Decentralized politics in India

1. As the world's second most populous country with the world's fourth largest army, the eighth largest manufacturing instry and high-tech talent resources second only to the United States, India is creating the myth of "the rise of India". In the 10th five year plan, the Indian government has set the economic growth rate of 8% from 2002 to 2007. However, based on the analysis of India's heavy population burden, unbalanced instrial structure, huge fiscal deficit, wide gap between the rich and the poor, backward infrastructure, high non-performing bank assets, and the persistence of domestic caste system and religious contradictions, the Indian government has put forward the following measures, This goal is not easy to achieve< From independence to the 1980s, the average annual growth rate of India's GDP was only 3.5%, increased to 5.6% in the 1980s, and 7% in the mid-1990s. The growth rate in the fourth quarter of 2003 surpassed that of China, reaching a record 10.4%. The economic growth rate in the second quarter of 2004-2005 fiscal year was 6.6%, of which the growth rate of the construction instry was 5.2%, the instrial growth rate was 9.3%, and the growth rate of the tertiary instry was 8.25%. In the second quarter, trade in goods increased by 53.5%, more than doubling from 24.6% in the first quarter, while foreign direct investment increased by 26.8%. India's economy entered a "golden age"

(1) the status quo of the primary instry: "green revolution" has increased agricultural proction and income, but there is still a long way to go to develop agriculture through science and technology<

today's India has completely changed its image of "carrying a begging basket". The grain output has increased from 15 million tons at the beginning of independence to 220 million tons in 2003. The grain output target for 2004-2005 (July to June next year) is 225.1 million tons. However, e to the decrease of rainfall, the grain output is expected to decrease to 206 million tons. At present, India's output of many agricultural procts, such as rice, wheat, beans, cotton, sugarcane, tea, tobacco and jute, is among the highest in the world. This is mainly e to the "green revolution" carried out in India from 1964 to 1970. After the 1990s, the "white revolution" and "blue revolution" carried out in India promoted the development of animal husbandry and fishery. Now India is moving towards the goal of doubling food proction in 2010, when the food market is expected to exceed 250 billion rubles. But objectively speaking, India's agricultural proctivity is still very low. The grain output per unit area of 1.7 tons per hectare is far from the world level of 2.6 tons and the level of developed countries with more than 5 tons. Therefore, in the 2005 budget report, the Indian government specially stressed the need to improve the investment environment in the agricultural field, including allowing domestic agricultural exporters to import seeds and agricultural materials ty-free. The key to India's agricultural development is to reclaim wasteland, breed improved varieties, transform agricultural infrastructure, build water conservancy facilities network, increase irrigation area, ensure power supply, improve grain processing and storage capacity, and improve grain market circulation, so as to make agriculture take the road of sustainable development< (2) the current situation of the secondary instry: the strength of emerging instries is growing, but the coordinated development can not be ignored<

India has established a relatively complete instrial system, in which pharmaceutical, automotive and other fields have strong competitiveness in the international market. India's energy instry (including coal, oil and electricity) is also developing rapidly. Coal is the first energy in India, accounting for more than 40% of the country's commercial energy consumption. However, the power supply is still very tight. At present, India is seeking to develop bagasse as raw material for power generation to further supplement the shortage of traditional coal power generation. Light instry plays an important role in Indian instry, and its output value accounts for more than 20% of the total instrial output value, mainly for the textile instry and food instry, among which sugar, tea and textile proction occupy an important position in the world. With the development of the whole instry, the advantages of traditional instries such as cotton and hemp textile, sugar making, oil pressing and tobacco making are constantly giving way to emerging instries such as chemistry, energy, machinery and electronics< (1) the output of energy and basic instries has increased significantly, but there is still a serious shortage of oil and natural gas

generally speaking, India is rich in mineral resources with a complete range of coal reserves of nearly 200 billion tons, and is one of the important coal procing countries in the world. In recent years, the energy instry has developed rapidly, but e to the lack of modern instry's "blood" - oil, it is always unable to get rid of the label of "energy shortage". A survey shows that India is short of oil resources, with less than 800 million tons of recoverable oil. According to the current exploitation rate, it can only be exploited for another 20 years. The reserves of natural gas are less than 700 billion cubic meters, which can only maintain the proction for more than 20 years. Moreover, the waste of natural gas proction is serious, and the efficiency is not high< (2) pharmaceutical instry and textile instry are two bright spots of Indian manufacturing instry<

India is a big procer and exporter of non patented drugs: India's drugs account for 8% of global drug sales, ranking fourth and the fifth largest procer of bulk drugs in the world. India's pharmaceutical instry has 20000 laboratories, with a pharmaceutical market size of 5.3 billion euros, of which Glaxo SKB, the largest pharmaceutical company, has a market share of 5.7%

the textile instry is the oldest and largest instry in India. Its output accounts for about 6% of GDP and has absorbed 35 million jobs< (3) rable consumer goods market, machinery and parts Market: the current situation is not optimistic, but the development potential is great

although India has a stable consumer market composed of 300 million middle class, the consumption boom has not started. Most rable consumer goods constitute a buyer's market, and the supply exceeds the demand. India's machinery procts are mostly low-end procts. Heavy equipment, food processing, plastic processing, textile and jewelry processing machinery have long depended on imports. However, the further improvement of consumer credit can promote the prosperity of the consumer market, and the increase of government investment in infrastructure can promote the development of the machinery and parts market dominated by construction machinery< (3) the status quo of the tertiary instry: the biggest bright spot and driving force of India's economic growth

the line is the "import substitution" policy, and the development of national instry, which is not closely related to the outside world. India relies on well-ecated workers, information technology and English language advantages to vigorously develop the service instry. The advance of service instry has brought about the prosperity of Indian IT service instries such as software and business processing outsourcing, and promoted the development of Indian capital and financial market and the prosperity of tourism instry< (1) a breakthrough has been made in China's openness to foreign investment. Information service department -- software instry is a new force with strong strength< In the mid-1980s, the Indian government promulgated policies to support the development of computer software. During the key 11 years from 1991 / 92 to 2001 / 02, the average annual growth rate of India's software instry reached 45% and reached 50% in 2004. India has become the "world software superpower" second only to the United States. At present, there are nearly 3000 software and service enterprises with more than 500000 employees. The scale of the top ten software and service enterprises is more than 10000 employees, and the largest enterprise has nearly 40000 employees. The profit of enterprises is more than 20%. Bangalore, Hyderabad and Madras form the "Golden Triangle" of Indian software base

② capital financial services sector: the open financial environment has formed a more developed capital market

