5 weeks to CDC for HIV
Publish: 2021-05-10 16:32:09
1. Bitcoin's data folder
2. CTRL shortcut key combination - # 160< br />Ctrl+( &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Unhide all hidden rows in the selected range< br />Ctrl+) &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Unhide all hidden columns in the selection< br />Ctrl+& &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Applies a bounding box to the selected cell< br />Ctrl+_&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Removes the bounding box from the selected cell< br />Ctrl+~ &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Apply the "normal" number format&# 160;< br />Ctrl+$ &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Apply the currency format with two decimal places (negative numbers in brackets)< br />Ctrl+% &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Apply the percentage format without decimal places< br />Ctrl+^ &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Apply the exponent format with two decimal places< br />Ctrl+# &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Apply the date format with day, month, and year&# 160;< br />Ctrl+@ &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Apply the time format with hours and minutes and am or PM&# 160;< br />Ctrl+!&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Applies the numeric format with two decimal places, a thousand separator, and a minus sign (-) for negative values< br />Ctrl+- &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The delete dialog box for deleting the selected cell is displayed&# 160;< br />Ctrl+* &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Select the current range around the active cell (the data range enclosed by blank rows and columns). In a PivotTable, it selects the entire PivotTable< br />Ctrl+: &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Enter the current time< br />Ctrl+;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Enter the current date&# 160;< br />Ctrl+` &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Toggles the display of cell values and formulas in the worksheet&# 160;< br />Ctrl+'&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Copies a formula from the cell above the active cell to the cell or the edit bar< br />Ctrl+"&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Copies a value from the cell above the active cell to the cell or to the edit bar< br />Ctrl++ &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The insert dialog box for inserting blank cells is displayed< br />Ctrl+1 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The cell Format dialog box is displayed< br />Ctrl+2 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Applies or cancels the bold formatting< br />Ctrl+3 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Applies or cancels the skew formatting< br />Ctrl+4 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Apply or remove the underline< br />Ctrl+5 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Applies or cancels the strikeout&# 160;< br />Ctrl+6 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Toggles between hidden objects, displayed objects, and displayed object placeholders< br />Ctrl+7 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Show or hide the common toolbar< br />Ctrl+8 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Show or hide outline symbols< br />Ctrl+9 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Hides the selected row< br />Ctrl+0 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Hides the selected column< br />Ctrl+A &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Select the entire sheet&# 160;
if the worksheet contains data, press [Ctrl] + [a] to select the current area
Press [Ctrl] + [a] again to select the whole worksheet&# 160; When the insertion point is to the right of a function name in a formula, the function parameters dialog box is displayed&# 160;
when the insertion point is to the right of a function name in the formula, press [Ctrl] + [shift] + [a] to insert the parameter name and bracket&# 160;< br />Ctrl+B &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Applies or cancels the bold formatting< br />Ctrl+C &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Copies the selected cells&# 160;
if you press Ctrl + C twice, the Microsoft Office clipboard will be displayed&# 160;< br />Ctrl+D &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Use the fill down command to the content and format of the top cell in the selected range to the cells below&# 160;< br />Ctrl+F &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The search dialog box is displayed&# 160;
Press [shift] + [F5] to display this dialog box, and press [shift] + [F4] to repeat the previous search operation< br />Ctrl+G &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The positioning dialog box is displayed. Press F5 to display this dialog box&# 160;< br />Ctrl+H &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The find and Replace dialog box is displayed< br />Ctrl+I &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Applies or cancels the skew formatting&# 160;< br />Ctrl+K &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The insert Hyperlink dialog box is displayed for new hyperlinks, or the edit Hyperlink dialog box is displayed for selected existing hyperlinks&# 160;< br />Ctrl+L &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The Create List dialog box is displayed< br />Ctrl+N &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Create a new blank file&# 160;< br />Ctrl+O &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The open dialog box is displayed to open or find the file
Press [Ctrl] + [shift] + [O] to select all the cells containing comments< br />Ctrl+P &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The print dialog box is displayed&# 160;< br />Ctrl+R &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Use the fill right command to the contents and formatting of the left most cell of the selection to the right cell&# 160;< br />Ctrl+S &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Saves the active file with its current file name, location, and file format< br />Ctrl+U &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Apply or remove the underline&# 160;< br />Ctrl+V &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Inserts the contents of the clipboard at the insertion point and replaces any selection. You cannot use this shortcut until you have cut or copied the contents of an object, text, or cell< br />Ctrl+W &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Close the selected workbook window< br />Ctrl+X &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Cuts the selected cell&# 160;< br />Ctrl+Y &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Repeat the previous command or action, if possible&# 160;< br />Ctrl+Z &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Use the undo command to undo the previous command or delete the last entry&# 160;
when the AutoCorrect smart tag is displayed, press [Ctrl] + [shift] + [Z] to use the [undo] or [repeat] command to undo or restore the last AutoCorrect operation&# 160;&# 160;
function key & # 160< br />F1 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Displays the help task pane&# 160;
Press [Ctrl] + [F1] to close and reopen the current task pane
Press Alt + F1 to create a chart of data in the current range
Press Alt + Shift + F1 to insert a new sheet&# 160;< br />F2 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Edit the active cell and place the insertion point at the end of the cell content. If you disable editing in a cell, it also moves the insertion point to the edit bar
Press Shift + F2 to edit cell comments< br />F3 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Paste the name of the definition into the formula
Press Shift + F3 to display the insert function dialog box< br />F4 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Repeat the previous command or action, if possible
Press [Ctrl] + [F4] to close the selected workbook window< br />F5 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The positioning dialog box is displayed&# 160;
