1. Kintex-7 FPGA Interface Blocks for PCI Express support up to x8 Gen 2
2. There is no through train. You can take 317 at the gate to Jiangsan village, and then change to 402 to Rainbow City
3. Recently, the stock has no significant positive
however, the software instry benefits from the localization of software security, which is good for a long time.
4. 600718, are you a novice?
5. Unknown_Error
7. Hello:
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8. In the early 1980s, Goldwasser and others put forward the concept of zero knowledge proof. In essence, zero knowledge proof is a protocol. The so-called protocol is a series of steps taken by two or more participants to complete a specific task, including the following three characteristics:
1. Protocol is an orderly process from beginning to end, and each step must be executed in turn. Before the previous step is finished, the latter step cannot be executed
2. An agreement requires at least two participants. One person can complete a task by performing a series of steps, but it does not constitute an agreement
3. A task must be completed by executing the protocol
zero knowledge proof must include two aspects, one is the prover, the other is the verifier. The prover tries to prove to the verifier that an assertion is correct, or that the prover has some knowledge, but does not disclose any useful information to the verifier. Zero knowledge proof has been widely used in cryptography, especially in authentication protocol and digital signature
explain zero knowledge with a cave story. There is a secret in the cave. People who know the incantation can open the secret door between C and D. for others, both passages are dead ends. Peggy knows the secret of the cave. She wanted to prove it to victor, but she didn't want to reveal the spell
the following is how she made Victor believe:
(1) Victor stood at point a
(2) Peggy walked all the way into the cave to C or D
(3) after Peggy disappeared in the cave, Victor walked to point B
(4) Victor yells to Peggy to come out from the left or right channel< (5) Peggy agreed to open the secret door with a spell if necessary
Peggy and Victor repeated steps (1) to (5) n times
suppose Victor has a camera that can record everything he sees. He recorded the scene of Peggy disappearing into the cave, the time when he called Peggy out of the place of his choice, and the time when Peggy came out. He recorded all n trials. If he showed Carol these records, would she believe Peggy knew the magic word to open the secret door? Definitely not. Without knowing the spell, what if Peggy and Victor agreed in advance what Victor would shout? Peggy will be sure to go into the road Victor told her to come out, and then she can come out on the road Victor asked her to come out every time without knowing the mantra. Maybe they don't. Peggy walks into one of the channels, and Victor sends out a random request. If Victor guesses right, great. If he guessed wrong, they would delete the experiment from the video. All in all, Victor gets a record that shows exactly the same sequence of events as actually proving Peggy knew the spell
this shows two things. One is that Victor cannot convince the third party of the validity of the proof; Second, it proves that the protocol is zero knowledge. In the case Peggy doesn't know the spell, Victor obviously can't get any information from the record. However, because Victor can't distinguish between a real record and a fake record, he can't get any information from the actual proof - it must be zero knowledge. In other words, Peggy does not disclose any secret knowledge in the process of proving to victor, which is called zero knowledge.