India has the largest capital market in developing countries, and its stock trading types are also the largest in developing countries. There are 78 commercial banks and 196 regional agricultural banks in China, with 6100 branches; There are 23 stock exchanges and more than 900 listed companies. The annual new stock issue can raise 65 billion to 70 billion rupees< (3) tourism service sector is expected to become the center of world tourism market<

in 2004, India's tourism instry received 3.37 million foreign tourists, an increase of 23.5% over 2003, and its tourism foreign exchange income was US $48 billion, an increase of 36.1% over the previous year. Although India is affected by the Indian Ocean tsunami, it has not affected India's "tourism fever". It is predicted that India will become the center of the world tourism market by 2025< (4) public service departments, infrastructure, culture, ecation and health, should pay attention to both hardware and software

in order to make up for the lag of infrastructure, the Indian government has formulated the policy of rapid development of infrastructure. In 2010, at least US $17 billion will be invested in improving the level of domestic roads, airports and ports, and encouraging foreign capital or private consortia to participate in infrastructure construction projects. In order to solve India's energy crisis, the government actively seeks cooperation with Saudi Arabia, Iran, Russia and other countries in energy projects, and plans to invest $1 billion a year in oil and gas projects in the Middle East, Central Asia, North Africa, Southeast Asia and Latin America by 2015

in terms of ecation, we should increase funding, popularize eight year primary ecation, attach importance to the cultivation and protection of high-quality scientific and technological talents, and encourage the return of the outflow talents. In terms of medical and health care, we should establish a three-level medical insurance network (health station primary health care center community health care center) to improve the supply of drinking water and promote the development of cultural and health undertakings< (2) India's foreign economic situation

1. Foreign trade and foreign investment situation: trade deficit and low utilization rate of foreign capital

(1) foreign trade

despite the continuous appreciation of Indian Rupee against the US dollar, India's exports reached US $53 billion in the first nine months of 2004-2005 fiscal year, which increased by 23% compared with the same period last year. India's export target this fiscal year is 16% higher than last year. In India's foreign trade, the main exporting countries and regions are the United States, Arabia, China, Hong Kong, the United Kingdom, Singapore, Germany, Belgium, Italy and France, while the main importing countries are China, the United States, Belgium, Switzerland, Australia, Arabia, the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan. The main export procts are textiles, gems and jewelry, chemical procts, petrochemical procts, agricultural and fishery procts, leather procts, electronic procts and carpets, while the main import procts are crude oil, gold, gems, steel, chemical procts, machinery and electronic procts< From 1992 to January 2004, the amount of foreign investment approved by the Indian government was nearly 78.3 billion US dollars. The main investment countries were the United States, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, Japan, Germany, the Netherlands and Oman, and the main investment fields were oil, electricity, metallurgy, food processing, food processing, food processing and so on Telecommunications, hotels, tourism, etc. But the actual utilization rate of funds is only 40%. Recently, the Indian government has further raised the investment ceiling of overseas enterprises on local mobile phone companies in India, from 49% to 74%, indicating that the Indian government has made a breakthrough in its open attitude towards foreign investment. India is a country with rapid economic development. Many domestic fields, especially in most infrastructure fields, are facing the problem of insufficient investment. It is expected that India will further open wider fields in the next step< In terms of foreign investment, according to the figures released by the Reserve Bank of India, India's foreign investment increased by US $1.5 billion in the fiscal year 2003-2004, with a total investment of US $6.6 billion

trade situation between China and India - China's deficit, but the potential of economic and trade cooperation is huge

in the past 10 years, the trade between China and India has developed rapidly, and India has become China's largest trading partner in South Asia. China to

2. Ancient India is one of the birthplaces of human civilization. Ancient Indian civilization, with its extraordinary richness, mystery and magic, has deeply attracted the world and had a profound impact on Asian countries, including China. Ancient India made original contributions to human civilization in literature, philosophy and natural science. The most prominent feature is its religious nature
1. Gupta Dynasty (320-540)
at the beginning of the 4th century, the Kushan Empire declined, the Gupta Dynasty (320-540) rose and its capital was Fahrenheit City, which replaced the Kushan Empire and graally unified the North India centered on the Ganges River Basin. By the time of chaoriwang (380-415), the country was powerful, its territory expanded, its economy and culture flourished, and its capital was Huashi city. The dynasty had close economic, cultural and ecational contacts with foreign countries< In the middle of the 5th century, the Yada invaded India from Central Asia. In the early 6th century, the Yada occupied most of northern and central India. In 528, the alliance of the princes of North India defeated the mb. However, after being attacked by the mb people, the small states in Gupta became independent one after another and fell into the division and scuffle. In 570, the rule of the Gupta Dynasty ended
3. The Empire of Japan (606-647)
The Empire of Japan was developed from a small state after the separation of Gupta. At the beginning of the 7th century, the Empire of jieri (606-647) rose, and the mb people were expelled. The king of jieri unified North India and established the capital Qunu city. Its territory extends to the bay of Bengal in the East and almost the whole of North India in Punjab in the West. During the reign of King Jie RI, Xuanzang was visiting India, and he treated him very well< 4. During the raqipute period (from the middle of the 7th century to the end of the 12th century)
after the death of King jieri, the Empire was divided. In the 8th century, the small countries ruled by the raqiputes were dominated by separate regimes. The raqiputes were descended from the aboriginal princes and nobles, with military castes (the other was a foreigner. According to mark Yao, a scholar of Peking University, the raqiputes were originally a nomadic tribe named gujiluo people, and later merged with the local nobles, so the origins of the people were diverse), They weakened each other and lost their ability of defense. From the 8th century to the 10th century, India had three big powers competing for hegemony< 5. Ghazni Dynasty (962-1186)
the dynasty was a Turk rising in Central Asia and Afghanistan, believing in Islam. From 1001 to 1026, mamud, the Sultan of the dynasty (from 999 to 1030), invaded North India 17 times (another 15 times) and suffered serious damage. Mahmoud's expedition was aimed at plundering property, but he did not establish his rule in India. After his death, his country soon disintegrated. Punjab was incorporated into the ghaznavids. When the Turks of Afghanistan invaded North India, a kingdom of Jura rose in the south of India in the 10th-12th century. The kingdom had made an expedition to Ceylon and had frequent trade with Arabia. At the end of the 12th century, it was divided< In the 12th century, the GUR Dynasty of Afghanistan (1152-1206) began to invade India from 1175. In 1206, Muhammad, the Sultan of the GUR Dynasty, was assassinated and killed, splitting his country. The governor of India (one of Muhammad's ministries, named gutebu UD DIN ebeck) took Delhi as the center and became independent Sudan, so it was called Delhi Sultan state. From then on, the Delhi Sultan Dynasty began in northern India. During this period, it experienced five dynasties
since ancient times, there have been foreigners invading from Northwest Mountain pass in India, and most of them have integrated or assimilated with local residents. But the Turks in Afghanistan are very different from the past. They come in under the banner of Islamic "Jihad". They are not assimilated by the local culture, but continue to expand their influence. Of course, the traditional power of Hinism is also deeply rooted. In a word, India is characterized by more division and less unification, and the coexistence of multiple religions for a long time
7. Mughal Empire (1526-1707)
the founder of Mughal Empire was Babur, the descendant of Timur, so he called himself Mongolian. In April 1526, Babur led more than 20000 troops to attack the Sultanate of Delhi. The Sultan of Delhi personally led more than 40000 troops to fight. Babur won the war and Sudan died. Babur established the Mughal Empire in India (1526-1858). In 1529, Babur unified North India. After Akbar (1556-1605) ascended the throne, the Mughal Empire entered its heyday. The Empire's territory expanded unprecedentedly, surpassing other dynasties in history. The North includes Afghanistan and Kashmir

