The decentralization of space narrative time

1. How to understand narrative time

we usually divide all kinds of complex temporal relations into two states: reverse temporal and non temporal

inverse time series is a kind of linear time movement with multiple deformations. In other words, although the story clues are complex and the chronological order is reversed, it is still possible to reconstruct a complete story time< (1) inverse time series

inverse time series mainly studies three kinds of time trajectories: flashback, pre flash and interleaving< Flashback is also called flashback. Flashback is divided into external flashback, internal flashback and mixed flashback. The external flashback narrates the story before the start time, the internal flashback narrates the story after the start time, and the mixed flashback is the combination of the external flashback and the internal flashback, with the range extending from before the start time to after the start time. The time difference of these three flashbacks is obvious The legendary love story of grandfather and grandmother in Red Sorghum belongs to external flashback, because it is obviously before "my father, a bandit, is a little over 14 years old". External flashback is the retrospection of the past, which not only expands the time and space of the story, but also saves some unnecessary narration and makes the structure more compact. In Flaubert's Madame Bovary, the review of Emma's childhood in the Abbey belongs to the internal flashback, because that experience is spent in the Abbey after the first day of Charlie's new school, which has a subtle influence on Emma's life. Most of the events described in the internal flashback are events that are difficult to be considered and omitted in the current narration, but they should be

and must be explained. In Liang Xiaosheng's snow city, the recollections of the ecated youth returning to the city can be called mixed flashback. From their experiences after returning to the city, they always recall the life of Beidahuang. The beginning of the novel is December 26, 1979. On this day, a train full of ecated youth returning to the city drives into city A. This mixed flashback is close to the edge of interleaving. The value of this distinction of flashback based on the starting time is to grasp the plot movement of the narrative, whether it develops in a straight line or back and forth, so as to reveal the curve track of the plot development

Flashforward, also known as "pre narration", refers to the narrator's early narration of future events. Tolstoy's the death of Ivan Ilyich is a kind of Flashforward, and the end of the story is predicted in the title

pre flash is different from hint. Generally, there is a clear prompt before flashover, which is a pre narration of the later events. It arouses the readers' expectation through the directivity of time. Most of the hints are vague, which can be regarded as some psychological preparation for later events. Readers can only understand the implication in aftertaste. When fan Erlang follows Zhou Shengxian home, the storyteller points out that "because of this, there has been a senseless lawsuit", which clearly indicates the consequences of the incident. Therefore, readers pay attention to the following. It's a kind of Flashforward Wu Yong's attention to Li Kui in the fifty first chapter of Water Margin is different from this. At Song Jiang's command, Li Kui killed the small yamen of Cangzhou magistrate, which caused Zhu Tong's sexual outburst. Li Kui had to stay in Chai Jinzhuang for a while. At this time, Wu Yong said, "be careful. You can only live in the village for a long time, and you must not make trouble at random." When readers read that Li Kui killed Yin Tianxi, provoked Chai into prison, and attracted a lot of Liangshan heroes to attack gaotangzhou, they will recall the sentence "never make trouble at random, tiring people". As Jin Shengtan criticized, "every time you tease a line in advance, if you stir up flowers, you will meet and take off again. It's wonderful.". This kind of flickering words of "gossamer provokes flowers" is a kind of hint. It lacks obvious time signs and notice of events, and only reveals the following waves intentionally or unintentionally

interleaving is the mixed application before flashback. In narrative works, the track of time is sometimes not clearly visible, the past, the present and the future are often complicated

2. Through a series of academic activities, exploration has graally formed a new theory and critical method for the study of narrative art, which is called "narratology"
"narrative time", also known as text time, refers to the time state of the story content in the narrative text, that is, the process of narrating the story There is also a "story time" in narratology, which refers to the natural time state of the story, that is, the development process of the "story" content The context of fictional events in the story

3. Hello, I think it's better if I have time to talk about that major, because it's a big difference.

4.

Narrative text contains two kinds of time: the original or chronological time of the story being narrated and the narrative time in the text

including time sequence, time sequence and time sequence Time limit and narrative frequency

time sequence is to study the relationship between chronological time sequence of events in the story and the chronological time sequence of these times in the narrative text

it can be divided into inverse time sequence and non time sequence


in inverse time sequence, although the story clues are complex and the time sequence is reversed, However, it is still possible to reconstruct a complete story time

reverse time series mainly studies three kinds of time trajectories: flashback (flashback), Flashforward (Preview) and interleaving (mixed use of the former two)

non time series refers to the interruption or solidification of the story time, and the narration is a kind of nonlinear movement, Such as many stream of consciousness novels.

there are roughly three kinds of non sequential forms of expression.

blocky --- the narrative works are composed of several paragraphs which are not related in time according to their semantic groups.

punctuation --- the works start from a certain point in time and spread to different points in time.

picture --- the time in the works is in a state of solidification, The narrator's eyes are mainly focused on a specific space and object


time limit studies the relationship between the time length of the story and the narrative length

for this reason, five narrative movements are proced, as shown in the figure

about each specific term and its internal meaning, You need to read relevant books by yourself

5.