9. Nanometer & quot; Nanometer & quot; Nano is a unit of length, originally known as nanometer, which is 10-9 meters (1 billionth of a meter), about the length of 45 atoms in a string. Nanostructures are usually micro structures with sizes below 100 nm. From the specific material point of view, people often use thin as hair to describe things. In fact, people's hair is generally 20-50 microns in diameter, not thin. A single bacterium can't be seen with naked eye, and its diameter measured by microscope is 5 microns. At the very end, one nanometer is roughly the diameter of four atoms. Suppose that the diameter of a hair is 0.05mm, cut it into 50000 pieces on average, and the thickness of each piece is about 1nm. Nanotechnology nanoscience and technology, sometimes referred to as nanotechnology, is to study the properties and applications of materials with structure sizes ranging from 0.1 to 100 nm. After the invention of scanning tunneling microscope (STM) in 1981, a molecular world with the length of 0.1 to 100 nm was born. Its ultimate goal is to construct procts with specific functions directly from atoms or molecules. Therefore, nanotechnology is actually a kind of technology that uses a single atom or molecule to shoot materials. Nanotechnology is an interdisciplinary comprehensive subject, and its research content involves a wide range of modern science and technology. Nano science and technology mainly includes: nano system physics, nano chemistry, nano materials science, nano biology, Nano Electronics, nano processing, Nano Mechanics, etc. These seven relatively independent and interpenetrating disciplines include nanomaterials, nanodevices and nanoscale detection and characterization. The preparation and research of nanomaterials is the basis of nanotechnology. Among them, Nanophysics and nanochemistry are the theoretical basis of nanotechnology, and nanoelectronics is the most important content of nanotechnology. According to the research so far, nanotechnology can be divided into three concepts: the first is molecular nanotechnology proposed by Dr. Drexler, an American scientist, in his book the machine of creation in 1986. According to this concept, the machine of combining molecules can be applied, so that all kinds of molecules can be combined at will, and any kind of molecular structure can be proced. This concept of nanotechnology has not yet made significant progress. The second concept defines nanotechnology as the limit of micromachining technology. That is to say, through nano precision & quot; Processing & quot; To artificially form nanoscale structures. This kind of nano scale processing technology also makes the semiconctor miniaturization to reach the limit. Even if the existing technology continues to develop, it will reach the limit in theory. This is because if the wire width of the circuit is graally reced, the insulation film of the circuit will become extremely thin, which will damage the insulation effect. In addition, there are heating and shaking problems. In order to solve these problems, researchers are studying new nanotechnology. The third concept is put forward from the biological point of view. Originally, there are nanoscale structures in cells and biofilms. Nanotechnology includes the following four main aspects: 1. Nanomaterials: when the material reaches the nanometer scale, it is in the range of 0.1-100 nm, the properties of the material will change suddenly, resulting in special properties. This kind of material is not only different from the original composition of atoms and molecules, but also different from the macro material with special properties, that is, nano materials. If only the material with nanometer scale and no special properties, it can not be called nanometer material. In the past, people only paid attention to atoms, molecules or space, and often ignored this intermediate field. In fact, this field exists in a large number of nature, but they did not realize the performance of this scale range before. The first Japanese scientists who really realized its performance and quoted the concept of nanometer were those who prepared ultramicro ions by evaporation method in the 1970s. Through studying its performance, they found that after a concting and concting copper and silver conctor was made into nanometer scale, it lost its original properties and showed neither concting nor concting. The same is true for magnetic materials, such as iron cobalt alloy. When it is made into about 20-30 nanometers, the magnetic domain becomes a single domain, and its magnetism is 1000 times higher than the original. In the mid-1980s, people officially named this kind of materials as nano materials. Why is the magnetism of a single domain 1000 times higher than that of the original one? This is because the arrangement of single atoms in the magnetic domain is not very regular, and there is an atomic nucleus in the middle of the single atom, and there are electrons rotating around it, which is the reason for the formation of magnetism. However, after becoming a single magnetic domain, single atoms are arranged very regularly, showing strong magnetism. This feature is mainly used in the manufacture of micro and special motors. If the technology is developed to a certain time, it can be used to manufacture maglev, which can proce faster, more stable and more energy-saving high-speed trains. 