1. The economy was dominated by agriculture. During the reign of Akbar in Mughal Empire, instry and commerce were relatively developed
2. Politics
in every stage before the Sultanate of Delhi, the state system of government was centralized, and the small Republican states in ancient times did not exist until the Gupta empire. The kingdom of Jura in South India has a relatively complete administrative system and tax authorities, and there are people's congresses in each administrative region
when Delhi was the Sultanate, Sudan was a combination of political power, military power and theocracy. He was the head of state, the head of Islam, and the supreme commander of the national armed forces. He was a combination of monarchy and theocracy. In name, the Sultan still takes the Arab Caliph as the suzerain. After succeeding to the throne, the Sultan wants to get the title of the Caliph and issue currency with the name of the Caliph, but in fact, it is completely independent and unrestrained. Sudan has a large standing army with cavalry as the backbone. The central government has ministries, each of which has a minister, above whom is the chief minister, known as Vizier (Prime Minister), to assist the Sultan. There are 23 provinces in the country, and the Sudan appoints governors to govern the provinces. The commune is still a grass-roots political organization, and most of the village heads are Hins. The upper class were all Islamists, who came from the military aristocratic families of Turks, Afghans and Persians. They filled senior positions in the government and the army. The feudal lord of Hinism could only be a low-level official
in Mughal's time, the civil and military officials carried out a unified military rank system, with 33 ranks< Under the rule of Gupta Dynasty, the rural commune was still the basic organization of the society, but the slavery system had come to an end, and the early feudal relationship sprouted. The king of the Gupta Dynasty unconditionally granted land, households and cattle to bureaucrats, nobles, monks and temples, and issued bronze land grant certificates. The recipients became feudal lords, while the households granted to nobles and temples became feudal dependent peasants. They had to pay taxes and labor to the feudal lords. In addition, when the free peasants cultivated the commune land, they also had to pay a kind of land tax called "baga"< During the period of the Japanese Empire, the feudal system was further developed and finally established. In principle, the land of the Jie RI empire was still owned by the king, which was called "Wang Tian". The king has the power to deal with the king's field. According to Xuanzang's records of the western regions of the Tang Dynasty, Wangtian can be divided into four types: one is the land occupied by the Empire; Second, the land occupied by bureaucrats (Lutian, Shiyi); Third, it was occupied by Brahman; The fourth is the land occupied by the temple (Futian). The king of Jie RI granted the land to the religious landlords together with the peasants. The land of the religious landlords was cultivated by the village farmers. The farmers were not only bound to the land, but also changed their owners with the transfer of land ownership. The peasants had to pay 1 / 6 of the harvest to the Lord, as well as "fees" (currency) and servitude. Farmers also have to pay taxes to the state through village communities. Village community organizations still retain public land, and the power of commune leaders and commune meetings is still relatively large, which has the characteristics of autonomy. Due to the imbalance of social development, some village communities still take the big family as a unit, and retain the habit of regular redistribution of land. The amount of land given or granted by the king of Jie RI to the religious landlords was very large. Most of them could reach 100 cities (one city was equivalent to a village community, 200 farmers). For example, nalantao Temple owned 200 cities and depended on 40000 farmers. The landowners of religious land have hereditary right or free control over their territory. The feudal lords also had the administrative and judicial power over the territory, and they could dispose of the peasants at will. Therefore, in the era of King Jie RI, India's fiefdoms and grants were independent of the government. After the death of King Jie RI, the great feudal lords ruled separately one after another. From the 7th century to the end of the 12th century, many small kingdoms of "Rajput" appeared in North India
the Sultan of Delhi regarded the land of the whole country as his own property. He granted most of the land to military nobles, officials and mosques in the form of military fiefdoms ("iqta") and monasteries ("inam"). The people who owned the fiefdoms were called "iqtar" or mukhti. They had to perform military service and provide a certain number of mercenaries for the Sudan. After the 14th century, Sudan allowed iktar to become a hereditary territory, and iktar was granted tax-free privileges. In addition, there are also Hin feudal princes and indigenous chiefs who also have hereditary territory and enjoy the privilege of exemption from land tax. The owner of the hereditary territory is called "chaimindar" (meaning "landholder"). The Sultanate discriminates against and persecutes non Islamic Indians by imposing head tax and other exorbitant taxes on them. Land tax is one third to one half of their output. The State implements the tax package system, and businessmen use the tax package privilege to extort farmers at will. Therefore, the class contradictions, ethnic contradictions and religious contradictions in Sudan are intricately intertwined, and the struggle is very acute. In particular, the contradiction between Islam and Hinism, as well as the national contradiction, is sharp, and the long-term opposition has caused adverse consequences to India. The Indian people's struggle against the Sudanese regime has never stopped. Under the attack of the people's uprising, the political power of Sudan was weakened day by day, the local governors were powerful, separated from the central government, and ruled separately, which paved the way for foreign invasion
the Mughal Empire inherited the feudal land system of Delhi Sultan. Some of them are rented to farmers by the government and directly taxed by officials; Most of them were given to military nobles in the form of fiefdoms (zagir), and the archbishop and mosque were also granted. Fiefdoms are conditional fiefdoms. The possessor (zagildar) has no hereditary power. There is no hierarchical relationship between the large and small fiefdoms, and there is no Western European dependent relationship between the peasants and the fiefdoms; The other part is the hereditary territory of the monarchs and tribal chiefs of the Indian native states. The possessors are called chaimindar. Most of them are in remote mountainous areas, and they have administrative and judicial power over the peasants, so they are in a semi independent state. In the 17th century, the difference between fiefdom and chaimindar graally disappeared< 4. Akbar's reform
Akbar fell behind in the war of conquering the South Asian subcontinent. In order to strengthen the rule of the Empire, Akbar carried out a series of reforms
the first is to strengthen centralized rule. Akbar has administrative, military, judicial and religious powers. He was the supreme head of the Empire, the supreme commander, the supreme judge and the supreme bishop of Islam. The central government had financial, military, judicial, religious and supervisory departments, and the ministers of each department were directly responsible to the emperor. The country is divided into 21 provinces and is governed by the governor. Civil and military officials, as mentioned earlier, implement the military rank system and hierarchical system, which is divided into 33 levels, known as the "manshaar system" (another is 66 levels, the highest is the commander of ten thousand, the lowest is the commander of ten thousand), and are granted fiefs according to the level< The second is to strengthen the management of Finance and tax system. Measure the land of the whole country, measure the output per unit area of land, and stipulate the tax accordingly. Taxes are divided into physical taxes (1 / 3) and monetary taxes. The tax inclusive system will be abolished and all taxes will be paid by the central government

