to warn you that although overclocking is beneficial, it is also very dangerous, so please be careful
References: http://netroom.hbu.e.cn/personal/yaohome/page8.htm
many friends on the forum now ask about CPU overclocking, so let me talk about my own experience
there are many reasons for how much overclocking a CPU can achieve, such as the quality of CPU itself and the overclocking capability of different batch numbers. There is not a standard answer. Secondly, we need to see other peripheral hardware, motherboard has a certain impact on CPU overclocking<
there are three types of overclocking people:
1 is an ordinary novice player who has just bought a machine. Because other people are overclocking, he will follow them. Do not know the advantages and disadvantages of overclocking, just numb to follow suit
2 are people who don't have enough money or machines and don't want to upgrade or replace them. In this case, the only way to improve the performance is to remove the overclocking
3 are some super players, also known as ashes players. Those people tend to be interested in and able to break the overclocking record to go overclocking. Their overclocking technique is very different from that of ordinary players. They try their best to overclock at low temperature in order that the CPU will not be burned. Instead of air cooling, liquid nitrogen and dry ice are used to achieve cooling effect. Often after erasing new records and recording them with software, CPU and motherboard will be "reimbursed". It's crazy and wasteful
advantages and disadvantages of overclocking:
the advantage is that it can get higher performance for free, and it can also give full play to the maximum potential of CPU. It can achieve the ideal performance of overclocking
the disadvantage is to rece the service life of CPU. CPU working in non-standard external frequency will also affect the normal use of other hardware. If it is too high, not only the system is unstable, but also the screen is black. Even the CPU pair burned down<
overclocking method:
first of all, you should know that: main frequency = external frequency * frequency doubling
1 because the CPU of Intel has locked frequency doubling when it leaves the factory, it has to start from external frequency. Some amd CPUs can be connected to L3 golden bridge to rece frequency doubling and improve external frequency. The usual method of overclocking is to improve the working frequency of external frequency to achieve the effect of improving the main frequency of CPU. At present, the standard external frequencies of mainstream CPUs are 100, 133 and 166 (Note: 166 is already an external frequency that is difficult to achieve). It's better to work under the standard external frequency (described below)
2 if it doesn't reach the level you want, you can increase the voltage of CPU (Note: the amplitude of each increase is best 0.01), although you can break through the main frequency of CPU again by increasing the voltage, But this will increase the power of CPU, increase the temperature and rece the service life. If it is too high, it will burn out. Remember to adjust it properly<
problems to pay attention to when overclocking:
1 the most critical problem is also the most common problem temperature. In the premise of eliminating the hardware quality problems, temperature is the biggest "enemy" of overclocking. In order to succeed in overclocking, many people have made great efforts in heat dissipation, such as buying a fan of several hundred yuan, cooling water, and even using liquid nitrogen and dry ice. If the temperature exceeds the maximum limit of CPU, it will burn down
2 in the BIOS setting problem alarm, generally set to 60 degrees
3 note that when the CPU works at non-standard external frequency, PCI, AGP and other devices can not work normally (the normal working frequency is 33MHz and 66MHz). This is the best motherboard frequency division or locking PCI and AGP frequency options. When the CPU's external frequency is 100, it will divide the frequency by 3, 133 by 4, 166 by 5
4 even if overclocking to one
generally speaking, CPU overclocking is only a way to improve the working frequency of CPU. Generally speaking, CPU manufacturers will reserve a bit of frequency space to ensure the quality of procts. For example, the actual 2GHz P4 CPU may only be sold at nominal 1.8GHz. Therefore, the CPU overclocking method can make you improve the performance of the computer system at a very low cost
in the past, our method of overclocking was to speed up the CPU clock. Nowadays, many motherboard manufacturers have begun to make user-friendly overclocking function in their procts, so the method of overclocking has changed from hard overclocking to soft overclocking, which is more convenient and simpler now. The so-called hard overclocking is realized by setting the external frequency, CPU, memory and other working voltage manually through the jumper or dip switch on the motherboard; Soft overfrequency refers to setting parameters such as external frequency, frequency doubling and voltage in the BIOS of the system. Some motherboard manufacturers have also introced the fool overclocking function, that is, the motherboard can automatically increase the external frequency in 1MHz, and automatically find a maximum frequency for users to make the CPU run stably