Press [Ctrl] + [F5] to restore the window size of the selected workbook window&# 160;< br />F6 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Switch to the next pane in the split worksheet (window menu, split command)
Press Shift + F6 to switch to the previous pane in the split sheet&# 160;
if more than one workbook window is open, press [Ctrl] + [F6] to switch to the next one< br />F7 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Displays the Spelling dialog box to check spelling on the active sheet or selection&# 160;< br /> If the workbook window is not maximized, press [Ctrl] + [F7] to execute the [move] command on the window
use the arrow keys to move the window and press ESC when finished&# 160;< br />F8 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Turns extended mode on or off. In the extended mode, [ext] will appear in the status line, and press the arrow key to expand the selected range&# 160;
by pressing Shift + F8, you can use the arrow keys to add non adjacent cells or ranges to the selected range of cells
when the workbook is not maximized, press [Ctrl] + [F8] to execute the size command (on the control menu of the workbook window). Press Alt + F8 to display the macro dialog box for running, editing or deleting macro< br />F9 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Calculates all worksheets in all open workbooks&# 160;
if you first press F9 and then press enter (for array formulas, press Ctrl + Shift + Enter), the selected part of the formula will be calculated and replaced with the calculated value
Press Shift + F9 to calculate the active worksheet&# 160;
Press [Ctrl] + [ALT] + [F9] to calculate all worksheets in all open workbooks, regardless of whether they have changed since the last calculation&# 160;
if you press [Ctrl] + [ALT] + [shift] + [F9], the relevant formulas will be checked again, and then all the cells in all open workbooks will be calculated, including the cells not marked for calculation
Press [Ctrl] + [F9] to minimize the workbook window to an icon&# 160;< br />F10 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; choice
if the worksheet contains data, press [Ctrl] + [a] to select the current area
Press [Ctrl] + [a] again to select the whole worksheet&# 160; When the insertion point is to the right of a function name in a formula, the function parameters dialog box is displayed&# 160;
when the insertion point is to the right of a function name in the formula, press [Ctrl] + [shift] + [a] to insert the parameter name and bracket&# 160;< br />Ctrl+B &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Applies or cancels the bold formatting< br />Ctrl+C &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Copies the selected cells&# 160;
if you press Ctrl + C twice, the Microsoft Office clipboard will be displayed&# 160;< br />Ctrl+D &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Use the fill down command to the content and format of the top cell in the selected range to the cells below&# 160;< br />Ctrl+F &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The search dialog box is displayed&# 160;
Press [shift] + [F5] to display this dialog box, and press [shift] + [F4] to repeat the previous search operation< br />Ctrl+G &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The positioning dialog box is displayed. Press F5 to display this dialog box&# 160;< br />Ctrl+H &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The find and Replace dialog box is displayed< br />Ctrl+I &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Applies or cancels the skew formatting&# 160;< br />Ctrl+K &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The insert Hyperlink dialog box is displayed for new hyperlinks, or the edit Hyperlink dialog box is displayed for selected existing hyperlinks&# 160;< br />Ctrl+L &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The Create List dialog box is displayed< br />Ctrl+N &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Create a new blank file&# 160;< br />Ctrl+O &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The open dialog box is displayed to open or find the file
Press [Ctrl] + [shift] + [O] to select all the cells containing comments< br />Ctrl+P &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The print dialog box is displayed&# 160;< br />Ctrl+R &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Use the fill right command to the contents and formatting of the left most cell of the selection to the right cell&# 160;< br />Ctrl+S &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Saves the active file with its current file name, location, and file format< br />Ctrl+U &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Apply or remove the underline&# 160;< br />Ctrl+V &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Inserts the contents of the clipboard at the insertion point and replaces any selection. You cannot use this shortcut until you have cut or copied the contents of an object, text, or cell< br />Ctrl+W &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Close the selected workbook window< br />Ctrl+X &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Cuts the selected cell&# 160;< br />Ctrl+Y &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Repeat the previous command or action, if possible&# 160;< br />Ctrl+Z &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Use the undo command to undo the previous command or delete the last entry&# 160;
when the AutoCorrect smart tag is displayed, press [Ctrl] + [shift] + [Z] to use the [undo] or [repeat] command to undo or restore the last AutoCorrect operation&# 160;&# 160;
function key & # 160< br />F1 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Displays the help task pane&# 160;
Press [Ctrl] + [F1] to close and reopen the current task pane
Press Alt + F1 to create a chart of data in the current range
Press Alt + Shift + F1 to insert a new sheet&# 160;< br />F2 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Edit the active cell and place the insertion point at the end of the cell content. If you disable editing in a cell, it also moves the insertion point to the edit bar
Press Shift + F2 to edit cell comments< br />F3 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Paste the name of the definition into the formula
Press Shift + F3 to display the insert function dialog box< br />F4 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Repeat the previous command or action, if possible
Press [Ctrl] + [F4] to close the selected workbook window< br />F5 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; The positioning dialog box is displayed&# 160;
Press [Ctrl] + [F5] to restore the window size of the selected workbook window&# 160;< br />F6 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Switch to the next pane in the split worksheet (window menu, split command)
Press Shift + F6 to switch to the previous pane in the split sheet&# 160;
if more than one workbook window is open, press [Ctrl] + [F6] to switch to the next one< br />F7 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Displays the Spelling dialog box to check spelling on the active sheet or selection&# 160;< br /> If the workbook window is not maximized, press [Ctrl] + [F7] to execute the [move] command on the window
use the arrow keys to move the window and press ESC when finished&# 160;< br />F8 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Turns extended mode on or off. In the extended mode, [ext] will appear in the status line, and press the arrow key to expand the selected range&# 160;
by pressing Shift + F8, you can use the arrow keys to add non adjacent cells or ranges to the selected range of cells
when the workbook is not maximized, press [Ctrl] + [F8] to execute the size command (on the control menu of the workbook window). Press Alt + F8 to display the macro dialog box for running, editing or deleting macro< br />F9 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; Calculates all worksheets in all open workbooks&# 160;
if you first press F9 and then press enter (for array formulas, press Ctrl + Shift + Enter), the selected part of the formula will be calculated and replaced with the calculated value
