1. Egocentrism refers to children's thinking deficiencies e to their low level of thinking development. It means that indivials tend to know things from their own standpoint and point of view, but not from the objective and other people's standpoint and point of view. From being unable to distinguish the self from the outside world to getting rid of the dependence on action and direct perception, being able to distinguish the self from the outside world, representing other people's psychological world, and acquiring the ability of opinion selection. In the early stage of sensorimotor, the egocentrism of children's thinking is that they can't distinguish themselves from the outside world. They live in the "here and now" world completely and don't realize that there is a broader world besides their feelings. At the end of the sensorimotor stage, with the emergence of symbolic function, children can distinguish themselves from the outside world, which is a manifestation of de egocentrism. In the pre operation stage, children's egocentrism of thinking is reflected in the representation level. At this time, although children have formed a representation of things, they can't represent other people's psychological world. What they think and feel is always the same as what they think and feel, and they don't have the ability of opinion selection. After entering the specific operation stage, children's thinking is further de egocentric, which shows that they can understand things from multiple dimensions, and they can realize that different people often hold different views and attitudes towards the same thing, that is, they have the ability of opinion selection. Therefore, Piaget believes that the development of children's thinking from low level to high level is a process of de egocentrism.
2. Self centeredness is an important concept in Piaget's cognitive development psychology. He believes that there is a qualitative difference between the thinking of young children and alts, children can not distinguish their own and other people's views, do not know the existence of other people's views, can only see things from their own point of view, things are what he saw, there can be no other views. Egocentrism is e to the lack of cognitive decentralization. Piaget believes that there is a process of decentralization in children's development. The development of sensorimotor stage is a process of graal decentralization from an extreme egocentric state. The three forms of egocentric sensory motor stage (from birth to 2 years old) do not distinguish between the object and the self, live in a universe without object, and have no self-consciousness. ① In the pre operation stage (2-7 years old), children can't distinguish their own and others' views, and can't distinguish between subjective and objective. ② Specific operation stage (7-11) decentralized formal operation stage (11-12 years old) children focus on their future ideals. Only after a long period of decentralization can they understand the objective reality and the collective requirements for them and become more realistic. ③ On Piaget's stages of cognitive development on the stages of self-consciousness in Piaget's psychology for children and China's great network Encyclopedia. Piaget's "pre operation stage" (3-7 years old) of children's thinking development is from 3 years old to adolescence. It is an important stage for junior high school students to develop their self-consciousness, a critical period for them to form world outlook and values, and a preparation period for them to create various conditions for the society. The period of subjectivization, from adolescence to althood, belongs to the period of self-consciousness maturity and psychological self. A self-centered person means that his mind is completely occupied by self-consciousness, and he is used to taking "I" as the center of attention, so that other people, things and things are difficult to arouse his interest and divert his attention. They tend to focus too much on their own needs and interests and cannot adopt different opinions. All the relationships between him and his surroundings are based on the interests of "me", and he absolutely can't accept the information that is inconsistent with his understanding. Self consciousness refers to the subject's consciousness of himself, which is a form of consciousness. It includes the consciousness activities of the relationship between man and himself, himself and others, nature and society in the process of practice. Self evaluation, self experience and self-control constitute the basic form of self-consciousness. In self
3. From the age of 5 to 6, "social interaction leads to a graally structured or socialized process", egocentric language is on the verge of disappearing, symbolic games are developing towards organized and regular games, and children begin to understand the objective relationship between objects and establish cooperative relationships among people, In the aspect of moral emotion, it graally develops towards mutual respect and reciprocity< According to Piaget, there is a process of centralization in children's development: (1) the development of sensorimotor stage is a process of graal decentralization from the initial state of extreme egocentrism. When a baby is born, it doesn't distinguish between things and me. It lives in a universe without objects and has no self-consciousness. After that, he became differentiated from the outside world and realized that he was among many permanent objects and people 2) In the pre operation stage, children use language to form representation and communicate with others, resulting in a second form of egocentrism. Children can't distinguish their own views from those of others. They can't distinguish between subjective and objective views. Egocentrism is the main feature of this stage. In the view of the world, children show several primitive thought patterns: they project their own characteristics on the external objects, and think that wind, river, cloud and sun have life and intention; When you see all kinds of things made by your parents, you think that lakes, mountains, trees and lights are all man-made; In his opinion, what is real must have objective reality. He believes that dreams come from outside 3) When it comes to the specific operation stage, the ability of decentralization is developed. Children recognize other people's views and can reconcile their own views with those of others, but not all of them are objective. In fact, some alts are still egocentric in their way of thinking 4) In the stage of formal operation, there is a third form of egocentrism. Only after a long period of decentralization can children realize the objective reality and the requirements of the collective and become more realistic.