for overclocking, the cooling device is very important. If you are in overclocking, you can start the computer, but within a minute, your machine died, which is usually the cause of your CPU overheating. The cooling device we choose is usually radiator, fan or installed at the same time. You can find these devices in the computer city. When choosing a heat sink, make sure your CPU matches it. The surface of the heat sink must be in full contact with the surface of the CPU. You can glue the heat sink to the CPU. If necessary, you can install a small fan on the heat sink. At the same time, the heat dissipation of the chassis is also very important
overclocking is harmful to the CPU and the components on the motherboard, but if the method is appropriate, the damage will not immediately come to your CPU, only when your CPU is running at a higher temperature. Usually, the life span of a CPU is about 10 years. Overclocking will shorten the life span of CPU
CPU frequency
anyone who knows something about computers should be familiar with the word "frequency"! As the core of the machine, the frequency of CPU is very important, because it can directly affect the performance of the machine. So, do you have a thorough understanding of CPU frequency? Please follow me,
let me tell you more about it
the so-called main frequency is the clock frequency of the CPU when it works normally. Theoretically, the higher the main frequency of the CPU, the faster its speed will be, because the higher the frequency
is, the more instructions will be completed in the unit clock cycle, so the speed will be faster. However, e to the differences in the internal structure of various CPUs,
(such as cache and instruction set), the speed is not the same with the same clock frequency, such as PIII and Celeron, Thunderbird and Duron, Celeron and Duron,
PIII and Thunderbird have different performance under the same main frequency. At present, the dominant frequency of mainstream CPU is above 600MHz, and P4 with the highest frequency
has reached 1.7GHz, and Thunderbird of AMD has reached 1.3GHz, and it will continue to improve< After the emergence of 486, e to the continuous increase of CPU working frequency, some other devices of PC (such as plug-in card, hard disk, etc.) are limited by technology, and can not bear higher frequency, so the further increase of CPU frequency is limited. Therefore, frequency doubling technology appears, which can
change the internal working frequency of CPU into a multiple of the external frequency, so as to achieve the purpose of increasing the main frequency by increasing the frequency doubling. Therefore, after 486,
we came into contact with two new concepts: external frequency and frequency doubling. The relationship between them and the main frequency is that the external frequency x times the frequency = the main frequency. The external frequency of a CPU is the same as the frequency of FSB (front side bus) which we often say today (note that the frequency is the same). At present, the external frequency of
CPU on the market mainly includes 66MHz (Celeron Series), 100MHz (partial PIII and partial Thunderbird and all P4 and Duron), 133MHz (partial PIII and partial Thunderbird). It is worth mentioning that at present, some media publicize that the external frequency of some CPUs has reached 200MHz (Duron),
266MHz (Thunderbird) or even 400MHz (P4). In fact, they confuse the external frequency with the front-end bus. In fact, their external frequencies are still
100MHz and 133MHz. However, e to the adoption of special technology, It enables the front-end bus to complete two or even four transfers in a clock cycle,
therefore, it is equivalent to increasing the front-end bus frequency several times. However, from the definition of external frequency and multiple frequency, their external frequency has not changed. I hope you will pay attention to this. Today, the external frequency has not improved much, but the frequency doubling technology has developed to a very high stage
. In the past, frequency doubling can only reach 2-3 times, but now P4 and Thunderbird have reached more than 10 times. I don't know if they will be higher in the future
at present, the frequency doubling of CPU is generally locked before leaving the factory (except for some engineering samples), while the external frequency is not locked. Some CPUs, such as AMD's
Duron and Thunderbird, can unlock their frequency doubling by special means, but Intel's CPUs can't