Narrative text contains two kinds of time: the original or chronological time of the narrated story and the narrative time in the text Time limit and narrative frequency

time sequence is to study the relationship between the chronological time sequence of events in the story and the chronological time sequence of these times in the narrative, However, it is still possible to reconstruct a complete story time

the reverse time sequence mainly studies three kinds of time trajectories: flashback (flashback), Flashforward (Preview) and interleaving (mixed use of the former two)

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the non time sequence refers to the interruption or solidification of the story time, and the narration is a kind of nonlinear movement, such as many stream of consciousness novels

there are three forms of non temporal expression.

blocky --- the narrative works are composed of several paragraphs of narration which are not related to time according to their semantic groups, The narrator's eyes are mainly focused on a specific space and object

time limit studies the relationship between the time length of the story and the narrative length

for this reason, five narrative movements are proced, as shown in the figure

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about each specific term and its internal meaning, You need to read relevant books by yourself, and hope to help you

6. It is a basic skill to narrate a simple thing well in narrative writing. If we practice this basic skill well, we will have a foundation for complex narration. Goethe, a great German writer, once said: "as long as one can make one thing clear, one can make many things clear."< How to narrate a simple thing
(1) make it clear where and when it happened; It is necessary to make clear the course, cause and effect of things. A thing can't be separated from six aspects: time, place, person, event, cause and result. Therefore, only by writing these aspects clearly can others understand what you have written
explain that the contents of these six aspects should not be rigid, but should be flexible according to the needs of the article. Time and place do not have to be pointed out directly. Sometimes they can be expressed indirectly by describing the characteristics and changes of natural scenery. Such as "rooster crow up", it means the day will be bright“ The sun is going to set in the west, "which means evening, etc
(2) write down the details of the event and highlight the key points. Among the six aspects of the narrative, the cause, process and result are the most important parts. In order to write things clearly and clearly, we must write down the cause, process and result of things in the narration. In particular, we should write down the process of things concretely to leave a complete and deep impression on people< (3) the narrative should be clear. A thing has a process of occurrence, development and result. If you record it in the order of development, the article will be clear
after the order of narration is determined, the level of paragraphs should be arranged. Appropriate segmentation can make the article clear. In order to make the narration clear, we must carefully think about what we should write first, then what we should write, and then what we should write, so as to sort out the outline of the narration< When writing a narrative, we must consider which ones should be written first and which ones should be written later, and arrange the order of narration, otherwise we will be confused and disorganized< How to arrange the narrative order to make the article clear
(1) the use of narration
narration is based on the sequence of occurrence and development of things. In this way, the development process of things can be described from beginning to end. The context is very clear. The level, paragraph and the process of the occurrence and development of things are basically the same
there are time-based, law-based and space-based narratives. In narrative articles, most of them are in the order of time and the law of development of things
when narrating in chronological order, the sequence must be strictly arranged and the time of narration must be clearly written. In real life, nothing will happen suddenly, it always has a process of occurrence and development. Therefore, the author often narrates according to the law of the occurrence, development, climax and ending of the event, and the level of the article is clear and clear
of course, some articles are relatively simple, so it is not necessary to write down the four levels of the process (occurrence, development, climax and ending)< (2) flashback
flashback is to narrate the ending of an event or the most prominent segment in front of it, and then narrate it from the beginning of the event
it should be pointed out that when using the writing method of flashback, we must pay attention to explain clearly the starting and ending points of flashback, and there should be obvious boundaries and necessary text transition at the transition between forward narration and flashback. If these places are not handled properly, the context of the article will be unclear, the clue will be unclear, and the expression of the content will be affected
(3) use of narration
interjection refers to the narration about another event that needs to be interrupted temporarily in the process of narrating the central event
it should be pointed out that the original narrative clues should not be disturbed when using the narration, and the cohesion with the context should be paid attention to. In this way, the structure of the article is not only full of changes, but also the narrative is very clear< How to write the deep meaning from the little things
(1) improve the level of thinking and train a good insight< (2) think deeply, analyze, excavate and find the deep meaning of the accident< (3) write things in a certain context
background is the environment of the times, which refers to social changes and political dynamics. It's not remarkable to see a small thing alone. It's unusual to associate it with the background of the event< (4) the tenon of "thing" and "meaning" should be appropriate

in short, as long as we improve our level of thinking, think deeply about what we hear or see, understand its meaning, identify its value, and put it in a specific environment to write, we can write deep meaning from small things< How to choose novel and unique materials
(1) find it in your own life< (2) to be a conscientious person in life