3. [name] Republic of India
[ancient name] body poison / Tianzhu
[nickname] peacock country / bharata
[national religion] Hinism
[National Anthem] will of the people
[national flower] lotus
[national bird] blue peacock
[national tree] bodhi tree Banyan
[area] covers an area of about 2.98 million square kilometers (excluding the Sino Indian border Indian occupied area and Kashmir India actual control area, etc.). The Indian government claims that its territory is 3.287800 square kilometers. India occupies the seventh largest area in the world. India, located in the south of Asia, is the largest country in the South Asian subcontinent
India's national emblem [population] is 1.166 billion (2009 US CIA website). 4%, Gujarat 4. 6%, Kannada 3. 9%, Malayalam 3. 9%, Oriya 3. 8%, Punjab 2. 3%. English and Hindi are both official languages. About 82% of the residents believe in Hinism, followed by Islam (12%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikhism (1.9%), Buddhism (0.8%) and Jainism (0.4%)
[capital] Delhi, with a population of 15.3 million (2008)
New Delhi, the capital of India, is located in the northwest of the country, on the West Bank of the Jumna River, a tributary of the Ganges River. New Delhi and Delhi are separated by the India Gate, which is bounded by the famous ramlira square. New Delhi is to the south of the square, and old Delhi is to the north of the square. Today, Delhi is the political, economic and cultural center of India, as well as an important transportation hub. It covers an area of 1485 square kilometers, with a population of 8.38 million in 1991 and an estimated 9 million in 1997. Delhi is the heart of India, where you can feel the pulse of the whole country. At the same time, it is also a mirror, which can not only see India's glorious history, but also reflect India's modern figure. Old Delhi and New Delhi are closely linked, ancient and modern complement each other, forming a fascinating historical picture
[head of state] the federal president of the Republic of India is platiba Patil (female), who took office on July 25, 2007
Prime Minister: Manmohan Singh, who took office on May 22, 2004
[important festival]
Republic Day, January 26 every year. On January 26, 1950, the Indian Parliament passed the constitution of the Republic of India, establishing the Republic of India
independence day, August 15 every year. On August 15, 1947, the Indian people got rid of British colonial rule and gained independence
Holi is one of the four major Hin festivals in March and April of the Gregorian calendar. The festival is in the Indian winter to spring, spring harvest season, so it is also known as the Spring Festival
Diwali is the largest festival of Hins in October and November of the Gregorian calendar. It is celebrated for three days throughout the country
[geography] India, located in the south of Asia, is the largest country in the South Asian subcontinent, adjacent to Pakistan, China, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar and Bangladesh, bordering the bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea, with a coastline of 5560 km. India is divided into Deccan Plateau, central plateau, plain and Himalayas. It is a tropical monsoon climate, and the temperature varies with altitude. The average annual temperature in the Himalayas ranges from 12 ℃ to 14 ℃, and that in the eastern region ranges from 26 ℃ to 29 ℃
[history] one of the four ancient civilizations in the world. The Ins civilization was created around 2000 BC. In the 14th century BC, one of the Aryans who originally lived in Central Asia entered the South Asian subcontinent and conquered the indigenous people. In about 1000 BC, caste system based on different ethnic and social divisions began to form. In the 4th century B.C., the Peacock Dynasty began to unify the Indian subcontinent. In the 3rd century B.C., Asoka ruled a vast territory, a powerful regime, and Buddhism flourished and began to spread. In the middle ages, there were many small countries and Hinism rose. Since the 11th century, Muslims from the northwest have been invading and ruling India for a long time. The Mughal Empire was founded in 1526 and became one of the world powers at that time. In 1600, Britain invaded and established the East India Company. It became a British colony in 1757 and occupied by Britain in 1849. The anti British uprising broke out in 1857, and the British government ruled India directly the next year. In June 1947, Britain divided India into two autonomous territories, India and Pakistan. On August 15 of the same year, India and Pakistan were divided and India became independent. On January 26, 1950, the Republic of India was founded as a member of the British Commonwealth.

4. Most people in the world are poor, so if we understand the economics of the poor, we will understand many really important economic principles. Most of the poor people in the world live on agriculture. Therefore, if we understand agriculture, we will understand the economics of the poor. I am not an economist, but I am well aware of the extreme importance of agriculture, farmers and rural issues in China. Without a well-off society in the countryside, there will be no well-off society in the whole country; Without the modernization of the countryside, there will be no modernization of the whole country. 3

at the beginning of the new century, comparative studies between India and China seem to be a hot topic at home and abroad. 4. Gilbert, a western scholar; Etienne's monograph century competition: China and India has a great influence. The National Intelligence Council (NIC) of the United States also issued a report that India may replace China as the "locomotive" of world economic development. 6. Indians also swept away the worries of Nehru's time, saying that "the 20th century belongs to the west, China wants to be the leader of the world in the 21st century, but the future of this century belongs to India.". From the perspective of China, the concern for India reflects the Chinese people's deep consideration of China's development path. At the same time, it is beneficial to study and accurately assess India's potential and future development, and correctly learn from India's experience, so as to firmly follow the socialist road with Chinese characteristics< First, from the center to the periphery: India's national development was interrupted in modern times and its reasons are similar to China's. India has an ancient history and natural conditions for national economic development. Aryan tribes from the northwest conquered it in 1500 BC; Their combination with the local people created the classical Vedic culture. After that, the Arabs conquered the land again in the 8th century, followed by the Turks who came in the 12th century and the European merchants who arrived here at the end of the 15th century. During the Peacock Dynasty (324-151 B.C.), India was a South Asian country with Himalayas in the north, Mysore in the south, the western boundary of Assam River in the East and Hin Kush in the West; During the Mughal period of the Middle Ages (1526-1857), the territory of India once again approached this scale. During the British rule of India, Britain took India as the center and extended its influence in Asia to Afghanistan and parts of Tibet in the north, the Indian Ocean in the South and Southeast Asia in the East. After independence, India was mainly composed of three parts: the Himalayas in the north, the central plain and the Deccan Plateau in the south. It is adjacent to Pakistan, China, Nepal, Sikkim, Bhutan, Myanmar and Bangladesh, bordering the bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. 8. The coastline is 5560 km long. Many rivers originate or flow through India. India has a tropical monsoon climate, the temperature changes greatly, and the temperature varies with altitude. The long coastline is concive to commercial development, while the vast territory and tropical monsoon climate are suitable for agricultural development. In 2001, the land area of India was 297.32 million hectares, while the cultivated land area was 161.75 million hectares, accounting for 54.4% of the land area of India. In the same period, China's cultivated land area accounted for only 13.5%. 9

India is one of the four ancient civilization countries in the world, and its preservation time of ancient civilization is second only to that of China. Agricultural globalization, which originated in the four ancient civilizations and spread throughout the ancient world, once made China and India the superpower and Civilization Center of the ancient world. However, when history entered the 19th century, the two countries declined rapidly, and after half a century, they graally entered the periphery and periphery of the capital world from the central country of the agricultural world. For most of the time from 1600 to India's independence in 1947, Britain's development indexes were not as good as India's except per capita GDP. After Britain suppressed the Indian National Uprising in 1857 and established direct rule in India, the extent of British plunder of India expanded sharply. In addition, the British colonial rule in India made the Indian labor in the proction relations of colonial rule and feudal exploitation. Non workers account for a large part of the national income. Moreover, compared with the Mughal period, the officials of the suzerain who were forced to intervene in the non proctive class were also sent to the colonies. They split up 5% of the national income. However, the workers in the field of proction who provide wealth for the society get a lower share in the distribution of national income. It is worth noting that the above-mentioned distribution of wealth is only after tax, and tax is an important part of the British deprivation of Indian national wealth. The Indian people have to pay for Britain's excessive administrative expenses in India, the costs of Britain's wars in Myanmar and Afghanistan, the devaluation of India's currency after 1873 and the increased burden of domestic expenses. The main taxes include land tax, goods tax, salt tax, stamp tax and opium tax. Except opium tax, the rest of the taxes fall on all classes in India. Land tax is the main source of financial revenue, which increases the burden of agricultural procers. Take the land tax of Bangladesh as an example. During the Mughal Empire, the land tax of the province only accounted for 40% - 48% of the province's annual income. In 1795, the land tax collected by the East India Company accounted for 85% of the province's income, resulting in a large amount of arrears from India to Britain. 15

not only that, Britain also seized a considerable part of the wealth from colonial India in the name of suzerain. The following table shows the labor wealth flowing from India to Britain in vain from 1868 to 1930<