e to the continuous improvement of external frequency, it is graally increased to the point that other devices can't bear, so frequency division technology appears (in fact, this is the function of North Bridge chip of motherboard). Frequency division technology is to rece the external frequency of CPU through the north bridge chip of the motherboard, and then provide it to the card, hard disk and other devices. The 66MHz external frequency era in the early
period is that PCI devices divide the frequency by 2 and AGP devices do not; Later, in the era of 100MHz external frequency, PCI devices were divided into 3 parts, and AGP was set with
2 / 3 parts (some 100MHz Beiqiao chips also support PCI devices divided into 4 parts); Currently, Beiqiao chips generally support 133MHz external frequency, that is,
PCI device 4 frequency division and AGP device 2 frequency division. In a word, under the standard external frequency (66MHz, 100MHz, 133MHz), the Beiqiao chip must make PCI device
work at 33MHz and AGP device work at 66MHz, in order to say that the chip can officially support this kind of external frequency
finally, let's talk about CPU overclocking. CPU overclocking is actually to improve the main frequency of CPU by increasing the external frequency or frequency doubling, so as to improve the performance of the whole
system. Overclocking has a long history (in fact, it is only a few years), but it started from the proction of Celeron series, in which Celeron 300A super 450 and 366 super 550 are still talked about by people today. They improve the CPU's main frequency by increasing the CPU's external frequency from
66MHz to 100MHz. However, the early Duron overclocking is different from Celeron in that it increases the frequency by breaking the frequency doubling lock
and then increasing the frequency doubling. On the whole, the super frequency is more stable than the super frequency, because the super frequency does not change the external frequency, which will not affect the normal operation of other equipment; However, if extra frequency is used, non-standard external frequencies such as 75MHz, 83MHz, 112mhz may be encountered.
in these cases, e to the limitation of frequency division technology, other devices can not work at normal frequencies, which may cause system instability, even hard disk data loss and serious possible damage. Therefore, I would like to warn you that although overclocking is beneficial, it is also very dangerous, so please be careful
References: http://netroom.hbu.e.cn/personal/yaohome/page8.htm
many friends on the forum now ask about CPU overclocking, so let me talk about my own experience
there are many reasons for how much overclocking a CPU can achieve, such as the quality of CPU itself and the overclocking capability of different batch numbers. There is not a standard answer. Secondly, we need to see other peripheral hardware, motherboard has a certain impact on CPU overclocking<
there are three types of overclocking people:
1 is an ordinary novice player who has just bought a machine. Because other people are overclocking, he will follow them. Do not know the advantages and disadvantages of overclocking, just numb to follow suit
2 are people who don't have enough money or machines and don't want to upgrade or replace them. In this case, the only way to improve the performance is to remove the overclocking
3 are some super players, also known as ashes players. Those people tend to be interested in and able to break the overclocking record to go overclocking. Their overclocking technique is very different from that of ordinary players. They try their best to overclock at low temperature in order that the CPU will not be burned. Instead of air cooling, liquid nitrogen and dry ice are used to achieve cooling effect. Often after erasing new records and recording them with software, CPU and motherboard will be "reimbursed". It's crazy and wasteful
advantages and disadvantages of overclocking:
the advantage is that it can get higher performance for free, and it can also give full play to the maximum potential of CPU. It can achieve the ideal performance of overclocking
the disadvantage is to rece the service life of CPU. CPU working in non-standard external frequency will also affect the normal use of other hardware. If it is too high, not only the system is unstable, but also the screen is black. Even the CPU pair burned down<
overclocking method:
first of all, you should know that: main frequency = external frequency * frequency doubling
1 because the CPU of Intel has locked frequency doubling when it leaves the factory, it has to start from external frequency. Some amd CPUs can be connected to L3 golden bridge to rece frequency doubling and improve external frequency. The usual method of overclocking is to improve the working frequency of external frequency to achieve the effect of improving the main frequency of CPU. At present, the standard external frequencies of mainstream CPUs are 100, 133 and 166 (Note: 166 is already an external frequency that is difficult to achieve). It's better to work under the standard external frequency (described below)