Press Shift + F9 to calculate the active worksheet&# 160;
Press [Ctrl] + [ALT] + [F9] to calculate all worksheets in all open workbooks, regardless of whether they have changed since the last calculation&# 160;
if you press [Ctrl] + [ALT] + [shift] + [F9], the relevant formulas will be checked again, and then all the cells in all open workbooks will be calculated, including the cells not marked for calculation
Press [Ctrl] + [F9] to minimize the workbook window to an icon&# 160;< br />F10 &# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160;&# 160; choice
3. It's usually with fluorescence
identify according to the reflection on coins
fluorescence detection
the working principle of fluorescence detection is to detect the paper of RMB. RMB is made of special paper (containing more than 85% of high-quality cotton). Counterfeit banknotes are usually made of bleached ordinary paper. The bleached paper will have fluorescence reaction under the irradiation of ultraviolet (blue light with wavelength of 365 nm) (blue light with wavelength of 420-460 nm will be diffracted under the excitation of ultraviolet), while RMB has no fluorescence reaction. Therefore, using ultraviolet light source to irradiate the moving banknotes and silicon photocell to detect the fluorescence of banknotes can distinguish the true and false banknotes. In order to eliminate the interference of ambient light on the identification of counterfeit banknotes, a set of color filters with the same transmission wavelength as the fluorescent reaction wavelength of counterfeit banknotes must be installed on the surface of the silicon photocell. In fluorescence detection, we need to pay attention to two problems: 1. Shading of detection space. When the outside light enters the detection space, it will cause false alarm; 2. Dust proof of ultraviolet light source and photocell. There are a lot of st in the process of counting banknotes. The st adhering to the surface of the light source will weaken the detection signal and cause missing report. For the fifth edition of RMB, fluorescent words can be detected at the same time (printed with colorless fluorescent ink, detected with another silicon photocell, and the transmission wavelength of the color filter is consistent with the fluorescence reaction wavelength of the real banknote), so as to improve the identification effect
magnetic detection
the working principle of magnetic detection is that some parts of large denomination real banknotes (20, 50, 100 yuan) are printed with magnetic ink, the magnetism of moving banknotes is detected through a group of magnetic heads, and the magnetism is analyzed through the circuit, so that the authenticity of banknotes can be distinguished. In the magnetic detection, the friction between the magnetic head and the banknote is required to be good. If the magnetic head is too high, the impact signal will be large, resulting in false alarm; If the magnetic head is too low, the signal is weak, resulting in missing report. By controlling the height of the magnetic head (guaranteed by processing and assembly) and installing the note pressing rubber wheel above the magnetic head, the detection needs can be met. There are four methods to detect the magnetism of RMB: (1) to detect whether there is magnetism. This method is often used in the market. Because it is easy to make, the identification rate of counterfeit banknotes is low 2) According to the distribution of magnetism, we can detect the magnetism. By using two or three groups of magnetic heads to detect magnetism, the level of distinguishing forgery can be improved by one level. This method is adopted by some banknote counters in the market 3) Test the magnetism of RMB wire in the fifth edition. The current level remains in the detection of magnetism. According to our observation in the oscilloscope, the magnetic property of metal wire is a regular rectangular wave, and the value is also very accurate. Because it is difficult to imitate, if we can use this property in the magnetic detection, the level of identification will be greatly improved 4) Detect the magnetism of serial number on the fifth edition of RMB notes. The serial number consists of English letters and Arabic numerals. The current level remains in the detection of magnetism. Because the serial number is a group of letters and numbers with certain magnetism, if the magnetic number and size of the serial number are detected, the level of identification can be greatly improved
infrared penetration detection
the working principle of infrared penetration is to use the LED part of the fixed infrared diode sensor to emit invisible infrared light with a fixed wavelength. After penetrating the banknote, the remaining light received by the opposite receiving tube is used to analyze the characteristics of the banknote paper and the covered printing ink, and compare and judge with the standard value. The paper of RMB is stronger, the density is higher, and the ink thickness of gravure printing is higher, so it has stronger absorption ability to distinguish the true and false banknotes. There are some differences between the paper characteristics of RMB and counterfeit banknotes. When infrared signals are used to detect banknotes, their absorption capacity of infrared signals will be different. Using this principle, we can realize the identification of counterfeit banknotes. It should be noted that the color and thickness of the ink will also cause differences in infrared penetration. *** At the same time, there is another kind of visible infrared image detector proct in the international market, which is sold in large quantities in Russia where super fake dollars are rampant. Its working principle is that a number of infrared light emitting diodes with correct wavelength emit invisible infrared light, and the infrared image of the banknote is recorded by a camera equipped with a special filter and displayed on the display screen (CRT and LCD)
laser detection
irradiating the fluorescent words on the fifth edition of RMB with a certain wavelength of infrared laser will make the fluorescent words proce a certain wavelength of laser, and the detection of this laser can distinguish the true and false banknotes. Because it is difficult to , it is very accurate to distinguish false
anti sandwich detection
the so-called anti sandwich detection is to pick out banknotes of different denominations in a stack of banknotes. Banknotes with different denominations have different characteristics, such as paper, magnetism, format size, etc., which can be used for anti sandwich detection. At present, the counting machine only detects the paper and magnetic width of banknotes. Therefore, for banknotes with the same or similar paper, magnetic and width, such as 1 yuan and 2 yuan, 5 yuan and 10 yuan in the fourth edition and 10 yuan and 20 yuan in the fifth edition, it is difficult to distinguish them. If a set of infrared tubes is added and the length of banknotes is detected at the same time, this problem can be effectively solved
multispectral detection
multispectral light source, lens array, image sensor unit array, control and signal amplification circuit and input / output interface made of LED particles with different wavelengths arranged in a matrix; The multi spectral light source and lens array form an optical path system, which is used to emit light and focus the reflected light on the image sensor unit array. The multi spectral image sensor image analysis function is used to identify the authenticity of banknotes
digital quantitative qualitative analysis detection
using high-speed parallel AD conversion circuit, high fidelity signal acquisition, and ultraviolet quantitative analysis, counterfeit banknotes with weak fluorescence reaction can be detected; Quantitative analysis of RMB magnetic ink; Fixed point analysis of infrared ink; In this paper, the fuzzy mathematics theory is used to quantify some factors with unclear boundary and difficult to quantify, and a multi-level evaluation model of security performance evaluation is established to identify the authenticity of banknotes.