British wealth "snatched" from India (1868-1930)

the proportion of India's export surplus in its net domestic proct (%) the proportion of India's export surplus in Britain's net domestic proct (%) 1868-1872 1.01.3 1911-1915 1.31.2 1926-1930 0 0.90.9

source: [British] Angus & Chen 8226; Angus Maddison, translated by Wu Xiaoying, Xu Xianchun and Shi Faqi: millennium history of world economy, Peking University Press, 2003, P. 80

Angus & Chen 8226; Angus Maddison believes that the above information "can roughly understand the flow of Indian resources into Britain as a consequence of accepting foreign domination. From 1868 to the 1930s, India's resource outflow accounted for about 0.9% to 1.3% of its national income. That is to say, about one fifth of India's net savings were transferred to the UK, which could have been used to import capital goods. ". 16 Indian economist Da & Chen 8226; In his paper "poverty in India" (1876), nauroghi divided the ways for Britain to grab wealth from India into two aspects: "first, European officials remitted their savings abroad, and the British expenditure in Britain to meet various needs in Britain and India, such as pension and wages paid in Britain; second, the British government paid more money in the United Kingdom; The second is unofficial European remittances. " This means that India's exports have to be much more than its imports in order to meet the demands of the economy. India's exports are grain and agricultural raw materials“ In order to exceed the commodity account, even in famine years, food exports must remain at the original level. ". Lord Guansong, who was governor of India from 181899 to 1907, had to admit that "without India, there would be no British Empire"

under the al exploitation of colonial economy and feudal economy, although the GDP of India's economy had a great development in the last hundred years (1857-1947) before independence, the growth rate of per capita income in India was only 0.5%, almost stagnant. India's economy does not develop because of its development: the result of rapid development is to provide high surplus value for British capital rather than feeding back the basic labor of Indian society. This seriously hindered the original accumulation of Indian national capital and interrupted the independent formation process of Indian national capital. India became a cow that provided "nutrition" for British capitalists and Indian feudal lords. The result is that the majority of the population workers can not get reasonable support because they provide more labor procts, that is, to maintain the "nutrition" of their survival and development. As a result, India's social base continues to shrink

Modern China and India had similar experiences and fates“ Before the 19th century, China was stronger than any other country in Europe or Asia. From the 5th century to the 14th century, the income generated by its early developed technology and elite based governance was higher than that of Europe. "In 1820, China's GDP was nearly 30% higher than that of Western Europe and its derivative countries combined.". But in the 100 years from the 1840s to the 1940s, China's economy declined rapidly: "by 1950, the per capita GDP was less than three-quarters of China's level in 1820.". During this period, China's economy formed a semi colonial and semi feudal abnormal structure: foreign capital in China controlled the vast majority of China's investment in modern instry. In 1936, foreign instrial capital accounted for 57.2% of China's instrial capital, of which 84.6% was in the northeast. They monopolized and controlled 96.8% of China's pig iron proction, 65.7% of coal proction, 77.1% of power generation, 64% of cotton proction, 58% of cigarette proction (1935), and 90.7% of railway mileage. In 1937, Japan launched an all-round war against China and directly plundered China's economic resources. By 1938, Japan occupied one third of China's land, 40% of its agricultural proction capacity and 92% of its instrial proction capacity. After the victory of the Anti Japanese War, the bureaucratic capital of the Kuomintang was greatly strengthened. On the eve of the birth of new China in 1949, the bureaucratic capital dominated by the four big families of Jiang, song, Kong and Chen, which were inextricably linked with western capital, had controlled 70% of the national banks, 80% of the instrial capital, and controlled all railway, highway, air transportation and more than 43% of the tonnage of ships. According to the statistics of assets and capital verification in the early days of the founding of new China, the original value of assets of state-owned and public-private joint ventures nationwide was 19.16 billion yuan, most of which were the assets of the former Kuomintang bureaucrat capital confiscated and taken over; However, in 1948, the net asset value of 123000 ethnic instries in China was only 2.008 billion yuan. In the last four months of 1948, the budget deficit of the Kuomintang government was as high as 78%. Under the triple exploitation of imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat capitalism, China's economy has lost the conditions for independent increment of national capital and sound development of national market. However, international capital, domestic bureaucratic capital and feudal landlord's excessive exploitation of China's economy made China's national capital in a state of continuous shrinkage for a long time. Proction relations hinder the growth of proctivity, which has become the tragic fate of China and India. The social revolution, that is, the national revolution against colonial oppression and independence and the democratic revolution against feudalism, has become the common and only way out for the liberation and development of proctive forces in India and China

it is worth noting that although India and China have experienced the same historical fate, comparatively speaking, before the success of the national revolution, there are still obvious differences in economic development between the two countries. In 1820, India and China accounted for 15.4% and 32.7% of the world's GNP, respectively. In 1952, India accounted for 3.8%, still lower than China's 5.2%; In 1820, India's and China's economic development levels were 111 billion and 228.6 billion international dollars respectively (in 1990), and in 1952, they were 226.6 billion and 305.7 billion international dollars respectively (in 1990). China is much higher than India. However, in terms of GNP, GNP per capita growth rate and output of major instrial procts, China's GDP growth rate is higher than that of other countries

5.

New Delhi is the capital of the Republic of India

New Delhi is the political, economic and cultural center of the country and the largest commercial center in northern India. It is 77 degrees east longitude and 28 degrees north latitude. The Yamuna River, a tributary of the Ganges River, flows slowly from the east of the city. On the other side of the river is the vast Ganges plain

New Delhi is an old and young city. As the central government of Delhi, it includes both experienced old Delhi and New Delhi, the seat of the central government. With a total area of 1485 square kilometers, the main languages are English, Hindi, Ur and Punjabi

extended materials:

Delhi has a glorious past and a long history. As an ancient capital and cultural city, it has deeply attracted numerous tourists from all over the world. According to the Indian epic Mahabharata, the BANDU people built their capital here more than 1000 BC. In the first century B.C., rajadiri, the prince of the Peacock Dynasty, established his country here, built the capital, and named the city after himself

it is also the site of seven dynasties in Indian history, leaving a wealth of historical relics, which can be said to be the treasure house of Indian historical relics. Now old Delhi is the last city to survive. In the urban and suburban areas, there are still many ruins of the ancient city. Up to now, there are six ancient cities that can be identified. The present legacy of old Delhi was built in 1638 by Shah Jahan, the fifth Mughal emperor

if old Delhi shows India's long history and splendid ancient culture, New Delhi is the shadow of India's independence from poverty in modern times. New Delhi was built in 1911 in the wilderness south of old Delhi

it is now the political center of India, where all departments of the Indian central government are located. New Delhi is a green garden city with wide and tidy streets and flower beds and meadows everywhere. Compared with some famous cities in the world, it is not inferior

6.