2 if it doesn't reach the level you want, you can increase the voltage of CPU (Note: the amplitude of each increase is best 0.01), although you can break through the main frequency of CPU again by increasing the voltage, But this will increase the power of CPU, increase the temperature and rece the service life. If it is too high, it will burn out. Remember to adjust it properly<
problems to pay attention to when overclocking:
1 the most critical problem is also the most common problem temperature. In the premise of eliminating the hardware quality problems, temperature is the biggest "enemy" of overclocking. In order to succeed in overclocking, many people have made great efforts in heat dissipation, such as buying a fan of several hundred yuan, cooling water, and even using liquid nitrogen and dry ice. If the temperature exceeds the maximum limit of CPU, it will burn down
2 in the BIOS setting problem alarm, generally set to 60 degrees
3 note that when the CPU works at non-standard external frequency, PCI, AGP and other devices can not work normally (the normal working frequency is 33MHz and 66MHz). This is the best motherboard frequency division or locking PCI and AGP frequency options. When the CPU's external frequency is 100, it will divide the frequency by 3, 133 by 4, 166 by 5
4 even if overclocking to one
6. Strictly speaking, overfrequency is a broad concept. It refers to any behavior of improving the performance of a computer component by increasing its working frequency and making it work under non-standard frequency, including CPU overfrequency, motherboard overfrequency, memory overfrequency, display card overfrequency, hard disk overfrequency and many other parts
generally speaking, CPU overclocking is only a way to improve the working frequency of CPU. Generally speaking, CPU manufacturers will reserve a bit of frequency space to ensure the quality of procts. For example, the actual 2GHz P4 CPU may only be sold at nominal 1.8GHz. Therefore, the CPU overclocking method can make you improve the performance of the computer system at a very low cost
in the past, our method of overclocking was to speed up the CPU clock. Nowadays, many motherboard manufacturers have begun to make user-friendly overclocking function in their procts, so the method of overclocking has changed from hard overclocking to soft overclocking, which is more convenient and simpler now. The so-called hard overclocking is realized by setting the external frequency, CPU, memory and other working voltage manually through the jumper or dip switch on the motherboard; Soft overfrequency refers to setting parameters such as external frequency, frequency doubling and voltage in the BIOS of the system. Some motherboard manufacturers have also introced the fool overclocking function, that is, the motherboard can automatically increase the external frequency in 1MHz, and automatically find a maximum frequency for users to make the CPU run stably
for overclocking, the cooling device is very important. If you are in overclocking, you can start the computer, but within a minute, your machine died, which is usually the cause of your CPU overheating. The cooling device we choose is usually radiator, fan or installed at the same time. You can find these devices in the computer city. When choosing a heat sink, make sure your CPU matches it. The surface of the heat sink must be in full contact with the surface of the CPU. You can glue the heat sink to the CPU. If necessary, you can install a small fan on the heat sink. At the same time, the heat dissipation of the chassis is also very important
overclocking is harmful to the CPU and the components on the motherboard, but if the method is appropriate, the damage will not immediately come to your CPU, only when your CPU is running at a higher temperature. Usually, the life span of a CPU is about 10 years. Overclocking will shorten the life span of CPU
CPU frequency
anyone who knows something about computers should be familiar with the word "frequency"! As the core of the machine, the frequency of CPU is very important, because it can directly affect the performance of the machine. So, do you have a thorough understanding of CPU frequency? Please follow me,
let me tell you more about it
the so-called main frequency is the clock frequency of the CPU when it works normally. Theoretically, the higher the main frequency of the CPU, the faster its speed will be, because the higher the frequency
is, the more instructions will be completed in the unit clock cycle, so the speed will be faster. However, e to the differences in the internal structure of various CPUs,
