Western decentralization narrative

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2. This is a history of the past. We still need to understand the historical materials of Europe. On the one hand, we also need you to understand the contents of their times

3. In order to explore the inner reality of the characters, the modernist writers focus on the complex and changeable inner activities that are difficult to describe directly. They often use images, symbols, metaphors and other techniques to restore the thought to perception and externalize the abstract thought. Modernist writers combine reality with non reality by means of irrational extreme exaggeration, implying seriousness in absurdity. Their absurdity image has a special generalization. Modernist writers are keen on exploring people's subconsciousness, using a large number of "inner monologue" and "free association" techniques to show the "natural" flowing state of characters' consciousness, striving to explore the complexity of characters' psychology and expand the scope of psychological description.

4. "Eurocentrism" holds that Europe has its own advantages and particularities different from other regions. It is by virtue of this inherent strength that Europe rises and forms a world centered on Europe. At the same time, "Eurocentrism" perpetuates the victory of Europe, absolutizes and universalizes the European road and the European model, holds that any country must follow the European road if it wants to develop, and concludes that the history of human society will end in the European model“ The historical view of "Eurocentrism" distorts history and leads to people's lack of understanding of the world outside Europe. As a result, people can not correctly understand the whole world and world history, which has a lot of negative effects on the development of human society. Gund Frank reversed the history reversed by "Eurocentrism" by using the new "historical view of world economic system", and completely g out the historical foundation of "Eurocentrism", declaring the real end of "Eurocentrism"
"Eurocentrism" is based on two pillars: first, the determinism of geographical environment. Although Hegel is a systematic discusser of the "Eurocentrism" in geography, landers is very explicit in explaining that the labor efficiency of tropical countries is low, and the arid areas need irrigation. Speaking of Western Europe, he said that "Europe does have winter, and cold feet prevent the large-scale reproction of viruses and pests." There are also some examples such as precipitation, etc. to draw the conclusion that victory belongs to Europe, thus to draw the theory of race superiority and inferiority, which became the theoretical basis of the essence of modern "Eurocentrism"; The other is the modernization since modern times. Europe inherited the historical heritage of ancient Greece and Rome. Freedom, democracy and rationality opened the door of capitalism in modern times. There is a delicate discourse in Weber
there is another undercurrent in the development of "Eurocentrism" -- the holistic view of world history. At each stage, historians are exploring how to write world history more rationally and seek the development law of the whole world. However, every time after this big wave, they always deviate from the channel and turn to "Eurocentrism", which is also related to the historical development process of Europe. From Alexander's eastern expedition and the Renaissance to the capitalist era and foreign colonization, when the eastern and Western nations were in close contact, the West was in the forefront of the times by virtue of science and technology. The theory of cultural superiority, which existed in ancient times, has never been interrupted in the West. However, when the "Eurocentrism" developed and matured in the hands of Hegel and Lanke, with the end of the first World War, the voice of criticism was no longer ethereal and became clear and powerful. From criticizing the cultural form of "Eurocentrism", to the overall view of history and today's global view of history
in 1917, Oswald Spengler (1880-1936) published his book the decline of the west, and predicted the inevitable decline of western culture, which was a head-on blow to the Europeans who had long been proud of the superiority of European culture, I try to see human history as a whole, in other words, from a global perspective And in the investigation of civilization, from Spengler's eight to twenty-one< In short, since World War I, especially World War II, historiography has become more and more pluralistic, and the status of "Eurocentrism" has been shaken and criticized more and more. However, "Eurocentrism" has been deeply rooted and firmly rooted, and there are still many people who insist on this view. One is that Max Weber (1960-1920) from the perspective of Rational Capitalism, Thirdly, it demonstrates the European myth that capitalism appeared in Europe but not in China because of the rational spirit of Europe. Therefore, he is also regarded as the most exquisite author of "Eurocentrism". But the impact is not great. The traces of "Eurocentrism" can still be seen in the historical works of the 1950s and 1960s. Especially in the 1980s, there appeared the anti criticism of "Eurocentrism". They adopted different forms to defend the European miracle theory, such as Eric Jones's "European miracle" in 1981, which is the most typical. In recent years, the trend of historiography is the global view of history, The most representative is the general history of the world by Stavrianos.