India is one of the four ancient civilizations in the world. The Ins civilization was created between 2500 and 1500 BC. Around 1500 BC, one of the Aryans who originally lived in Central Asia entered the South Asian subcontinent, conquered the local aborigines, established some small slave states, established the caste system, and Brahmanism rose. The Peacock Dynasty, which rose in the 4th century BC, unified India. There were many small countries in the middle ages, and Hinism rose. In 1600, Britain invaded and established the East India Company. It became a British colony in 1757. On August 15, 1947, India and Pakistan were divided and India became independent. On January 26, 1950, the Republic of India was founded as a member of the British Commonwealth

India is the second most populous country in the world with rich cultural heritage and tourism resources. India is one of the BRICs countries and one of the fastest growing countries in the world. It has become an important exporter of global software, finance and other services. But at the same time, it is also a developing country with extremely unbalanced distribution of social wealth, and the problem of caste system is more acute

India, the full name of the Republic of India. New Delhi, the capital of India, is the political, economic and cultural center, railway and aviation hub of the country. It is also the largest city in India. The main cities are Mum, Calcutta, Bangalore, Hyderabad, etc. Its land area ranks seventh in the world, with an area of 2.98 million square kilometers. It has a population of 1.34 billion, second only to China and the second largest in the world. The main ethnic groups are Hinstan, maladi, Bengali and Bihar. Among them, Hinstan accounts for 46.3% of the total population of India. There are more than 2000 languages in India. In order to facilitate communication and development, 19 of them are official languages

India is located in the northern hemisphere at 8 & deg; 24′～ 37° 36′、 Longitude 68 & deg; 7′～ 97° 25′ between. From north to south, it can be divided into Ganges plain, Indian Desert, Malwa plateau, windia mountains, Deccan Plateau and overseas islands, with vast geography and rich resources. Most of India has a tropical monsoon climate. In addition, the Himalayas block the northward movement of warm and humid air in the Indian Ocean, resulting in abundant rainfall. The rainy season is from June to October every year. Kilapenzi in northern India is known as the world's & lt; Yuji;, The maximum rainfall is 26461.2mm. What's the concept? Let's imagine. India's national tree is the bodhi tree; The national bird is the blue peacock; The national flower is lotus

7. India has been a capitalist country since independence, although socialism is very popular in the world ~

India's independence was led by Gandhi, one of the reasons ~
India's proletariat was weak and the bourgeoisie was mature at that time, which is another reason ~

Gandhi was a member of the National Congress party, he represented the interests of the bourgeoisie and had compromise, so he launched three times and again He stopped the non violent and non cooperative movement ~
Gandhi asked for India's independence, which is the reason why he became famous in history ~
he also wanted to build a "capitalist society with Indian characteristics" ~
finally, he kept a lot of religious ideas in his mind ~ for example, Gandhi thought that human beings were a mixture of good and evil ~

in view of the above, Gandhi did not choose socialism ~

quote-------- -------------

1. The most fundamental difference is one of Non Violence and one of violence.
the core of Gandhi's thought is "Non Violence and non cooperation movement", which advocates the peaceful economic means to ferry the British colonial rule; Mao Zedong advocated that "political power comes out of the barrel of a gun" and never be soft on the enemy, which is of course a tough means of violence
2. The essence of the difference between the two is that the former is capitalist thought, which comes from religion and people-oriented; The latter is Marxist thought, which aims to overthrow the rule of monopoly bourgeoisie and imperialism with the power of proletariat
3. The object of their resistance is different: the former resists foreign imperialism, while the latter resists not only imperialism, but also domestic feudal landlord bureaucrats and monopoly bourgeoisie
4. Their background and national conditions are different. Mao Zedong thought is based on the national conditions of China at that time, it is more suitable for application in China. Gandhi's proposal was aimed at the fact that the Indian bourgeoisie was weak and the proletariat did not really form its strength< A piece of article is attached for reference:
the essence of Gandhi's thought

Shang Quanyu

Gandhi is not only an epoch-making figure in Indian history, but also a great statesman and thinker in world history. Gandhi enriched human history and human thought history with his unique practice and thought system

people are the center and essence of Gandhi's thought. The emphasis on people's value and ability runs through Gandhi's thought like a red line and becomes the basis of the uniqueness of Gandhi's thought system< First, Gandhi's unique view of the state is that the ideal society envisioned by Gandhi is "an orderly anarchy and a knowledgeable anarchy", where there is no army, police or political power“ Every man is his own ruler[ 1] This view of state is very similar to anarchism and utopian communism. However, it is worth noting that Gandhi's national view has its own characteristics, which distinguishes it from other national views< First, Gandhi's negation of the state is mainly based on moral reasons and human factors< According to Gandhi, "the state is rooted in violence", "the state embodies violence in the form of centralization and organization", and the coercion and plunder of state power deprives the moral value of indivial action; The state opposes human nature, freedom and happiness. "Human beings have souls, while the state is a machine without souls. It can never give up the violence on which it relies for survival."[ 2] The state weakens the development of human nature and destroys indivial freedom. Therefore, it is necessary to abolish the state and establish a society without a state

secondly, the ideal society should be established through non violence and love, and there should be no room for violence

only a non violent society based on human free nature can become a stateless society; In a society without a country, everyone is the master of his own ideals, intentions, behaviors and feelings. He is responsible for himself and achieves the best state of moral strength and personal self realization. Therefore, the state has lost the necessity of existence< Thirdly, Gandhi opposed the state in theory and retained it in practice<

Gandhi did not advocate the immediate and complete elimination of the state. He believes that the society should have representative institutions and government. Although the ideal society is a stateless society composed of self-sufficient, self-care and autonomous village communities of voluntary alliance, the alliance needs the government to maintain. The main function of this government is to restrain people's behavior and promote the perfection of human morality and humanity

therefore, this temporary government should be a democracy. Gandhi believed that democracy can give full play to indivial freedom and talent. In democratic politics, everyone is given full freedom to engage in social public affairs according to their own ability, and equality exists in every field of life. Here, the function of the government will be reced to a minimum. He came to the same conclusion as Thoreau and mill: the government with the least management is the best government. "A country that manages its affairs smoothly and effectively without more government intervention is a true democracy," he said. A government without such conditions is only nominal democracy. "[ 3] Second, Gandhi's unique view of human nature has two characteristics< First, Gandhi didn't think that human nature was good and perfect like Rousseau; Unlike Hobbes, who thinks that human nature is evil, human beings are just the embodiment of cruelty, depravity and self-interest< According to Gandhi, man is a mixture of good and evil: "there is no one who does not make mistakes, even God's. They are God's people not because they are perfect, but because they know their mistakes and are ready to correct them. "[ 4] Gandhi firmly believed that sin is not the real nature of human beings. Human beings can train themselves and forge themselves. Even the worst people can change. Human beings have a self-consciousness to change their lives<

secondly, Gandhi closely linked his view of human nature with that of state< According to Gandhi, man's conscious will demands freedom, and man can act freely according to his own will, even against the existing state or social order. This is similar to Socrates or Kant's view that human nature is self will. But the difference is that Gandhi gave this view of human nature a spiritual color. He said that human nature is upward, human nature is one in essence, and everyone has the ability to achieve the highest possible development< Third, Gandhi's unique concept of decentralization