2. Nanodynamics, mainly micromachines and micromotors, or micro electro mechanical systems (MEMS), is used for micro sensors and actuators with transmission machinery, optical fiber communication systems, special electronic equipment, medical and diagnostic instruments, etc. it uses a new process similar to the design and manufacture of integrated electrical appliances. The feature is that the part is very small, the etching depth often requires tens to hundreds of microns, and the width error is very small. This process can also be used to make three-phase motors, ultra fast centrifuges or gyroscopes. In the aspect of research, we also need to detect micro deformation and micro friction at quasi atomic scale. Although they have not really entered the nano scale, they have great potential scientific and economic value. Theoretically speaking, micromotor and detection technology can reach nanometer scale. (3) nanobiology and nanopharmacology, such as immobilization of DNA particles on mica surface with colloidal gold nanoparticles, experiment of biomolecular interaction with interdigital electrode on silica surface, bilayer planar biofilm of phospholipid and fatty acid, fine structure of DNA, etc. With nanotechnology, self-assembly methods can also be used to put parts or components into cells to form new materials. About half of the new drugs, even the fine powder of micron particles, are insoluble in water; However, if the particles are nanoscale, they are soluble in water. When nanobiology develops to a certain technology, nanomaterials can be used to make nanobiological cells with recognition ability, and can absorb the biological medicine of cancer cells, which can be injected into the human body, and can be used for targeted killing cancer cells Nano Electronics, including nano electronic devices based on quantum effect, optical / electrical properties of nanostructures, characterization of nano electronic materials, as well as atomic manipulation and assembly, etc. The current trend of electronic technology requires devices and systems to be smaller, faster, colder and smaller, which means faster response speed. Cooler means that the power consumption of a single device is smaller. But smaller is not without limits. Nanotechnology is the last frontier of builders, and its influence will be huge. In July 1990, the first International Conference on nanotechnology was held in Baltimore, USA; In 1996, the Fourth Conference on nanotechnology was held in China. The first (1992) Conference on nanomaterials was held in Mexico; In 1994, the second International Conference on nanomaterials was held in Stuttgart, Germany; The third international conference was held in Hawaii in 1996; In 1998, the Fourth Conference on nanomaterials was held in Stockholm, Sweden; In 2000, the 5th International Conference on nanomaterials was held in Sendai, Japan. For the nanostructured materials with the number of atoms under 100, the market scale is about 500 million US dollars for the proction of nanostructured materials, 5-20 billion US dollars for the mass proction of complex nanostructured materials, 10-100 billion nanocomputers, and 200-100 billion US dollars for the verification of components and devices that can proce power source and program self-regulation, The current research and application of nanotechnology are mainly in the fields of materials and preparation, microelectronics and computer technology, medicine and health, aerospace and aviation, environment and energy, biotechnology and agricultural procts. The equipment made of nano materials has lighter weight, stronger hardness, longer service life, lower maintenance cost and more convenient design. Nanomaterials can also be used to make materials with specific properties or materials that do not exist in nature, and to make biomaterials and biomimetic materials@ Nanometer is a unit of measurement of geometric size, 1 nanometer = millionth of a millimeter@ Nanotechnology has driven the technological revolution@ Drugs made with nanotechnology can block capillaries and "starve" cancer cells@ If nano integrated devices are used on the satellite, the satellite will be smaller and easier to launch@ Nanotechnology is a multidisciplinary process, and some of its goals will take a long time to achieve. Nanotechnology, information science and technology, and life science and technology are the current mainstream of scientific development. Their development will make human society, living environment and science and technology itself better. In April 1998, Dr. Neal lane, the president's science and technology advisor, commented that if someone asked me which field of science and engineering would have a breakthrough impact on the future, I would say that the initiative is to establish a nanotechnology challenge agency to fund interdisciplinary research and ecation, Including centers and networks for long-term goals. Some potential breakthroughs include compressing the entire library of Congress into a cube sized device by increasing the storage capacity of the unit surface by 1000 times and expanding the storage capacity of large storage electronic devices to several megabytes. From small to large, materials and procts are made from one atom or molecule. This method will save raw materials and rece pollution. To proce materials that are 10 times stronger than steel and only a fraction of its weight to make lighter, fuel-efficient land, water and aviation vehicles. Through the tiny transistor and memory chip millions of times to improve computer speed and efficiency, so that today's processor has become very slow. Using gene and drug delivery nano scale MRI contrast agent to find cancer cells or locate human tissues and organs, remove the most subtle pollutants in water and air, and get a cleaner environment and drinkable water. Double the energy efficiency of solar cells. Nanotechnology nanotechnology is a science and technology that uses a single atom or molecule to make matter. Nanotechnology is a science and technology based on many modern advanced science and technology. It is the combination of modern science (chaos physics, quantum mechanics, mesoscopic physics, Molecular Biology) and modern technology (computer technology, microelectronics and scanning tunneling microscope technology, nuclear analysis technology). Nanotechnology will trigger a series of new science and technology, For example, nanoelectronics, nanomaterials science, nanomechanics and so on. Nanotechnology is considered as a high technology at the turn of the century.
10. Yes, but actually the legal interpretation of the government does not support it