5. Hegel's works set up a complete philosophical system of objective idealism. When we see the word "idealism", we should not read it. But I think a materialist can better understand the deep meaning of materialism only on the basis of understanding idealism, which is in line with the ancient Chinese saying "know yourself, know the enemy, win every battle". Hegel also has a famous saying: "a glass of water is clear, but the sea is really black.". Just as the small truth can be explained, the real road is silent ", which is just used to describe his own philosophy. For quite a long time after his death, his philosophy was in a state of silence, but now it is generally concerned
from the second half of the 18th century to the early 19th century, natural science has made a series of new great achievements, which has shaken the previous mechanical metaphysical view of nature that does not look at problems from the perspective of connection and development; To a certain extent, it reveals the historical development process of nature, and shows that the phenomena of nature are dialectically developed in the final analysis. In this way, it is possible and necessary to make a new dialectic summary of the development of nature
the dialectics in the idealism of German classical philosophy obviously reflected the outstanding discoveries in natural science at that time, but reversed in the form of idealism. Engels put forward that with the development of natural science and the strength of instry, "the idealist system has been increasingly added with the content of materialism... Hegel's system is just a materialist inversion of idealism in terms of method and content." The second historical form of dialectics, especially Hegel's dialectics, is closely related to the further development of modern natural science. It is a higher historical form than the ancient primitive and simple dialectics.
Hegel's philosophy has the richness of network encyclopedia, and has long been regarded as the peak of the development of the whole bourgeois philosophy. Its contents mainly include: logic, natural philosophy, spiritual philosophy and legal philosophy
the following is the interpretation of "life" in Hegel's conceptualism, "soul" in spiritual philosophy and "family" in legal philosophy:
Hegel is the representative of idealism. Seeing "life" in conceptualism, I would like to know whether an idealist would think that "soul exists independently". But after careful reading, I found that this is not the case< According to Hegel, the combination of soul and body is the beginning of life, and when they are separated, life will go to death. Life becomes a living indivial under Hegel's interpretation. In his thought, the soul exists as a concept, while the body is its realization form. It can be said that he perfectly combines the soul and the body into a unity
Hegel divides soul into natural soul, feeling soul and realistic soul
1. He believes that the soul is initially a "natural soul", which is completely constrained by natural conditions and dominated by the body
2. In the sensory soul, the soul shows the self and initiative of sensory activities
3. The real soul is the unity of the natural soul and the feeling soul
Hegel didn't get rid of idealism when he discussed these. He thinks that although the internal attribute of the soul "natural attribute" and the external attribute of the soul "feeling soul" have reached a unity in the "real soul", it is the internal attribute of the soul (i.e. natural soul) that plays a leading role; The external attribute of the soul is determined by the internal attribute and controlled by the internal attribute. Therefore, the soul can dominate the "God" of the whole nature
in the exposition of Hagel's soul, I can only accept criticism and accept some essences, and its discourse on family is worth learning. Hegel believes that "family" is the initial direct ethical entity, a group regulated by love, and a natural ethical spirit. Hegel pointed out that the first link of family is "love"; The second link of family is "marriage"; The third link of family is "family property"; The fourth link of the family is "children's ecation and family disintegration"
I very much agree with what he said: "as a marriage with ethical significance, it is sacred and can not be divorced in essence. However, because marriage is not an absolute objective result, but a link with subjective feelings, it is possible to divorce." This is true in reality. Marriage is sacred, backed by ethics and law. There is no divorce, but the combination of two people is too complicated. Maybe it is impulse, maybe it is forced by the current situation, maybe there is no pure love... These subjective links have planted the seeds of sin for divorce
what Hegel studied: "absolute idea" is the source of the universe and the foundation of all things. Although it is an idealist point of view, he thinks that the whole natural, historical and spiritual world is a process, which is constantly moving, changing and developing, and its internal contradictions are the source of development. "
Marx and Engels critically inherited the rational core of Hegel's dialectics and founded materialist dialectics. Engels also spoke highly of Hegel: "modern German philosophy reached its peak in Hegel's system. In this system, Hegel first described the whole natural, historical and spiritual world as in constant movement, change, transformation and development, and tried to reveal the internal relationship between this movement and development."< In short, Hegel's idealistic dialectics is one of the theoretical sources of Marxist Philosophy in terms of the development of rational thinking; From the perspective of social development, it is the ideological precursor of German bourgeois revolution.