identify according to the reflection on coins
fluorescence detection
the working principle of fluorescence detection is to detect the paper of RMB. RMB is made of special paper (containing more than 85% of high-quality cotton). Counterfeit banknotes are usually made of bleached ordinary paper. The bleached paper will have fluorescence reaction under the irradiation of ultraviolet (blue light with wavelength of 365 nm) (blue light with wavelength of 420-460 nm will be diffracted under the excitation of ultraviolet), while RMB has no fluorescence reaction. Therefore, using ultraviolet light source to irradiate the moving banknotes and silicon photocell to detect the fluorescence of banknotes can distinguish the true and false banknotes. In order to eliminate the interference of ambient light on the identification of counterfeit banknotes, a set of color filters with the same transmission wavelength as the fluorescent reaction wavelength of counterfeit banknotes must be installed on the surface of the silicon photocell. In fluorescence detection, we need to pay attention to two problems: 1. Shading of detection space. When the outside light enters the detection space, it will cause false alarm; 2. Dust proof of ultraviolet light source and photocell. There are a lot of st in the process of counting banknotes. The st adhering to the surface of the light source will weaken the detection signal and cause missing report. For the fifth edition of RMB, fluorescent words can be detected at the same time (printed with colorless fluorescent ink, detected with another silicon photocell, and the transmission wavelength of the color filter is consistent with the fluorescence reaction wavelength of the real banknote), so as to improve the identification effect
magnetic detection
the working principle of magnetic detection is that some parts of large denomination real banknotes (20, 50, 100 yuan) are printed with magnetic ink, the magnetism of moving banknotes is detected through a group of magnetic heads, and the magnetism is analyzed through the circuit, so that the authenticity of banknotes can be distinguished. In the magnetic detection, the friction between the magnetic head and the banknote is required to be good. If the magnetic head is too high, the impact signal will be large, resulting in false alarm; If the magnetic head is too low, the signal is weak, resulting in missing report. By controlling the height of the magnetic head (guaranteed by processing and assembly) and installing the note pressing rubber wheel above the magnetic head, the detection needs can be met. There are four methods to detect the magnetism of RMB: (1) to detect whether there is magnetism. This method is often used in the market. Because it is easy to make, the identification rate of counterfeit banknotes is low 2) According to the distribution of magnetism, we can detect the magnetism. By using two or three groups of magnetic heads to detect magnetism, the level of distinguishing forgery can be improved by one level. This method is adopted by some banknote counters in the market 3) Test the magnetism of RMB wire in the fifth edition. The current level remains in the detection of magnetism. According to our observation in the oscilloscope, the magnetic property of metal wire is a regular rectangular wave, and the value is also very accurate. Because it is difficult to imitate, if we can use this property in the magnetic detection, the level of identification will be greatly improved 4) Detect the magnetism of serial number on the fifth edition of RMB notes. The serial number consists of English letters and Arabic numerals. The current level remains in the detection of magnetism. Because the serial number is a group of letters and numbers with certain magnetism, if the magnetic number and size of the serial number are detected, the level of identification can be greatly improved
infrared penetration detection
the working principle of infrared penetration is to use the LED part of the fixed infrared diode sensor to emit invisible infrared light with a fixed wavelength. After penetrating the banknote, the remaining light received by the opposite receiving tube is used to analyze the characteristics of the banknote paper and the covered printing ink, and compare and judge with the standard value. The paper of RMB is stronger, the density is higher, and the ink thickness of gravure printing is higher, so it has stronger absorption ability to distinguish the true and false banknotes. There are some differences between the paper characteristics of RMB and counterfeit banknotes. When infrared signals are used to detect banknotes, their absorption capacity of infrared signals will be different. Using this principle, we can realize the identification of counterfeit banknotes. It should be noted that the color and thickness of the ink will also cause differences in infrared penetration. *** At the same time, there is another kind of visible infrared image detector proct in the international market, which is sold in large quantities in Russia where super fake dollars are rampant. Its working principle is that a number of infrared light emitting diodes with correct wavelength emit invisible infrared light, and the infrared image of the banknote is recorded by a camera equipped with a special filter and displayed on the display screen (CRT and LCD)
laser detection
irradiating the fluorescent words on the fifth edition of RMB with a certain wavelength of infrared laser will make the fluorescent words proce a certain wavelength of laser, and the detection of this laser can distinguish the true and false banknotes. Because it is difficult to , it is very accurate to distinguish false
anti sandwich detection
the so-called anti sandwich detection is to pick out banknotes of different denominations in a stack of banknotes. Banknotes with different denominations have different characteristics, such as paper, magnetism, format size, etc., which can be used for anti sandwich detection. At present, the counting machine only detects the paper and magnetic width of banknotes. Therefore, for banknotes with the same or similar paper, magnetic and width, such as 1 yuan and 2 yuan, 5 yuan and 10 yuan in the fourth edition and 10 yuan and 20 yuan in the fifth edition, it is difficult to distinguish them. If a set of infrared tubes is added and the length of banknotes is detected at the same time, this problem can be effectively solved
multispectral detection
multispectral light source, lens array, image sensor unit array, control and signal amplification circuit and input / output interface made of LED particles with different wavelengths arranged in a matrix; The multi spectral light source and lens array form an optical path system, which is used to emit light and focus the reflected light on the image sensor unit array. The multi spectral image sensor image analysis function is used to identify the authenticity of banknotes
digital quantitative qualitative analysis detection
using high-speed parallel AD conversion circuit, high fidelity signal acquisition, and ultraviolet quantitative analysis, counterfeit banknotes with weak fluorescence reaction can be detected; Quantitative analysis of RMB magnetic ink; Fixed point analysis of infrared ink; In this paper, the fuzzy mathematics theory is used to quantify some factors with unclear boundary and difficult to quantify, and a multi-level evaluation model of security performance evaluation is established to identify the authenticity of banknotes.
4. Imagine living your life without the concept of numbers? It will be a chaotic world, whether it's your mobile phone number, your ID number or your home number, all of which are expressed in numbers. Electronic games, e-mail, digital music, digital photos, multimedia CD ROMs, online meetings, distance learning, online shopping, e-banking and e-money... Almost everything can be represented by 0 and 1. The emergence of computer and Internet makes people have more space to imagine and display. Our life becomes rich, flexible and joyful between the simple "0" and "1". Audio and video procts, mobile phones, video cameras, digital cameras, MP3, pocket players, DVD players, PDAs, multimedia, multi-function game machines, video games and so on ISDN and other trendy electronic procts are graally recognized and accepted by people, and digitization is carried by us, so we have more changeable audio-visual new feelings. Music and feelings flow quietly in digital life...