Gandhi believed that centralization of power would not inspire personality, on the contrary, it might frustrate inner talent, so he advocated the decentralization of political and economic power. Gandhi's concept of decentralization has two characteristics< First, decentralization should be combined with socialism< According to Gandhi, it is only possible to realize the universal decentralization of power and make everyone have equal social responsibility in the socialism of decentralization of power. Of course, what he said about socialism is not socialism in the sense of ordinary Marxists. Gandhi's concept of decentralization is similar to that of Kilt socialism. Gandhi once said: "every village will become a republic or Panchayat with full power. Each village community must be able to stand on its own and manage its affairs; Even to defend the world. It will be trained and ready to destroy in an effort to defend against any external attack. Such a society must have a high degree of ecation. Here, every man and woman knows what he or she needs. What's more important is to know that everyone should not want what other people can't have except equal labor. "[ 5]

Second, the combination of personal ability and social life< On the one hand, Gandhi emphasized personal ability and the inner aspect of life. Gandhi believed that revolution or evolution imposed by the outside world would not bring about any fundamental changes in human nature or society. Social, economic and political development must start from the indivial itself. Without the constant renewal of the indivial, it is impossible to bring about the socialist ideal order. It is very necessary for each indivial to develop and improve. Gandhi said that socialism and any other principles must begin with the indivial“ Socialism begins with the first believer. If there is such a believer, you can add many zeros to this one. The first zero becomes ten, and each zero will be ten times of the previous one. However, if the originator is a zero, in other words, there is no one to start with, there is no value in doubling the zero. "[ 6]

on the other hand, Gandhi emphasized that personal life can be fully reflected in social connections. Gandhi regarded society, society and indivial as an organic whole. All indivials have equal value, and everyone's improvement depends on others' improvement; The development of the society depends on the development of the indivial, and the development of the indivial is inseparable from the development of the society; At the same time, Gandhi said that he attached great importance to indivial freedom, but we should not forget that unlimited freedom is the law of beasts, people have to learn the balance between indivial freedom and social restrictions, and that indivials and society are in harmony< In a word, Gandhi's thought is a very complicated system, a combination of diversity and unity. It is full of contradictions, emitting a strong religious characteristics, Utopian color, retro color, but there is no lack of praiseworthy. As a space for one person, Gandhi's thought has many merits, such as humanity, freedom, equality, fraternity and democracy. It occupies a unique place in the history of human thought. It is the essence of Gandhi thought and deserves further exploration.

8.

I think India is really similar to what is reported in the media. India is really backward

Thirdly, India has a strong sense of race, so there will be a lot of inequality. For example, in India, they discriminate against women. Women are not respected in their lives, and India's laws are not perfect. Therefore, this country is very backward both economically and culturally

9. The first is the Ins civilization (about 2300-1750 BC). This is the earliest civilization in ancient India, with its center in Halaba and mohenzo Daro on the Ins River, so it is called "Halaba culture". However, this civilization was not discovered until 1921-1924. Like the Sumerian civilization in the two river basins, it was buried underground for a long time. Therefore, when the first volume of Cambridge History of India was published in 1922, it was also believed that ancient India entered civilization from the "late Vedic era" in the 1000 BC. The discovery of Halaba culture pushed the time of ancient Indian civilization forward for 1300 years
the second era is the Vedic era (about 1500-600 BC). This era can be divided into two stages: the early Vedic era (1500-1000 BC) and the late Vedic era (900-600 BC). So it is divided into two stages because, after the unexplained destruction of the brilliant Ins civilization, the history of ancient India is nearly 200 years unclear. From about 1500 BC, Indo European Aryans invaded the subcontinent, but these Aryans were at the end of primitive society. Therefore, ring the early Vedic era, that is, 1500-1000 BC, ancient India regressed to the era of transition from barbarism to civilization. From 900 BC, Aryan entered civilization, or ancient India entered civilization for the second time. Scholars call this period 900-600 BC the late Vedic era. However, compared with the Halaba culture, the civilization of this period is really a pitiful one
the third period is the period of Nations (600-400 BC). It is sometimes called "the early Buddhist era". This was an era when the ancient Indian countries developed simultaneously, but it was also an era when the Warring States disputes graally laid the foundation for unification, among which the Magadha in the Ganges River Basin was the most powerful. At this time, the economic, political and cultural center of ancient India also moved eastward, that is, the Ganges River Basin became the center of civilization. As for the Ins River Basin, it not only lost its important position, but also became a province occupied by the Persian Empire in 518 BC
the fourth era is the era of the peacock Empire (324-187 BC). This is the first unified era and Empire in the history of ancient India, but the unified one is not Magadha, a powerful country in the era of other countries, but an uprising leader from the peacock tribe in the Ins River Basin who has lost his important position. After Alexander destroyed the Persian Empire, the Ins Valley became the territory of Alexander empire. However, as soon as Alexander left India, an uprising broke out here. Chandragupta, the leader of the uprising, not only drove away Alexander's garrison, but also completed the great cause of reunification and established the Empire. On the one hand, it is the development trend of ancient civilizations in the world, and on the other hand, it is also concive to the development of economy, politics and culture. Therefore, ring the reign of Asoka (269-232 BC), the Empire entered a prosperous period. However, after 137 years, this empire was replaced by the Sunda Dynasty (187-75 BC) in 187 BC. The Sunda Dynasty was no longer an empire. It ruled the whole Ganges River Valley in the early days, and later became a small court in favor of mogatuo. In 75 B.C., the last emperor of the Sunda Dynasty was killed by Ganhua. However, the Ganhua Dynasty (75-30 B.C.) was not stable, and four kings ruled for 45 years, with an average of 11 years. In 30 BC, this small court was also destroyed by anro, a small country in South India. In a word, after the fall of the peacock Empire, the history of ancient India was vague for a long time; Second, foreign invasion. There are Greeks, Cypriots, Sabbath people and Dayue people in Daxia. Among them, only the Chinese dayueshi established a stable regime in the northwest of ancient India
the fifth era is the Kushan Empire (1st-3rd century A.D.). The founder of Kushan empire was a group of Dayue people living in Dunhuang and Qilian Mountains. In the 2nd century BC, the nomadic Dayue people were defeated by the Huns and moved to Central Asia to occupy Daxia. They graally changed from nomadic to agricultural life, and their social system graally changed from primitive society to class society. Zhang Qian arrived here when he was sent to the western regions in 139 BC. At this time, the Dayue people were divided into five tribes, and the chief was called "xihou". At about the beginning of the first century, guishuang xihouqiu, one of the five xihou, destroyed the other xihou, unified the five tribes and established the guishuang state. However, qiujiu also attacked the river basin of Kabul and Kashmir to the south, which initially laid the foundation of the Empire. After Qiu Jue died, his son Yan gaozhen (65-75 years) took over the throne, and he went south to India to occupy the Ganges River Basin. By the third king Kanishka (78-102), the Kushan Empire entered its heyday, with its capital fulousha (now Peshawar, Pakistan). At that time, the Empire straddled central and South Asia and became the four largest empires in the world at that time, along with the Eastern Han Empire of Rome, Sabbath and China. At the same time, in A.D. 90, Kushan sent 70000 troops to attack banchao, who was stationed in the western regions. There were few soldiers in the Han Dynasty, and banchao was very frightened. However, taking advantage of the shortcomings of the Kushan army's laborious expeditions and the shortage of military supplies, banchao sent ambush troops to attack and kill the troops who asked Kucha for help, forcing the Kushan army to return to the south of Congling and maintain peaceful relations with the Eastern Han Dynasty.