7. The ghost of Modernity: the infiltration of Western cultural hegemony

Jameson, a scholar who has changed from publicity to reinterpretation of modernity, emphasizes the conceptualization, phasization and narrative categorization of modernity, and no longer looks at the East-West trend from the perspective of subjectivity, but emphasizes that "historical circumstances" are not transferred by human will. In fact, this is his consistent view, which is no stranger to scholars. It is worth noting that the ghost of modernity, which he proposed has long been transcended, is not only not transcended, but also appearing on a large scale all over the world. Jameson reiterated that it is urgent to repackage modernity when the "subject" withers away. The position shift is very important and worth pondering
then, why do we talk about postmodern ghosts in the 1980s and modernity ghosts now? What's the internal theory? In Jameson's view, people in the post-modern and post colonial period have been unable to escape from the "gravitational field of late capitalism". He has to provide an overall model and a basic way to grasp history for this broken, increasingly multipolar and diversified world. In this way, he thinks that his "global narrative" is more effective than liberalism narrative, market narrative or other narrative< However, Jameson's analysis mode of modernity narrative is still postmodern, but the word postmodernity is too theoretical and not popular enough. When he distinguished modernity from postmodernity, he talked about that modernity is the completion of an incomplete part, which is a set of questions and answers reflecting the historical situation of modernity, while postmodernity can be said to be the colonization and commercialization of agriculture and unconscious theory< In my opinion, Jameson began to distinguish between the complete destruction of pre modern agriculture in the third world and the lack of power discourse in the second world. Although he once sympathized with the third world, he finally shifted his position to western centralism, believing that only the first world, that is, the western world, can widely spread their colonial discourse consciousness in the unconscious field, while the second world and the third world can only accept it unconditionally and passively. What I doubt is: is what he called "the achievement of postmodernism" true? What's more, Jameson admonished the Shanghai scholars with the sarcastic tone of the academic masters who gave up others in today's world, and refused other cultures of other countries to make their own free choices in the post-modern era full of differences. His basic strategy is not to agree to distinguish the information revolution from the information revolution The modernity in the sense of globalization free market and the disgusting old modernity, just because he thinks that the distinction is meaningless
his ridicule of the second world and the third world countries' choice of their own path makes me really feel that the interpretation of China or the discovery of the East can not rely on any "other". Because Jameson clearly pointed out that it is not advisable to only use alternative modernity programs or different ways of modernity. At least there is a standardized and hegemonic British American model of modernity, and there are some "lowly" positions, which can shape a different modernity according to their own culture. He said ironically that if there are Latin American modernity, Indian modernity, African modernity and so on, as well as Greek Orthodox or Eastern Orthodox modernity and Confucian modernity, then the number of modernity can be as many as the religions listed by Toynbee. Because in his mind, the global modernity does not depend on the will of human beings, but only one kind of Modernity - the hegemonic modernity of Europe and America. This statement is really surprising! In fact, in my opinion, every country has the possibility to choose its own mode of modernization development. The difference between China's modernity and the western central mode is obvious. It may also be different from the modernity of Japan, South Korea, Southeast Asia, or the Middle East or India. Jameson thinks that such a variety of modernity is unreasonable and can only submit to the standardized and hegemonic modernity of the British and American model. The problem of cultural hegemony can not be ignored
when I reread his works, I find that his view has always been Western centered - Postmodern situation is a fundamental break of culture, the past experience (pre modern experience and modern experience) has failed in the contemporary era, and the new expansion of multinational capital has finally completed the infiltration and colonization of the former capitalist enclave, The world people are facing is a new global technology space which is immoral, depressing and unprecedented. Cultural discourse is constantly proced in the dislocation of culture. The reason why Chinese scholars turn a blind eye to this view is that Jameson's interpretation of Chinese texts makes local scholars mistake "cultural Bethune" for coming to China. Now, we can listen to his Orientalism sermon soberly: "we have ignored another fundamental meaning of modernity, which is capitalism itself in the world Case: Please note that the standardized picture of capitalist globalization in the third or late stage of capitalist system has put a big question mark on the pious hope of all cultural diversity, because the future world is being colonized by a general market order. " At the end of the speech, this monopolistic statement shows Jameson's position in the new century
there are at least three dimensions of this position that are questionable. First, he emphasized the issue of globalization, because the so-called "capitalism itself in the world" is not to be questioned, which is quite different from his early criticism and questioning of capitalist logic; Second, at the peak of capitalism's development, there is a standardized schema, that is, integration, homogenization, and no distinction, which makes all cultural diversity impossible. In this way, we can completely negate the pluralistic dialogue, the cultural differences emphasized by deconstruction, and the possibility of pluralism, diversity, and multi-layer, so as to make the world a whole The single western world Zhang Ben. Thirdly, it emphasizes that the future world is colonized by a general market order. Does this mean that no country or nation can escape from the colonized unitary world of the general market order? Is this really the end of the historical trend of multiple choices in the world? Does the "ghost" of modernity become the "Satan" or "God" of this unitary world? What I want to ask is: who is the main body of discovering the East and interpreting China? Is it a foreigner, a new and old Sinologist or a blind technocrat? Is Chinese modernity a of Western modernity? Is it only when China is colonized by culture in the new century that its Nativity can be banished and integrated into the world?