(such as cache and instruction set), the speed is not the same with the same clock frequency, such as PIII and Celeron, Thunderbird and Duron, Celeron and Duron,
PIII and Thunderbird have different performance under the same main frequency. At present, the dominant frequency of mainstream CPU is above 600MHz, and P4 with the highest frequency
has reached 1.7GHz, and Thunderbird of AMD has reached 1.3GHz, and it will continue to improve< After the emergence of 486, e to the continuous increase of CPU working frequency, some other devices of PC (such as plug-in card, hard disk, etc.) are limited by technology, and can not bear higher frequency, so the further increase of CPU frequency is limited. Therefore, frequency doubling technology appears, which can
change the internal working frequency of CPU into a multiple of the external frequency, so as to achieve the purpose of increasing the main frequency by increasing the frequency doubling. Therefore, after 486,
we came into contact with two new concepts: external frequency and frequency doubling. The relationship between them and the main frequency is that the external frequency x times the frequency = the main frequency. The external frequency of a CPU is the same as the frequency of FSB (front side bus) which we often say today (note that the frequency is the same). At present, the external frequency of
CPU on the market mainly includes 66MHz (Celeron Series), 100MHz (partial PIII and partial Thunderbird and all P4 and Duron), 133MHz (partial PIII and partial Thunderbird). It is worth mentioning that at present, some media publicize that the external frequency of some CPUs has reached 200MHz (Duron),
266MHz (Thunderbird) or even 400MHz (P4). In fact, they confuse the external frequency with the front-end bus. In fact, their external frequencies are still
100MHz and 133MHz. However, e to the adoption of special technology, It enables the front-end bus to complete two or even four transfers in a clock cycle,
therefore, it is equivalent to increasing the front-end bus frequency several times. However, from the definition of external frequency and multiple frequency, their external frequency has not changed. I hope you will pay attention to this. Today, the external frequency has not improved much, but the frequency doubling technology has developed to a very high stage
. In the past, frequency doubling can only reach 2-3 times, but now P4 and Thunderbird have reached more than 10 times. I don't know if they will be higher in the future
at present, the frequency doubling of CPU is generally locked before leaving the factory (except for some engineering samples), while the external frequency is not locked. Some CPUs, such as AMD's
Duron and Thunderbird, can unlock their frequency doubling by special means, but Intel's CPUs can't
e to the continuous improvement of external frequency, it is graally increased to the point that other devices can't bear, so frequency division technology appears (in fact, this is the function of North Bridge chip of motherboard). Frequency division technology is to rece the external frequency of CPU through the north bridge chip of the motherboard, and then provide it to the card, hard disk and other devices. The 66MHz external frequency era in the early
period is that PCI devices divide the frequency by 2 and AGP devices do not; Later, in the era of 100MHz external frequency, PCI devices were divided into 3 parts, and AGP was set with
2 / 3 parts (some 100MHz Beiqiao chips also support PCI devices divided into 4 parts); Currently, Beiqiao chips generally support 133MHz external frequency, that is,
PCI device 4 frequency division and AGP device 2 frequency division. In a word, under the standard external frequency (66MHz, 100MHz, 133MHz), the Beiqiao chip must make PCI device
work at 33MHz and AGP device work at 66MHz, in order to say that the chip can officially support this kind of external frequency
finally, let's talk about CPU overclocking. CPU overclocking is actually to improve the main frequency of CPU by increasing the external frequency or frequency doubling, so as to improve the performance of the whole
system. Overclocking has a long history (in fact, it is only a few years), but it started from the proction of Celeron series, in which Celeron 300A super 450 and 366 super 550 are still talked about by people today. They improve the CPU's main frequency by increasing the CPU's external frequency from
66MHz to 100MHz. However, the early Duron overclocking is different from Celeron in that it increases the frequency by breaking the frequency doubling lock
and then increasing the frequency doubling. On the whole, the super frequency is more stable than the super frequency, because the super frequency does not change the external frequency, which will not affect the normal operation of other equipment; However, if extra frequency is used, non-standard external frequencies such as 75MHz, 83MHz, 112mhz may be encountered.