digital life has become a feature of the information age, which changes all aspects of human life. Behind this, there are great contributions of new materials, New materials are the "behind the scenes heroes" of digital life<
computer is an important equipment in digital life. The core components of computer are CPU and ram, which are built on the basis of large-scale integrated circuits. These integrated circuits are made of semiconctor materials. Si chip is the first generation of semiconctor materials, and the Si chip used in integrated circuits must have large diameter, high reliability and high reliability High crystal integrity, high geometric accuracy and high cleanliness. In order to make integrated circuits have high efficiency, low energy consumption and high speed performance, the second generation semiconctor single crystal materials such as GaAs and InP have been developed. The third generation wide band gap semiconctor materials such as SiC, Gan, ZnSe and diamond, new silicon-based materials such as SiGe / Si, SOI (silicon on insulator) and Superlattice Quantum Well materials can be fabricated at high temperature (300 ~ 500 ℃) ° C) High frequency, high power, anti radiation and blue-green, UV light emitting devices and detection devices, so as to greatly improve the performance of the original silicon integrated circuits, is an important development direction of semiconctor materials in the future
it is often necessary to display various forms of information, such as text, data, graphics, images and moving images, in human-computer exchange. The most commonly used means of static information display, such as printers, copiers, fax machines and scanners, are generally called information output and input devices. In order to improve the resolution and the speed of input and output, it is necessary to develop high sensitivity and stable photosensitive materials, such as photosensitive drum materials for laser printers and copiers. At present, inorganic selenium alloys and organic phthalocyanine dyes are used. Cathode ray tube (CRT) is the main component to display active image information, which is widely used in computer terminal display and flat panel television. At present, the electroluminescent materials used in CRT mostly use rare earth doped (Tb3 +, sn3 +, Eu3 +) and transition element doped (Mn2 +) sulfide (ZnS, CDs, etc.) and oxide (Y2O3, YAlO3) inorganic materials
in order to rece the huge volume of CRT, the trend of information display is high resolution, large display capacity, flat, thin and large-scale. For this reason, flat panel display technologies such as liquid crystal display (LCD), field emission display (FED), plasma display (PDP) and light-emitting diode display (LED) are mainly used, Widely used in high definition television (HDTV), television telephone, computer (desktop or mobile) display, automotive and personal digital terminal display and other application goals, CRT is no longer a unique show, but with a variety of flat panel displays
liquid crystal materials used in liquid crystal display technology have been used in watches, calculators, laptops and cameras for a long time. The nematic and chiral materials such as phenylcyclohexane, cyclohexylcyclohexane and pyridine were used as liquid crystal materials earlier. Later, ferroelectric liquid crystal (FE) was developed. The response time was microsecond, but the stability of ferroelectric liquid crystal was poor, It can only be improved by side chain. At present, there is a tendency to develop antiferroelectric liquid crystals because of their high stability
liquid crystal display materials have some difficulties in large screen display. At present, the main candidates for large screen display are plasma display panel (PDP) and light emitting diode (LED). The phosphor used in PDP is rare earth doped barium aluminum oxide. The development of field emission display (FED) is promoted by using diamond-like carbon (DLC) as cold cathode and rare earth doped oxides as luminescent materials. The main semiconctor materials for high brightness LED are red, orange and yellow GaAs based and gap based epitaxial materials, blue emitting GaN based and ZnSe based epitaxial materials, etc
e to the rapid development of Internet and multimedia technology, human beings have to process, transmit and store ultra-high information, with the capacity of terabits (TB, 1012bits) and ultra-high speed information flow of terabits (TB / s) per second. It can be said that human beings have entered the era of terabits information. There are many kinds of modern information storage methods. Taking computer system storage as an example, the storage methods are divided into random internal storage, online external storage, offline external storage and offline storage. Random access memory (RAM) requires high integration and fast data access speed. Therefore, semiconctor dynamic random access memory (DRAM) based on large-scale integrated microelectronic technology has been the main component. The 256 megabit ram has more than 200 million transistors. Most of the external storage uses magnetic recording, and the main forms of magnetic storage media are magnetic tape, magnetic bubble, floppy disk and hard disk. The improvement of magnetic storage density mainly depends on the improvement of magnetic medium materials, such as magnetic oxide (such as g-fe2o3, CrO2, metal magnetic powder, etc.), ferrite system, ultrafine magnetic oxide powder, electroless plating Co Ni alloy or vacuum sputter evaporation Co based alloy continuous magnetic thin film media, etc. the information storage capacity of magnetic storage has been greatly improved. Solid state memory (flash memory) is a nonvolatile and erasable memory. It is an integrated circuit based on semiconctor diode. It is compact and robust, and can be inserted between internal memory and external memory. The core materials of recording head are usually soft magnetic materials with high saturation magnetic inction, such as 80ni-20fe, co-zr-nb, fe-ta-c, 45ni-55fe, fe-ni-n, Fe Si, Fe Si Ni, 67co-10ni-23fe, etc. Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) materials have been developed in recent years. Under a certain magnetic field, the resistance of GMR materials decreases sharply, which is about 10 times higher than that of magnetic metals and alloys. GMR is generally composed of free layer / conctive layer / pinning layer / anti strong magnetic layer, in which the free layer can be Ni Fe, Ni Fe / Co, CO Fe and other strong magnet materials, with CO CR Pt and other permanent magnet films at its two ends, copper film with several nm conctive layer, soft magnetic Co alloy with several nm pinning layer, and anti strong magnets with 5-40nm Ni-O, Ni Mn, Mn in, Fe Cr Pt, Cr Mn Pt, Fe Mn for magnetization fixing layer, A Ru / Co layer is added to the free structure. The read-out head with GMR effect can increase the recording density by nearly 20 times. Therefore, the study of GMR effect is of great significance to the development of magnetic storage
the rise of CD and CD player in the field of sound and vision benefits from the great development of optical storage technology. The optical disk storage is to encode and record information in the form of light dots by molating the laser beam. Compared with magnetic storage technology, optical storage technology has the advantages of large storage capacity and long storage life; Non contact read / write and erase, the optical head will not wear or scratch the disk surface, so the optical disk system is reliable and can be replaced freely; After reading and writing for many times, the CNR does not decrease. During the development of compact disk (CD) and digital versatile disk (DVD) to high density DVD (HD-DVD) and ultra-high density DVD (shd-dvd) in the future, the storage medium material is the key. The optical disk materials written at one time are ablation type (TC alloy film, Se TC amorphous film, etc.) and phase transformation type (TE Ge sb amorphous film, agintesb system film, etc.) The main materials of erasable CD-ROM are magneto-optical (GDCO, Tefe amorphous film, bimnsial film, rare earth doped garnet YIG, CO Pt multilayer film). The density of optical disk storage depends on the wavelength of laser tube. When InGaAlP red laser tube (wavelength 650nm) is used for DVD disk, the storage of each side of the disk with a diameter of 12cm is 4.7 gigabytes (GB), while ZnSe (wavelength 515nm) can reach 12gb. In the future, Gan laser tube (wavelength 410nm) can be used, and the storage density can reach 18gb. In order to read and write the information in the CD, high power semiconctor lasers must be used, and the laser diodes used are compound semiconctor GaAs, Gan and other materials