8. The realistic narrative mode is the illusion like life, the fragment of life, the open ending and the author's neutral hypocrisy
realism is one of the most common terms in literary criticism and literary research. It is generally used in two senses. One is broad sense realism, which generally refers to the loyalty of literature and art to nature. It originated from the oldest western literary theory, that is, the simple idea of ancient Greeks that "art is the direct reproction or imitation of nature", The fidelity of the work or the similarity with the object becomes the criterion to judge the success of the work.

realistic narrative features:

1. The author who does not appear makes objective "reports" and does not comment on the content

2. Abandon stereotyped situations and roles, and prefer unique cases

3. Like to expose scars, its "sensational" and "vulgar" themes are often criticized as excessive directness and bad taste< There are also some people who refuse to have a happy ending, or wishful thinking, arbitrary and other false optimism

5. Avoid popularity and exaggeration, and prefer implicit and dramatic methods

6. Try to look at motivation and cause and effect in a scientific way, and give up romantic ideas such as fate

7. Try to avoid lyricism and replace it with plain and straightforward expression< Generally speaking, realistic works have three characteristics:

one is the authenticity of details. It is necessary to have a true description of details and to reflect social life with historical and concrete pictures of life. Realist works infect people with the reality and concreteness of images, so they can make the readers and the audience feel like they are in the scene. Vassala's the painter's life once narrated some interesting anecdotes in the history of Art: peacocks peck at cherries painted too realistically by benazoni; Giotto's teacher used a brush to drive away the flies that Giotto had added to a portrait. This concept of realism dominates the history of human art for nearly two thousand years, and still remains in daily life< The second is the typicality of image. Through typical methods, we can select, refine and summarize the real life materials, so as to profoundly reveal some essential characteristics of life. It can be said that typicalization is the core of realism and a sign different from naturalism. The phenomenon of life is diverse and complex. It is only the skill of a photographer to record life truthfully; Realism requires the author to select meaningful characters and events from rich and colorful real life, and create typical characters and typical environment through personalized and generalized artistic processing. As Engels said, "to truly reproce the typical characters in the typical environment."

the third is the objectivity of specific description. Through the objective and specific description of the real life, the author should naturally reflect the author's ideological tendency and feelings of love and hate from the scene and plot of the work, rather than speaking out by himself or by the characters. Emile fagai, a French literary historian, explains: & quot; Realism is a kind of artistic proposition that observes the human events clearly and calmly, and then describes them clearly and calmly We should choose the most meaningful events from tens of thousands of real events, and then sort them out to create a strong impression& quot; This is the same as what Engels said; In addition to the truth in details, realism also requires the truthful representation of the typical characters in the typical environment; The definition of is basically the same.

