How to deal with the challenge of decentralization in China

1. 1. Making full use of domestic and foreign capital and technological resources
globalization can effectively promote economic growth and make full use of domestic and foreign capital, technology, resources and markets, which is the most important benefit for developing countries to open to the outside world. Trade and investment liberalization can effectively promote the economic growth of a country or region, for example, the efficiency of resource allocation can be improved by giving full play to comparative advantages; We will expand aggregate demand through exports and drive economic growth
2. Create a large number of jobs
globalization can create a large number of new jobs. The transformation of China's economy from "shortage economy" type to "structural surplus" type of oversupply has led to the closing, stopping, merging, transferring and breaking of many enterprises, resulting in a sharp increase of laid-off workers in this period. However, as far as China's national conditions are concerned, "development is the absolute principle", which is not simply equivalent to GDP growth
therefore, in the face of the most basic national conditions of abundant labor resources and relatively scarce capital resources, China must develop labor-intensive export processing instry, open up service instry, and actively attract foreign direct investment, so that it can use the surplus capital of instrial countries to create more jobs for China's surplus labor force< 3. Remove the existing obstacles of market reform.
globalization helps to promote the construction of market economy. China has not only the lack of development power and new sources of investment and technology, but also the lack of reform power, competition mechanism and elimination mechanism
seizing the opportunity of globalization can effectively solve the problem of insufficient driving force for reform and development. The rules of the WTO and other international economic organizations are based on the market mechanism. China can use external forces to remove the obstacles in the market-oriented reform. Globalization will introce foreign competition mechanism, bring pressure and sense of urgency, and become a huge driving force to promote reform and development< It is decided by China's national conditions that China must continue to integrate into the world economy. China is rich in labor resources, accounting for 26% of the world; Agricultural resources are scarce, arable land and water resources only account for 7% of the world: energy shortage. Oil and natural gas reserves only account for 2.34% and 1.20% of the world's total respectively; There is a shortage of capital, and domestic investment accounts for only 3.4% of the world's total; The technology is backward, and the number of international patents approved is less than 1% of the world's
this basic national condition determines that China must effectively develop and import international resources such as agriculture, energy and minerals, introce foreign capital and advanced technology, and develop labor-intensive instries by using the international market
5. To narrow the technology gap and knowledge gap with developed countries
globalization is an important way for China to narrow the gap with developed countries. The world bank believes that if developing countries want to narrow the economic development gap with developed countries, they must first narrow the technology gap and knowledge gap, and the main ways to narrow these gaps are: introcing foreign direct investment, expanding international trade, technology transfer and technology license, etc
source: Sogou Network - economic globalization

2. According to different uses of housing, floor load per square meter is different. For example, 3.5kn, 5kn, etc< (1) load calculation
standard value of dead load
20 mm thick cement mortar surface: 0.02 × 20 = 0.4 kn / m2
80mm thick reinforced concrete slab: 0.08 × 25 = 2.0 kn / m2
15mm thick mixed mortar ceiling plastering: 0.015 × 17 = 0.255 kn / m2

subtotal 2.655 kn / m2

standard value of live load: 10.0 kn / m2
because it is an instrial building floor and the standard value of live load is greater than, the partial factor of live load is taken as,
design value of dead load: g = 2.655 × 1.2 = 3.168 kn / m2
design value of live load: q = 10 × 1.3 = 13.0kn / m2
total load design value: G + q = 16.186kn / m2, approximately 16.2kn / m2
(2) the calculation diagram
takes 1m slab width as the calculation unit, and the actual structure of the slab is shown in the figure. It can be seen from the figure that the section width of the secondary beam is b = 200mm, and the supporting length of the cast-in-place slab on the wall is a =, so it is designed according to the redistribution of plastic internal force, The calculation span of slab is:
the side span is determined according to the smaller value of the following two terms:
L01 = ln + H / 2 = (2000-120-200 / 2) + 80 / 2 = 1820 mm
l011 = ln + A / 2 = (2000-120-200 / 2) + 120 / 2 = 1840 mm
so the calculation span of side span slab is LO1 = 1820 mm
middle span: L02 = ln = 2000-200 = 1800 mm
the calculation diagram of slab is shown in the figure

(3) design value of bending moment
e to the difference of calculated span between side span and middle span (1820-1800) / 1800 = 1.1% less than 10%, it can be calculated as equal span continuous slab
according to the data, the bending moment coefficient of slab can be obtained α M. The calculation process of bending moment design value of slab is shown in the following table

calculation of bending moment design value of slab
section position 1
side span and middle span B
off end second support 2
mid span C
middle bearing
moment coefficient 1 / 11 - 1/11 1/16 - 1 / 14
calculation span l0 (m) l01=1.82 l01=1.82 l02=1.80 l02=1.80

(kN.m) sixteen point two × one point eight two × 1.82/11=4.88 - sixteen point two × one point eight two × 1.82/11=-4.88 sixteen point two × one point eight zero × 1.80/16=3.28 - sixteen point two × one point eight zero × 1.80/14 = - 3.75

(4) reinforcement calculation - Calculation of flexural capacity of normal section
plate thickness 80mm, Ho = 80-20 = 60mm, B = 1000mm, C25 concrete A1 = 1.0, FC = 11.9n/mm2, hpb235 reinforcement, FY = 210 n / mm2. Considering the arching effect, the bending moment design value of 2 section in the span and C section of the support can be reced by 20% for the slab belt between axis ② and ⑤. For convenience, the reinforcement area can be reced by 20%. The calculation process of slab reinforcement is shown in the table
calculation of slab reinforcement
section position one B two C
design value of bending moment () four point eight eight - four point eight eight three point two eight - 3.75
α s=M/ α 1fcbh02 zero point one one four - zero point one one four zero point zero seven seven - 0.088
0.121 0.1<- 0.121< zero point three five zero point zero eight 0.1<- 0.092< 35
axis
① ~ ② ⑤ ~ ⑥ Calculated reinforcement (mm2)
as= ξ bh0 α 1fc/fy four hundred and eleven - four hundred and eleven two hundred and seventy-two 313
actual reinforcement (mm2) 10@190 10@190 8@180 8@160
As=413 As=413 As=279 As = 314
axis 2 ~ 5 Calculated reinforcement (mm2)
as= ξ bh0 α 1fc/fy four hundred and eleven four hundred and eleven zero point eight × 272=218 0.8 × 313 = 250
actual reinforcement (mm2) 10@190 10@190 8@180 8@180
As=413 As=413 As=279 As = 279
Pmin = 0.45ft/fy = 0.45 × 1.27/210=0.27%
P=As/bh =0.52% P=As/bh =0.52% P=As/bh =0.47% P = as / BH = 0.47%

(5) drawing of reinforcement diagram of slab
in addition to calculation reinforcement, structural reinforcement, such as distribution reinforcement and additional reinforcement of slab embedded in wall, should be provided in slab.

3. I usually calculate the area

divide the height difference of two contour lines by 2, and then multiply by the area

the garden earthwork is generally not used much, so I can probably calculate it

4. What shape is calculated according to the shape, directly length x width x height

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