besides the application of laser in optical disk storage, the role of laser in optical communication is also well known. Due to the semiconctor laser with low threshold, low power consumption, long life and fast response, optical fiber communication has become a reality. The optical communication is that the electric signal is changed into the optical signal through the semiconctor laser, and then it is transmitted for a long distance through the optical fiber, and finally the optical signal is changed into the electric signal for people to receive. The optical signal transmitted by optical fiber is emitted by laser. Semiconctor laser is commonly used, and the materials used are GaAs, GaAlAs, GaInAsP, InGaAlP, GaSb, etc. The photodetectors used at the receiving end are also semiconctor materials. Lack of optical fiber, optical communication can only be "on paper". Low loss optical fiber is the key material of optical fiber communication. At present, the optical fiber sensing materials used mainly include low loss quartz glass, fluoride glass, sulfide glass based on ga2s3 and plastic optical fiber. The optical fiber based on 1kg quartz can replace tons of copper aluminum cable. The emergence of optical fiber communication is a revolution in information transmission. The advantages of optical fiber communication are large information capacity, light weight, small space occupation, anti electromagnetic interference, less crosstalk and strong confidentiality. The rapid development of optical fiber communication plays an important role in the construction and opening of modern information highway
in addition to wired transmission, information transmission also adopts wireless mode. The most noticeable development in wireless communication is mobile phone. The more users of mobile phones, the higher the frequency they use. Now the frequency is moving towards gigacycles. The microwave transmission and reception of mobile phones are also realized by semiconctor transistors, some of which are being replaced by GaAs transistors. The piezoelectric materials of saw (surface acoustic wave) and BAW (bulk surface acoustic wave) devices widely used in mobile phones are a-sio2, LiNbO3, LiTaO3, Li2B4O7, KNbO3, La3Ga5SiO14 and ZnO / Al2O3 and SiO2 / ZnO / DLC / Si thin films. The microwave dielectric ceramics are mainly used in bao-tio2 system BaO-Ln2O3-TiO2 (LN = La, PR, Nd, SM, EU, GD) system, composite perovskite a (B1 / 3b ￠ 2 / 3) O3 system (a = Ba, Sr; B=Mg,Zn,Co,Ni,Mn B ￠ = Nb, TA) and lead based composite perovskite system
with the increasing demand of intelligent instruments for high-precision heat sensitive devices, as well as mobile phones, PDAs, laptops and their applications
digital life has become a feature of the information age, which changes all aspects of human life. Behind this, there are great contributions of new materials, New materials are the "behind the scenes heroes" of digital life<
computer is an important equipment in digital life. The core components of computer are CPU and ram, which are built on the basis of large-scale integrated circuits. These integrated circuits are made of semiconctor materials. Si chip is the first generation of semiconctor materials, and the Si chip used in integrated circuits must have large diameter, high reliability and high reliability High crystal integrity, high geometric accuracy and high cleanliness. In order to make integrated circuits have high efficiency, low energy consumption and high speed performance, the second generation semiconctor single crystal materials such as GaAs and InP have been developed. The third generation wide band gap semiconctor materials such as SiC, Gan, ZnSe and diamond, new silicon-based materials such as SiGe / Si, SOI (silicon on insulator) and Superlattice Quantum Well materials can be fabricated at high temperature (300 ~ 500 ℃) ° C) High frequency, high power, anti radiation and blue-green, UV light emitting devices and detection devices, so as to greatly improve the performance of the original silicon integrated circuits, is an important development direction of semiconctor materials in the future
it is often necessary to display various forms of information, such as text, data, graphics, images and moving images, in human-computer exchange. The most commonly used means of static information display, such as printers, copiers, fax machines and scanners, are generally called information output and input devices. In order to improve the resolution and the speed of input and output, it is necessary to develop high sensitivity and stable photosensitive materials, such as photosensitive drum materials for laser printers and copiers. At present, inorganic selenium alloys and organic phthalocyanine dyes are used. Cathode ray tube (CRT) is the main component to display active image information, which is widely used in computer terminal display and flat panel television. At present, the electroluminescent materials used in CRT mostly use rare earth doped (Tb3 +, sn3 +, Eu3 +) and transition element doped (Mn2 +) sulfide (ZnS, CDs, etc.) and oxide (Y2O3, YAlO3) inorganic materials
in order to rece the huge volume of CRT, the trend of information display is high resolution, large display capacity, flat, thin and large-scale. For this reason, flat panel display technologies such as liquid crystal display (LCD), field emission display (FED), plasma display (PDP) and light-emitting diode display (LED) are mainly used, Widely used in high definition television (HDTV), television telephone, computer (desktop or mobile) display, automotive and personal digital terminal display and other application goals, CRT is no longer a unique show, but with a variety of flat panel displays
liquid crystal materials used in liquid crystal display technology have been used in watches, calculators, laptops and cameras for a long time. The nematic and chiral materials such as phenylcyclohexane, cyclohexylcyclohexane and pyridine were used as liquid crystal materials earlier. Later, ferroelectric liquid crystal (FE) was developed. The response time was microsecond, but the stability of ferroelectric liquid crystal was poor, It can only be improved by side chain. At present, there is a tendency to develop antiferroelectric liquid crystals because of their high stability
liquid crystal display materials have some difficulties in large screen display. At present, the main candidates for large screen display are plasma display panel (PDP) and light emitting diode (LED). The phosphor used in PDP is rare earth doped barium aluminum oxide. The development of field emission display (FED) is promoted by using diamond-like carbon (DLC) as cold cathode and rare earth doped oxides as luminescent materials. The main semiconctor materials for high brightness LED are red, orange and yellow GaAs based and gap based epitaxial materials, blue emitting GaN based and ZnSe based epitaxial materials, etc