9. Feminism first appeared in France, which means women's liberation. Later, it spread to Britain and America, and graally became popular. At the time of the May 4th movement, it spread to China and was defined as feminism. In the west, it initially refers to the pursuit of equality between men and women, the first is to fight for the right to vote. In the 1920s-1930s, women in western countries basically fought for equal political rights, but they were still unequal with men in social life and people's ideas. Feminists began to realize that there was a problem of gender relations and gender power, so the feminist movement changed to analyze why men and women were unequal, the power structure of men and women, and emphasized gender analysis. In our country, we also realize that it is not good to talk about women's rights first, but we should also talk about gender analysis. From feminism to feminism, there is no essential difference, but a deeper understanding. At present, feminism is widely used in China. It is of deep significance to study gender power with gender, and it is easy for people to accept feminism. Feminism is a combination of theory and practice. It is a belief and ideology of equality between men and women. Gender discrimination aims at opposing all inequalities including gender discrimination<

Feminism: there are four schools of Feminism: representing the different needs of women in different historical periods and under different conditions< (1) liberal feminism
representative works: Mary wollstone, clarate's the defense of women's rights and John Mill's the subordination of women. Traditional views hold that women are mentally retarded and that they are incapable of engaging in political and social affairs. Feminism believes that everyone is rational and has the right to participate in social and political life, and its theory is rooted in the bourgeois enlightenment. The defects are as follows: A. there is no reason for the inequality between men and women, no way to achieve equality, but the appeal from human nature seems weak; B. there is no hierarchy difference in men's society, men and women at the same level are equal, and the problem is not analyzed from the Perspective of class. c. There is no inequality between men and women in the private domain< (2) Marxist Feminism: Engels's the origin of family, private ownership and state and Bebel's women and socialism. They believe that it is unreliable for liberal feminism to resort to human nature to strive for women's equality. It is believed that the inequality between men and women is e to the inequality of economy. When the economic problems are solved, so are the problems between men and women. However, this view simplifies the problem. Although economic emancipation is a condition for women's liberation, women's Liberation may not be realized when economic problems are solved. Marxist feminism points out that economic backwardness is one of the reasons why women are oppressed. Its disadvantage is that it exaggerates the role of class and economy< (3) radical feminism
in their representative works, Gail Rubin's toward women's Anthropology and Kate millitt's sexual politics, they believe that women's subordination is not the result of economic oppression, while gender system is the root cause, with special emphasis on sexual inequality. They believe that men control women in all aspects of society through sex. They oppose patriarchy and patriarchy, and believe that this is the root of human inequality (men first rule women, and then rule the ruled class). Its disadvantage is that it exaggerates the superiority of women and thinks that the characteristics of women's fertility and sexual desire show that women are more caring and more extensive. There is no essential difference between the essentialism and the idea that men are born superior to women, which leads to feminism as a theory and homosexuality as a result of practice< (4) socialist feminism: Juliet Mitchell's "women, the long revolution" holds that women are oppressed by four key factors: A. low economic status; B. the burden of childbearing; C. sexual differences; D. socialization of children. It is believed that the solution of the four links is indispensable, and any unilateral completion is impossible to liberate women
Feminist Care: Feminist Care is the content of ethics, with feminist theory. It is opposite to "ethics of care" and "caring model". From the perspective of feminism, it criticizes the theory and practice of bioethics. Examining the criticism of Feminism on bioethics, comparing and comparing the theory and connotation of Feminist Care Ethics with bioethics, we find that the theory and connotation of Feminist Care Ethics really give people a fresh feeling. If Feminist Care Ethics and bioethics can complement each other, it will solve the ethical reasoning and ethical problems, To provide better ethical theory and practical methods< (5) feminism of lesbians; Lesbian feminism is a unique group. They were once known as "lesbian separatism.". They hold that heterosexuality is the center of male domination and female oppression, and only lesbians are the political practice of feminism, though not all lesbians are feminists. However, the political position of lesbians is not to require women to establish sexual relations with women, but to require women not to establish sexual relations with men“ The slogan "feminism is theory, lesbian is practice" is