in these cases, e to the limitation of frequency division technology, other devices can not work at normal frequencies, which may cause system instability, even hard disk data loss and serious possible damage. Therefore, I would like to warn you that although overclocking is beneficial, it is also very dangerous, so please be careful
References: http://netroom.hbu.e.cn/personal/yaohome/page8.htm
many friends on the forum now ask about CPU overclocking, so let me talk about my own experience
there are many reasons for how much overclocking a CPU can achieve, such as the quality of CPU itself and the overclocking capability of different batch numbers. There is not a standard answer. Secondly, we need to see other peripheral hardware, motherboard has a certain impact on CPU overclocking<
there are three types of overclocking people:
1 is an ordinary novice player who has just bought a machine. Because other people are overclocking, he will follow them. Do not know the advantages and disadvantages of overclocking, just numb to follow suit
2 are people who don't have enough money or machines and don't want to upgrade or replace them. In this case, the only way to improve the performance is to remove the overclocking
3 are some super players, also known as ashes players. Those people tend to be interested in and able to break the overclocking record to go overclocking. Their overclocking technique is very different from that of ordinary players. They try their best to overclock at low temperature in order that the CPU will not be burned. Instead of air cooling, liquid nitrogen and dry ice are used to achieve cooling effect. Often after erasing new records and recording them with software, CPU and motherboard will be "reimbursed". It's crazy and wasteful
advantages and disadvantages of overclocking:
the advantage is that it can get higher performance for free, and it can also give full play to the maximum potential of CPU. It can achieve the ideal performance of overclocking
the disadvantage is to rece the service life of CPU. CPU working in non-standard external frequency will also affect the normal use of other hardware. If it is too high, not only the system is unstable, but also the screen is black. Even the CPU pair burned down<
overclocking method:
first of all, you should know that: main frequency = external frequency * frequency doubling
1 because the CPU of Intel has locked frequency doubling when it leaves the factory, it has to start from external frequency. Some amd CPUs can be connected to L3 golden bridge to rece frequency doubling and improve external frequency. The usual method of overclocking is to improve the working frequency of external frequency to achieve the effect of improving the main frequency of CPU. At present, the standard external frequencies of mainstream CPUs are 100, 133 and 166 (Note: 166 is already an external frequency that is difficult to achieve). It's better to work under the standard external frequency (described below)
2 if it doesn't reach the level you want, you can increase the voltage of CPU (Note: the amplitude of each increase is best 0.01), although you can break through the main frequency of CPU again by increasing the voltage, But this will increase the power of CPU, increase the temperature and rece the service life. If it is too high, it will burn out. Remember to adjust it properly<
problems to pay attention to when overclocking:
1 the most critical problem is also the most common problem temperature. In the premise of eliminating the hardware quality problems, temperature is the biggest "enemy" of overclocking. In order to succeed in overclocking, many people have made great efforts in heat dissipation, such as buying a fan of several hundred yuan, cooling water, and even using liquid nitrogen and dry ice. If the temperature exceeds the maximum limit of CPU, it will burn down
2 in the BIOS setting problem alarm, generally set to 60 degrees
3 note that when the CPU works at non-standard external frequency, PCI, AGP and other devices can not work normally (the normal working frequency is 33MHz and 66MHz). This is the best motherboard frequency division or locking PCI and AGP frequency options. When the CPU's external frequency is 100, it will divide the frequency by 3, 133 by 4, 166 by 5
4 even if overclocking to one
generally speaking, CPU overclocking is only a way to improve the working frequency of CPU. Generally speaking, CPU manufacturers will reserve a bit of frequency space to ensure the quality of procts. For example, the actual 2GHz P4 CPU may only be sold at nominal 1.8GHz. Therefore, the CPU overclocking method can make you improve the performance of the computer system at a very low cost
in the past, our method of overclocking was to speed up the CPU clock. Nowadays, many motherboard manufacturers have begun to make user-friendly overclocking function in their procts, so the method of overclocking has changed from hard overclocking to soft overclocking, which is more convenient and simpler now. The so-called hard overclocking is realized by setting the external frequency, CPU, memory and other working voltage manually through the jumper or dip switch on the motherboard; Soft overfrequency refers to setting parameters such as external frequency, frequency doubling and voltage in the BIOS of the system. Some motherboard manufacturers have also introced the fool overclocking function, that is, the motherboard can automatically increase the external frequency in 1MHz, and automatically find a maximum frequency for users to make the CPU run stably
for overclocking, the cooling device is very important. If you are in overclocking, you can start the computer, but within a minute, your machine died, which is usually the cause of your CPU overheating. The cooling device we choose is usually radiator, fan or installed at the same time. You can find these devices in the computer city. When choosing a heat sink, make sure your CPU matches it. The surface of the heat sink must be in full contact with the surface of the CPU. You can glue the heat sink to the CPU. If necessary, you can install a small fan on the heat sink. At the same time, the heat dissipation of the chassis is also very important