4. When children's thinking has the characteristics of reversibility, conservation and systematicness, their thinking is in the stage of concrete operation.
5. Piaget's classification of the stages of children's thinking development and the characteristics of each stage:
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perceptual operation stage (sensorimotor stage, 0-2 years old)
< / OL > the main cognitive structure of children in this stage is perceptual motor schema, by which children can coordinate perceptual input and action response, and thus rely on action to adapt to the environment. Through this stage, children graally develop from an indivial who only has reflexive behavior to a problem solver who has a preliminary understanding of their daily life environment
2. Pre operational stage (pre operational stage, 2-7 years old)
children internalize perceptual actions into images and establish symbolic functions. They can think with psychological symbols (mainly images), thus making a qualitative leap in thinking
Concrete operations stage (concrete operations stage, 7-11 years old) in this stage, children's cognitive structure evolves from the representation schema in the pre operation stage to the operation schema. The characteristics of concrete operational thinking are conservation, detachment and reversibility. Piaget believes that the psychological operation of this period focuses on abstract concepts, which is operational (logical), but the thinking activities need the support of specific content
In this period, children's thinking develops to the level of abstract logical reasoning. Children in the stage of formal operation can get rid of the influence of reality, pay attention to hypothetical propositions, and make logical and creative reflection on hypothetical propositions. At the same time, children can make hypothesis dective reasoning extended data:
extended data:
Jean Piaget, born on August 9, 1896, died on September 16, 1980, is a Swiss, the most famous child psychologist in modern times. His theory of cognitive development has become a model of this discipline. He has left more than 60 monographs and 500 papers for posterity. He has been to many countries to give lectures and won dozens of honorary doctorates, honorary professors and honorary academicians of science
Piaget's most important contribution to psychology is that he changed Freud's random and unsystematic clinical observation into a more scientific and systematic one, which makes great progress in clinical psychology in the future Jean Piaget network
6. Pre operation stage
theory of cognitive development stage
① perceptual movement stage (0-2 years old): through exploring the relationship between perception and movement to obtain action experience, needs and appearances have not yet been fully formed, and object permanence and goal orientation behavior have been existed
② pre operation stage (2-7 years old): with concrete image, irreversible thinking, not yet acquired the concept of object conservation, rapid development of language, symbolization of action diagram, egocentrism< (3) concrete operation stage (7-11 years old): be able to perform logical operation, but still need the support of concrete things, with conservation and reversibility, de egocentrism and cluster operation< (4) formal operation stage (11-16 years old): thinking is no longer dependent on specific perceptible things, but can be solved by hypothetical reasoning, hypothetical dective reasoning, adolescent egocentrism, and children's development thinking is close to alt level.
7. Egocentrism is the main achievement of the pre operation stage
The pre operation stage starts from children's learning a language and lasts until about 5 to 6 years old. At this stage, children develop symbolic representation schema through language, imitation, imagination, symbol game and symbol painting, and their knowledge is still largely determined by their own perception
children are completely centered on their own body and movement, and they can understand things from their own stand and point of view, but they can not understand things from the objective and other people's point of view
Piaget divides the cognitive development of children and adolescents into four stages: perceptual motor stage, pre operation stage, specific operation stage and formal operation stage
he believes that all children will go through these four stages in turn, and the emergence of new mental abilities is a sign of the arrival of each new stage, and these new mental abilities enable people to understand the world in a more complex way
not all children complete the same stage at the same age, however, their order through each stage is consistent. The former stage is the premise to reach the latter stage. The development of the stage is not a discontinuous jump, but a graal and continuous change
8. 1. Research on the different age groups of children
specific operation stage: in the third stage of children's cognitive development stage divided by Piaget, the age group is 7-12 years old
formal operation stage: in the fourth stage of Piaget's cognitive development stage, the age range is 12-15 years old
2, different thinking characteristics
specific operation stage: there are two main characteristics of thinking in this stage: conservation and cluster operation
formal operation stage: the main characteristics are that teenagers can handle more than two kinds of variables at the same time, can consider the development and change of things, can make logical assumptions about possible events, can make appropriate damage period for their own behavior results, and have the ability to check the internal consistency or logical connection of things Be able to objectively analyze themselves, others and their environment
extended materials:
factors to enhance formal operational thinking
some environmental factors can promote the development of adolescents' formal operational thinking and rece their level of egocentrism. First of all, the indivial in early adolescence is faced with a series of compatible and contradictory requirements put forward by the role relationship. These role relationships often refer to themselves as children, workers, students, friends, dating objects, religious believers and citizens
the most direct pressure they bear is the demands of various expectations on their behavior. Playing multiple roles is concive to the development of their formal computing thinking, because they must consider their multiple identities and make various trade-offs in decision-making
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