e to the rapid development of Internet and multimedia technology, human beings have to process, transmit and store ultra-high information, with the capacity of terabits (TB, 1012bits) and ultra-high speed information flow of terabits (TB / s) per second. It can be said that human beings have entered the era of terabits information. There are many kinds of modern information storage methods. Taking computer system storage as an example, the storage methods are divided into random internal storage, online external storage, offline external storage and offline storage. Random access memory (RAM) requires high integration and fast data access speed. Therefore, semiconctor dynamic random access memory (DRAM) based on large-scale integrated microelectronic technology has been the main component. The 256 megabit ram has more than 200 million transistors. Most of the external storage uses magnetic recording, and the main forms of magnetic storage media are magnetic tape, magnetic bubble, floppy disk and hard disk. The improvement of magnetic storage density mainly depends on the improvement of magnetic medium materials, such as magnetic oxide (such as g-fe2o3, CrO2, metal magnetic powder, etc.), ferrite system, ultrafine magnetic oxide powder, electroless plating Co Ni alloy or vacuum sputter evaporation Co based alloy continuous magnetic thin film media, etc. the information storage capacity of magnetic storage has been greatly improved. Solid state memory (flash memory) is a nonvolatile and erasable memory. It is an integrated circuit based on semiconctor diode. It is compact and robust, and can be inserted between internal memory and external memory. The core materials of recording head are usually soft magnetic materials with high saturation magnetic inction, such as 80ni-20fe, co-zr-nb, fe-ta-c, 45ni-55fe, fe-ni-n, Fe Si, Fe Si Ni, 67co-10ni-23fe, etc. Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) materials have been developed in recent years. Under a certain magnetic field, the resistance of GMR materials decreases sharply, which is about 10 times higher than that of magnetic metals and alloys. GMR is generally composed of free layer / conctive layer / pinning layer / anti strong magnetic layer, in which the free layer can be Ni Fe, Ni Fe / Co, CO Fe and other strong magnet materials, with CO CR Pt and other permanent magnet films at its two ends, copper film with several nm conctive layer, soft magnetic Co alloy with several nm pinning layer, and anti strong magnets with 5-40nm Ni-O, Ni Mn, Mn in, Fe Cr Pt, Cr Mn Pt, Fe Mn for magnetization fixing layer, A Ru / Co layer is added to the free structure. The read-out head with GMR effect can increase the recording density by nearly 20 times. Therefore, the study of GMR effect is of great significance to the development of magnetic storage
the rise of CD and CD player in the field of sound and vision benefits from the great development of optical storage technology. The optical disk storage is to encode and record information in the form of light dots by molating the laser beam. Compared with magnetic storage technology, optical storage technology has the advantages of large storage capacity and long storage life; Non contact read / write and erase, the optical head will not wear or scratch the disk surface, so the optical disk system is reliable and can be replaced freely; After reading and writing for many times, the CNR does not decrease. During the development of compact disk (CD) and digital versatile disk (DVD) to high density DVD (HD-DVD) and ultra-high density DVD (shd-dvd) in the future, the storage medium material is the key. The optical disk materials written at one time are ablation type (TC alloy film, Se TC amorphous film, etc.) and phase transformation type (TE Ge sb amorphous film, agintesb system film, etc.) The main materials of erasable CD-ROM are magneto-optical (GDCO, Tefe amorphous film, bimnsial film, rare earth doped garnet YIG, CO Pt multilayer film). The density of optical disk storage depends on the wavelength of laser tube. When InGaAlP red laser tube (wavelength 650nm) is used for DVD disk, the storage of each side of the disk with a diameter of 12cm is 4.7 gigabytes (GB), while ZnSe (wavelength 515nm) can reach 12gb. In the future, Gan laser tube (wavelength 410nm) can be used, and the storage density can reach 18gb. In order to read and write the information in the CD, high power semiconctor lasers must be used, and the laser diodes used are compound semiconctor GaAs, Gan and other materials
besides the application of laser in optical disk storage, the role of laser in optical communication is also well known. Due to the semiconctor laser with low threshold, low power consumption, long life and fast response, optical fiber communication has become a reality. The optical communication is that the electric signal is changed into the optical signal through the semiconctor laser, and then it is transmitted for a long distance through the optical fiber, and finally the optical signal is changed into the electric signal for people to receive. The optical signal transmitted by optical fiber is emitted by laser. Semiconctor laser is commonly used, and the materials used are GaAs, GaAlAs, GaInAsP, InGaAlP, GaSb, etc. The photodetectors used at the receiving end are also semiconctor materials. Lack of optical fiber, optical communication can only be "on paper". Low loss optical fiber is the key material of optical fiber communication. At present, the optical fiber sensing materials used mainly include low loss quartz glass, fluoride glass, sulfide glass based on ga2s3 and plastic optical fiber. The optical fiber based on 1kg quartz can replace tons of copper aluminum cable. The emergence of optical fiber communication is a revolution in information transmission. The advantages of optical fiber communication are large information capacity, light weight, small space occupation, anti electromagnetic interference, less crosstalk and strong confidentiality. The rapid development of optical fiber communication plays an important role in the construction and opening of modern information highway
in addition to wired transmission, information transmission also adopts wireless mode. The most noticeable development in wireless communication is mobile phone. The more users of mobile phones, the higher the frequency they use. Now the frequency is moving towards gigacycles. The microwave transmission and reception of mobile phones are also realized by semiconctor transistors, some of which are being replaced by GaAs transistors. The piezoelectric materials of saw (surface acoustic wave) and BAW (bulk surface acoustic wave) devices widely used in mobile phones are a-sio2, LiNbO3, LiTaO3, Li2B4O7, KNbO3, La3Ga5SiO14 and ZnO / Al2O3 and SiO2 / ZnO / DLC / Si thin films. The microwave dielectric ceramics are mainly used in bao-tio2 system BaO-Ln2O3-TiO2 (LN = La, PR, Nd, SM, EU, GD) system, composite perovskite a (B1 / 3b ￠ 2 / 3) O3 system (a = Ba, Sr; B=Mg,Zn,Co,Ni,Mn B ￠ = Nb, TA) and lead based composite perovskite system
with the increasing demand of intelligent instruments for high-precision heat sensitive devices, as well as mobile phones, PDAs, laptops and their applications
5. Change the language environment under Linux
1, view the current language variable value
$locale
2, view the language installed in the system
$locale - a
3, temporarily modify the language value
$export LC_ ALL=en_ US.UTF-8
$ export LANGUAGE=en_ US:en
$ export LC_ ALL=zh_ CN.UTF-8
$ export LC_ ALL=zh_ CN.GB18030
$ export LANGUAGE=zh_ CN:zh:en_ Us: en
4.1, permanently modify the language value of the system
modify the file / etc / profile (valid for all users) or ~ /. Bash_ profile Add the above modified value at the end of the file. Login again to take effect
4.2. Permanently modify the locale value of the system
modify file (Debian Series): / etc / default / locale
modify file (RedHat Series): / etc / sysconfig / I18N
add the above modified value at the end of the file. Restart the computer to take effect
normal display settings of other tools:
SecureCRT: options - & gt; SessionOptions-> Appearance-> Character encoding is set to the same character encoding as Linux system
Description:
the difference between Lang and language:
language - most programs use this for the language of its interface
Lang - specifications the default locale for all unset locale variables
language is the interface language of an application program, and the application program uses this value to determine what language the interface is displayed in
Lang is a locale value with the lowest priority, which determines the character set to be used when displaying the drawing. Whether to display garbled code is related to this value
Default: lang = C (POSIX type)
Lang and LC do not exist_ The difference between all:
Lang is a variable with low priority, which is LC_* The default value when it does not exist. LC_ All is a variable with the highest priority, which always covers the existing LC *, Regardless of LC_* Whether it exists or not will be covered