overclocking is harmful to the CPU and the components on the motherboard, but if the method is appropriate, the damage will not immediately come to your CPU, only when your CPU is running at a higher temperature. Usually, the life span of a CPU is about 10 years. Overclocking will shorten the life span of CPU
CPU frequency
anyone who knows something about computers should be familiar with the word "frequency"! As the core of the machine, the frequency of CPU is very important, because it can directly affect the performance of the machine. So, do you have a thorough understanding of CPU frequency? Please follow me,
let me tell you more about it
the so-called main frequency is the clock frequency of the CPU when it works normally. Theoretically, the higher the main frequency of the CPU, the faster its speed will be, because the higher the frequency
is, the more instructions will be completed in the unit clock cycle, so the speed will be faster. However, e to the differences in the internal structure of various CPUs,
(such as cache and instruction set), the speed is not the same with the same clock frequency, such as PIII and Celeron, Thunderbird and Duron, Celeron and Duron,
PIII and Thunderbird have different performance under the same main frequency. At present, the dominant frequency of mainstream CPU is above 600MHz, and P4 with the highest frequency
has reached 1.7GHz, and Thunderbird of AMD has reached 1.3GHz, and it will continue to improve< After the emergence of 486, e to the continuous increase of CPU working frequency, some other devices of PC (such as plug-in card, hard disk, etc.) are limited by technology, and can not bear higher frequency, so the further increase of CPU frequency is limited. Therefore, frequency doubling technology appears, which can
change the internal working frequency of CPU into a multiple of the external frequency, so as to achieve the purpose of increasing the main frequency by increasing the frequency doubling. Therefore, after 486,
we came into contact with two new concepts: external frequency and frequency doubling. The relationship between them and the main frequency is that the external frequency x times the frequency = the main frequency. The external frequency of a CPU is the same as the frequency of FSB (front side bus) which we often say today (note that the frequency is the same). At present, the external frequency of
CPU on the market mainly includes 66MHz (Celeron Series), 100MHz (partial PIII and partial Thunderbird and all P4 and Duron), 133MHz (partial PIII and partial Thunderbird). It is worth mentioning that at present, some media publicize that the external frequency of some CPUs has reached 200MHz (Duron),
266MHz (Thunderbird) or even 400MHz (P4). In fact, they confuse the external frequency with the front-end bus. In fact, their external frequencies are still
100MHz and 133MHz. However, e to the adoption of special technology, It enables the front-end bus to complete two or even four transfers in a clock cycle,
therefore, it is equivalent to increasing the front-end bus frequency several times. However, from the definition of external frequency and multiple frequency, their external frequency has not changed. I hope you will pay attention to this. Today, the external frequency has not improved much, but the frequency doubling technology has developed to a very high stage
. In the past, frequency doubling can only reach 2-3 times, but now P4 and Thunderbird have reached more than 10 times. I don't know if they will be higher in the future
at present, the frequency doubling of CPU is generally locked before leaving the factory (except for some engineering samples), while the external frequency is not locked. Some CPUs, such as AMD's
Duron and Thunderbird, can unlock their frequency doubling by special means, but Intel's CPUs can't
e to the continuous improvement of external frequency, it is graally increased to the point that other devices can't bear, so frequency division technology appears (in fact, this is the function of North Bridge chip of motherboard). Frequency division technology is to rece the external frequency of CPU through the north bridge chip of the motherboard, and then provide it to the card, hard disk and other devices. The 66MHz external frequency era in the early
period is that PCI devices divide the frequency by 2 and AGP devices do not; Later, in the era of 100MHz external frequency, PCI devices were divided into 3 parts, and AGP was set with
2 / 3 parts (some 100MHz Beiqiao chips also support PCI devices divided into 4 parts); Currently, Beiqiao chips generally support 133MHz external frequency, that is,
PCI device 4 frequency division and AGP device 2 frequency division. In a word, under the standard external frequency (66MHz, 100MHz, 133MHz), the Beiqiao chip must make PCI device
work at 33MHz and AGP device work at 66MHz, in order to say that the chip can officially support this kind of external frequency
finally, let's talk about CPU overclocking. CPU overclocking is actually to improve the main frequency of CPU by increasing the external frequency or frequency doubling, so as to improve the performance of the whole
system. Overclocking has a long history (in fact, it is only a few years), but it started from the proction of Celeron series, in which Celeron 300A super 450 and 366 super 550 are still talked about by people today. They improve the CPU's main frequency by increasing the CPU's external frequency from
66MHz to 100MHz. However, the early Duron overclocking is different from Celeron in that it increases the frequency by breaking the frequency doubling lock
and then increasing the frequency doubling. On the whole, the super frequency is more stable than the super frequency, because the super frequency does not change the external frequency, which will not affect the normal operation of other equipment; However, if extra frequency is used, non-standard external frequencies such as 75MHz, 83MHz, 112mhz may be encountered.