10. India

the Republic of India, located in the Indian subcontinent in the south of Asia, is the second most populous country in the world, with a population of one billion and hundreds of languages. India is the world's fourth largest economy at purchasing power parity

"India & quot The name "Tianzhu" comes from Sanskrit and gets its name from the Ins River. Indians call themselves bharata ā rata The countries bordering India include Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Bhutan, Sikkim (India has merged it as its own state, rather than as a neighbor), Nepal and Pakistan. India also faces Sri Lanka and Maldives across the sea In addition, according to India's point of view, Afghanistan is also a neighboring country)

BH ā rat Ganar ā JYA

Republic of India

capital: New Delhi

largest city: Bombay

area: About 2.98 million square kilometers (excluding the Sino Indian border Indian occupied area and Kashmir India's actual control area, etc.). The Indian government calls its territory 3287800 square kilometers (ranking 7th)

water area rate: 9.5%

coastline: 5560 kilometers

territory:

highest point: Gancheng zhangjiafeng: 8598 meters above sea level

lowest point:

population

official language: English Hindi

population:

total population: 1.02 billion people (2001) (ranked second)

population density: 313 / km2<

ethnic:

Hinstan: 46.3%

Telugu: 8.6%

Bengali: 7.7%

Tamil: 7.4%

Introction

India is located in South Asia and the Indian mainland, with a population of 918.57 million, ranking second in the world. India's territory includes the Himalayan mountains, the Hinstan plain and the Deccan Plateau, with a total area of about 3280000 square kilometers. The Himalayan Mountains in the North separate India from other Asian countries. The Hinstan plain is an alluvial plain formed by the Ins and Ganges rivers. Indian civilization, one of the four civilizations of mankind, was born here. The Deccan Plateau is surrounded by the East-West mountains, and the southern coastal area is mainly planted with rice. It is also a prosperous area for communication with the Arab region. The Tropic of cancer passes through the center of India, so the climate is subtropical, and the precipitation varies greatly according to different regions. Influenced by the southwest monsoon, the clouds coming from the Indian Ocean are blocked by the Himalayas, bringing a lot of rain to the Hinstan plain. More than half of the population lives here, grows rice and wheat, and almost half of India's territory is farmland, procing grains, tea, sugar and vegetables. India has the largest tea proction in the world. Curry in India is different, with strong local characteristics. Most of them use various beans and spices. There are quite a number of vegetarians in India. The average life expectancy in India is 57 and 70 years for men and 58 and 10 years for women. The capital of India is New Delhi, with an urban population rate of 26 and 3% (93). Bombay is the first commercial city in India, with a population of 9.92-6 million (91). It is also the largest city in India. Calcutta, the central city under British rule, is also the center of Bangladesh

Indians are made up of 78% of the Aryans, 25% of the darubians and a few Mongolians, Turks and Iranians. Around 1300 B.C., there was a high degree of Indian civilization in India. In the northern area where the darubians originally lived, the darubians moved to the South because of the Aryans' entry into the north in 1500 B.C. In the ASAM area, where the Aryans rarely live, there are Mongolians

83% of Indians are Hins, 11% are Islamists, 3% are Christians, and 2% are Sikhs. There are many problems in Hinism, such as the social hierarchy, the opposition with Islam and so on

the common language in India is Hindi, and there are other 18 legally recognized languages, such as English. All these words are printed on Indian banknotes. Half of the Hins speak Hindi, the Islamists speak Ur, and all the Indo European languages are Sanskrit from ancient India

the literacy rate of Indians is about 52%, mainly because the rural population accounts for 70% of the total population, and the literacy rate in rural areas is quite low

in terms of music and literature, India has a long history, especially Mahabharata and other long epics, which have been widely used as the theme of films until now. India is also the largest film procer in the world, the most famous of which are music entertainment films in Mum and art films in Calcutta. An important feature of Indian culture is its close integration with religion. Yoga and meditation are inseparable from religious practice

the history of India began with the invasion of Aryans around 1500 BC and the birth of Indian civilization. The Peacock Dynasty in 317 experienced many times of unification and division. In the 16th century, the Mughal Dynasty unified the north and the middle, maintaining a long period of prosperity. However, in 1600, e to the establishment of the East India Company in India, Britain began its colonial rule over India, and even took advantage of the turmoil of sepay in 1858 to put India under direct rule. After the first World War, the National Assembly faction headed by mahadoma Gandhi graally became full-fledged, declared India's independence in 1947, and established the Republic in 1950. Nair, the first prime minister, vigorously promoted socialism, but because his daughter and grandson were assassinated one after another, India's political situation continued for a period of instability. India's political system is a Federal Republic with two chambers

the population of primary instry in India is 60,9%, the population of secondary instry is 11,5%, and the population of tertiary instry is 18,7% (91). The primary instry accounts for 66% of the total labor force and 32% of the total domestic proction. Recently, although the computer instry has developed, the growth of domestic consumption capacity of commodity crops has resulted in trade deficit and fiscal deficit. The gross national proct (GNP) is 278.7 billion US dollars (94), and the per capita GNP is 310 US dollars. Foreign exchange reserves are 20.3 billion US dollars<

politics

important date: Independence Day: August 15, 1947 (from the British Empire)

main political figures:

president (head of state): Abdel Karam

prime minister (head of government): Manmohan Singh

economy

currency: Indian rupee (INR)

GDP:


PPP:
< br />
per capita GDP:

national data

National motto: "satyameva jayate" (Sanskrit: only truth wins)

National Anthem: the will of the people

other symbols of the country: national flower: Lotus

national bird: Blue Peacock

International Data

time zone: UTC: UTC + 5.30

abbreviation of country name:

international domain name abbreviation: in

international area code: 91

History

see: Indian history

Indian civilization is one of the oldest civilizations in the world, which has a history of about 5000 years. Aryan tribes from the northwest invaded here in 1500 BC; Their combination with the local people created the classic Vedic culture. After that, Arabs invaded the land in the 8th century, followed by Turks in the 12th century and European merchants in the late 15th century

after defeating the local Mughal Empire, Britain succeeded in gaining control of the whole territory of India in the 19th century. The nonviolent resistance movement led by Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru finally won complete independence for India in 1947. The subcontinent was eventually divided into "secular" India and the smaller Islamic state of Pakistan

despite India's remarkable economic achievements, it still faces many challenges, such as territorial conflict with Pakistan over Kashmir, population expansion, environmental damage, poverty, and ethnic and religious conflicts in India

politics

India is a Federal Republic. The president of India is the head of state, but his ties are symbolic. The country's president and vice president are elected indirectly by an ad hoc electoral body for a five-year term. When the president is unable to exercise his power, the vice president cannot automatically take over the presidency

the executive power is mainly controlled by the Council of Ministers headed by the prime minister (that is, the cabinet of India). The majority party of Parliament nominates the prime minister to the president, who appoints the prime minister. The prime minister then nominates other cabinet members to the president

India's bicameral parliament includes Rajya Sabha and Lok Sabha. The Council of Ministers is responsible to the people's court. The term of office of members of the federal house of Representatives is six years. One third of them are re elected every two years. 233 of them are elected by local elections, and the remaining 12 are appointed by the president. There are 545 seats in the people's court. The term of office is five years, of which 543 are elected by the people and the other two are appointed by the president.