popular for a while. Nowadays, in some areas, the word feminism has graally evolved into the name of LES< Extreme feminism refers to that some specific people, social groups and other organizations, in order to achieve some of their specific purposes, artificially destroy a good, orderly, scientific and reasonable order of teaching, scientific research, proction and social life by means of blindly exaggerating the role of women and madly suppressing men, It is a serious and harmful behavior that destroys human nature, creates contradictions between men and women and other social contradictions, damages society and human harmonious and orderly human environment, and damages the stability and unity of the country and the nation. The main body of the act is the natural person, social group and other organizations who want to achieve certain purposes; The object it infringes is a good, orderly, scientific and reasonable social environment, social order and human nature protected by law; Its subjective aspect is the direct intention and indirect intention in order to achieve some serious social harmful purposes; The objective aspect of it is that the behavior subject proces serious social harmful consequences by means of the subjective intentional behavior of "feminism" and "feminist movement"
the specific actor of extreme feminism must have carried out extreme and illegal behavior, and this kind of extreme and illegal behavior is based on the behavior theory of "feminism centered" to achieve a certain purpose. Their behaviors mainly include:
(1) for their own purposes, the perpetrator suppresses and persecutes men with the help of all kinds of blind feminist centered or radical and one-sided feminist behaviors, such as personal assault on underage boys who lack self-protection ability in order to establish the so-called comprehensive female advantage in the future Extreme behavior or illegal behavior such as personality insult, thought imprisonment and destructive incement
(2) in order to achieve a certain purpose, the actor uses all kinds of behaviors which are blindly centered on women's rights or to realize extreme and one-sided women's rights to destroy the reasonable, scientific and orderly order, such as: destroying the social division of labor, different learning methods based on the differences of physical strength and intelligence between men and women Reasonable and effective different modes of thinking, and proced a considerable degree of social harmful behavior
(3) for their own purposes, the perpetrator destroys human nature with the help of all blind feminist centered or radical and one-sided feminist behaviors, such as hindering the formation of the natural nature of future men and women that underage boys or girls should have by some means Through a series of destructive behavior and harmful behavior to prevent the man's own advantage, and so on, finally achieve the purpose of erasing human nature
(4) other behaviors based on the actor's blind focus on women's rights or the realization of extreme and one-sided women's rights for a certain purpose< The main harmful consequences are as follows:
(1) it seriously damages men's legitimate rights and severely suppresses and buries men's original intelligence advantages, creates cowardly and violent men, and causes tension and trust crisis between men and women More and more fierce, many vicious cases against girls and women emerge one after another, which in turn further intensify the contradictions and conflicts between men and women, causing a vicious circle
(2) extreme women who have no national consciousness and only have more and more hatred and resentment towards men will be bred. Their life value and world outlook will be seriously distorted, and they have no pursuit and ideal except to fight against men
(3) the overall "rise of yin and decline of Yang" in national sports, economy, politics and society; The overall decline of national ecation level, national scientific research level and national defense strength; The overall decline of national spirit
(4) the outstanding ecators, the most outstanding scientists, the engineering technicians, the outstanding politicians, the most creative economists and social activists, the valiant and outstanding soldiers, the skilled and realistic outstanding workers, the most creative economists and social activists who will lose control of the future Farmer groups
(5) the country's international competitiveness is seriously weakened, the national development is stagnant, and the national quality and morality are declining
(6) serious survival crisis of the state and nation
(6) other harmful consequences based on extreme feminism
safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of women and children and protecting women's legitimate rights is an important embodiment of the spirit of the constitution, as well as the necessity of governing the country according to law and building a country ruled by law. However, the implementation of extreme feminism has harmed the country and society, harmed the legitimate interests of men, and stimulated the relevant sense of resistance in the society In particular, men's sense of revenge is often able to carry out all kinds of acts against women's legitimate rights, which is essentially caused by the social harmfulness of extreme feminism. Therefore, in order to protect the legitimate rights and interests of women and children, extreme feminism must be prevented.