in these cases, e to the limitation of frequency division technology, other devices can not work at normal frequencies, which may cause system instability, even hard disk data loss and serious possible damage. Therefore, I would like to warn you that although overclocking is beneficial, it is also very dangerous, so please be careful
References: http://netroom.hbu.e.cn/personal/yaohome/page8.htm
many friends on the forum now ask about CPU overclocking, so let me talk about my own experience
there are many reasons for how much overclocking a CPU can achieve, such as the quality of CPU itself and the overclocking capability of different batch numbers. There is not a standard answer. Secondly, we need to see other peripheral hardware, motherboard has a certain impact on CPU overclocking<
there are three types of overclocking people:
1 is an ordinary novice player who has just bought a machine. Because other people are overclocking, he will follow them. Do not know the advantages and disadvantages of overclocking, just numb to follow suit
2 are people who don't have enough money or machines and don't want to upgrade or replace them. In this case, the only way to improve the performance is to remove the overclocking
3 are some super players, also known as ashes players. Those people tend to be interested in and able to break the overclocking record to go overclocking. Their overclocking technique is very different from that of ordinary players. They try their best to overclock at low temperature in order that the CPU will not be burned. Instead of air cooling, liquid nitrogen and dry ice are used to achieve cooling effect. Often after erasing new records and recording them with software, CPU and motherboard will be "reimbursed". It's crazy and wasteful
advantages and disadvantages of overclocking:
the advantage is that it can get higher performance for free, and it can also give full play to the maximum potential of CPU. It can achieve the ideal performance of overclocking
the disadvantage is to rece the service life of CPU. CPU working in non-standard external frequency will also affect the normal use of other hardware. If it is too high, not only the system is unstable, but also the screen is black. Even the CPU pair burned down<
overclocking method:
first of all, you should know that: main frequency = external frequency * frequency doubling
1 because the CPU of Intel has locked frequency doubling when it leaves the factory, it has to start from external frequency. Some amd CPUs can be connected to L3 golden bridge to rece frequency doubling and improve external frequency. The usual method of overclocking is to improve the working frequency of external frequency to achieve the effect of improving the main frequency of CPU. At present, the standard external frequencies of mainstream CPUs are 100, 133 and 166 (Note: 166 is already an external frequency that is difficult to achieve). It's better to work under the standard external frequency (described below)
2 if it doesn't reach the level you want, you can increase the voltage of CPU (Note: the amplitude of each increase is best 0.01), although you can break through the main frequency of CPU again by increasing the voltage, But this will increase the power of CPU, increase the temperature and rece the service life. If it is too high, it will burn out. Remember to adjust it properly<
problems to pay attention to when overclocking:
1 the most critical problem is also the most common problem temperature. In the premise of eliminating the hardware quality problems, temperature is the biggest "enemy" of overclocking. In order to succeed in overclocking, many people have made great efforts in heat dissipation, such as buying a fan of several hundred yuan, cooling water, and even using liquid nitrogen and dry ice. If the temperature exceeds the maximum limit of CPU, it will burn down
2 in the BIOS setting problem alarm, generally set to 60 degrees
3 note that when the CPU works at non-standard external frequency, PCI, AGP and other devices can not work normally (the normal working frequency is 33MHz and 66MHz). This is the best motherboard frequency division or locking PCI and AGP frequency options. When the CPU's external frequency is 100, it will divide the frequency by 3, 133 by 4, 166 by 5
4 even if overclocking to one
7. Is it Saier?
if it is,
then your little drill is out of date. It needs to be repaired mechanically
the big guy in the middle
needs 60 Saier beans
it's not expensive_ ∩)O~
if it is,
then your little drill is out of date. It needs to be repaired mechanically
the big guy in the middle
needs 60 Saier beans
it's not expensive_ ∩)O~
8. The drill is useless... It can be repaired!! It's on the lower left side of the mechanical room, and it can be repaired here
9. Go to the machine room. There's a repair machine in the middle
10. Because the minerals in mineral water will form scale when heated, it is not suitable.
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