when it comes to a certain type of character, it uses the local character set when it is displayed, and the actual effect is LC *
to put it simply: LC_ The relationship between all and Lang priorities: LC_ ALL > LC_* & gt; Lang
special tips: when running the $locale command, there is & quot& quot; Number contains LC_* All of them are nonexistent variables, which display Lang value, or LC_ All value If you want to clear variables, use the unset command)
locale Description:
locale is a software runtime language environment defined according to the language, territory, codeset and local cultural tradition of the user. The writing format is: language[_ Region [. Character set]], for example: en_ Us. UTF-8
locale divides all aspects of cultural traditions into 12 categories, which are:
1, character input (LC)_ Ctype)
2_ Numerical)
3_ Collate)
4_ Time)
5_ Information: mainly prompt information, error information, status information, title, label, button and menu (LC)_ Methods)
7_ Name)
8_ Address)
9_ Telephone)
10_ Measurement)
11. Default paper size (LC)_ Paper)
12_ IDENTIFICATION)
1, view the current language variable value
$locale
2, view the language installed in the system
$locale - a
3, temporarily modify the language value
$export LC_ ALL=en_ US.UTF-8
$ export LANGUAGE=en_ US:en
$ export LC_ ALL=zh_ CN.UTF-8
$ export LC_ ALL=zh_ CN.GB18030
$ export LANGUAGE=zh_ CN:zh:en_ Us: en
4.1, permanently modify the language value of the system
modify the file / etc / profile (valid for all users) or ~ /. Bash_ profile Add the above modified value at the end of the file. Login again to take effect
4.2. Permanently modify the locale value of the system
modify file (Debian Series): / etc / default / locale
modify file (RedHat Series): / etc / sysconfig / I18N
add the above modified value at the end of the file. Restart the computer to take effect
normal display settings of other tools:
SecureCRT: options - & gt; SessionOptions-> Appearance-> Character encoding is set to the same character encoding as Linux system
Description:
the difference between Lang and language:
language - most programs use this for the language of its interface
Lang - specifications the default locale for all unset locale variables
language is the interface language of an application program, and the application program uses this value to determine what language the interface is displayed in
Lang is a locale value with the lowest priority, which determines the character set to be used when displaying the drawing. Whether to display garbled code is related to this value
Default: lang = C (POSIX type)
Lang and LC do not exist_ The difference between all:
Lang is a variable with low priority, which is LC_* The default value when it does not exist. LC_ All is a variable with the highest priority, which always covers the existing LC *, Regardless of LC_* Whether it exists or not will be covered
when it comes to a certain type of character, it uses the local character set when it is displayed, and the actual effect is LC *
to put it simply: LC_ The relationship between all and Lang priorities: LC_ ALL > LC_* & gt; Lang
special tips: when running the $locale command, there is & quot& quot; Number contains LC_* All of them are nonexistent variables, which display Lang value, or LC_ All value If you want to clear variables, use the unset command)
locale Description:
locale is a software runtime language environment defined according to the language, territory, codeset and local cultural tradition of the user. The writing format is: language[_ Region [. Character set]], for example: en_ Us. UTF-8
locale divides all aspects of cultural traditions into 12 categories, which are:
1, character input (LC)_ Ctype)
2_ Numerical)
3_ Collate)
4_ Time)
5_ Information: mainly prompt information, error information, status information, title, label, button and menu (LC)_ Methods)
7_ Name)
8_ Address)
9_ Telephone)
10_ Measurement)
11. Default paper size (LC)_ Paper)
12_ IDENTIFICATION)
6. I think it should be analyzed from several points
compared with the comprehensive performance, I think it is ordinary
if compared separately, the performance of virtual machine is definitely better
in the cloud environment, the CPU, memory and I / 0 are much higher than those of ordinary servers
however, the weakness of cloud server is that it often uses more users and is difficult to completely isolate. It is only because of this that ordinary servers have a higher cost performance ratio.
compared with the comprehensive performance, I think it is ordinary
if compared separately, the performance of virtual machine is definitely better
in the cloud environment, the CPU, memory and I / 0 are much higher than those of ordinary servers
however, the weakness of cloud server is that it often uses more users and is difficult to completely isolate. It is only because of this that ordinary servers have a higher cost performance ratio.
7. Advantages of AWS:
the cloud services of AWS are still very mature, such as big data computing and open storage. The performance of these services is much better than that of alicloud. They are used and accessed quickly all over the world, and the cost is a little more than that of alicloud. AWS is international, with seven or eight languages of customer service, And the response of the service team on weekdays is quite quick
let me first talk about what I feel most deeply. Why is AWS cloud service very mature? I think it can be seen from VM deployment that the speed is much faster than that of alicloud (under the same conditions). I have used Microsoft's cloud service, AWS and alicloud more or less. If it is not because the entry threshold of AWS is too high, I will continue to use it, If a company or team needs to be internationalized, it is particularly good to put all its services on AWS. In fact, the best experience within China is Alibaba cloud
Ali cloud's advantages:
first it is easy for Chinese to use, Alipay payment can be opened by sub account team cooperation, security checks are also acceptable, followed by BGP line, it is really a well deserved reputation (but the domestic area is still not visiting abroad). Ali Yun really attaches to the perspective of the Chinese people to highlight the characteristics of on-demand payment. For foreign relatives, alicloud services may be just a collection of things that need to be run more frequently, and many people like it. For Chinese people, alicloud services may not be popular, and its technical maturity is really inferior to AWS (more likely experience)
the cloud services of AWS are still very mature, such as big data computing and open storage. The performance of these services is much better than that of alicloud. They are used and accessed quickly all over the world, and the cost is a little more than that of alicloud. AWS is international, with seven or eight languages of customer service, And the response of the service team on weekdays is quite quick
let me first talk about what I feel most deeply. Why is AWS cloud service very mature? I think it can be seen from VM deployment that the speed is much faster than that of alicloud (under the same conditions). I have used Microsoft's cloud service, AWS and alicloud more or less. If it is not because the entry threshold of AWS is too high, I will continue to use it, If a company or team needs to be internationalized, it is particularly good to put all its services on AWS. In fact, the best experience within China is Alibaba cloud
Ali cloud's advantages:
first it is easy for Chinese to use, Alipay payment can be opened by sub account team cooperation, security checks are also acceptable, followed by BGP line, it is really a well deserved reputation (but the domestic area is still not visiting abroad). Ali Yun really attaches to the perspective of the Chinese people to highlight the characteristics of on-demand payment. For foreign relatives, alicloud services may be just a collection of things that need to be run more frequently, and many people like it. For Chinese people, alicloud services may not be popular, and its technical maturity is really inferior to AWS (more likely experience)
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