(3) choose a new angle to make common materials shine< (4) open up your mind and broaden your vision. There are quite a number of students with narrow thinking. They only pay attention to good people and good deeds, and the materials of their compositions can never be expanded. If we students project our observation into the whole life, and see those good people and good things as well as those bad people and bad things, the composition materials will be rich and colorful

when writing a composition, the focus of narration can only be highlighted if detailed writing and brief writing are arranged around the center< In the process of narration, how to properly arrange detailed and brief writing
(1) the occurrence and result of the event should be described briefly, and the development process of the event should be described in detail. The occurrence stage of an event is often to explain the time, place, character, and cause. The result part of the event is often to write the ending or point out the center of the event. They are only minor parts in the whole thing, or in the whole article, so we should write them briefly. The development process of things is the main part of the whole thing or the whole article. It often embodies the central idea, so it should be written in detail
(2) to narrate in a certain way, the "face" should be written briefly, and the "point" should be written in detail. The content of "face" is often to render the atmosphere, explain the background and set off“ The content on "point" is often the focus of the article. It directly reflects the central idea, so it should be written in detail. Here we need to point out that in the article, when we focus on the detailed part, we can not ignore the omitted part. Although it is only a few strokes, if it is used well, it can play a role of "green leaves set off red flowers" in highlighting the key points and theme of the article

when writing an article, we must pay attention to the transition and reference between paragraphs< Generally speaking, narration needs transition in the following situations:
1) transition is needed when one thing is transferred to another< Second, transition is needed when the narrative time changes< The transition from flashback to forward is needed< (4) transition is needed in the beginning and end of narration
generally speaking, we should pay attention to the connection with the original narrative clues after the narration is finished. There are three kinds of anaphora in Narration:
1) topic anaphora. In the narrative process, we must write the content to the point, to correspond with the title of the article< (2) echo from head to tail. The beginning and the end of the article echo each other, which can make the structure of the article compact< (3) front and back reference. In an article, the former content and the latter content should be taken care of each other

in a word, transition and reference are indispensable in narrative writing, which should not be ignored in writing< Some people asked the police for the secret of making a report. The police said, "when making a report, first of all, you should have confidence. The beginning of the report should be as dramatic as the arrest of a prisoner; The report should be as orderly as the interrogation of prisoners; The end of the report should be as concise and clear as the verdict. " In fact, the foreign policeman's knack for making a report is also applicable to writing articles. The so-called beginning should be "dramatic", that is to say, the beginning should be beautiful; The so-called ending should be "concise and bright", that is to say, the ending should be simple and powerful< 6. The main ways to achieve "beautiful beginning" are as follows:
(1) describe the causes of good events. For example, the composition of "sideline" begins with this: "just after the cleaning, I don't know which" immortals "threw a small group of waste paper on the corridor of the fifth grade." The beginning of the article is the cause of the quarrel between the army and Niuniu, which is eye-catching
(2) describe the environment and set off the atmosphere. For example, in the composition of the wind, the author described the violence of the wind at the beginning: "walking on the road, the wind will blow me up." Even "the big poplars at the intersection in front of us are swayed by the wind, making a" Shua Shua "sound..." the beginning of the article explains the bad environment on the way to school, which is just to meet the needs of expressing the central idea, and also enhances the appeal
(3) exciting and fascinating. For example, "an interesting nature lesson", the author wrote at the beginning: "as soon as the class stopped, Mr. Ma walked into the classroom with a lot of fur, silk handkerchiefs, glass sticks and rubber sticks in his arms." What does Mr. Ma want to do? Don't you want to see it< (4) to get to the point and point out the theme. For example, in the composition "Lei Feng comes to the playground", the author begins: "the 13th track and field games of our school are over. At the summing up meeting, teachers and students praised an unknown "Lei Feng." In this way, the reader's attention will be drawn to the main idea and the whole text will be mastered< 7. The main ways to achieve "strong ending" are as follows:
(1) explain the ending of the event clearly. For example, "an interesting class with nature" ended like this:
the class ended. When the students reluctantly put down their experiments, they could not help but complain: "how come this class is so short!"
along with the development of the plot, the end of the story is the end of the whole text, which is clean and neat. If the thing is over, the article will be over< (2) the language is implicit and thought-provoking. In the narrative, the author writes a profound and implicit conclusion with a unique understanding and understanding, striving to be meaningful and thought-provoking
(3) the ending echoes the beginning. The ending refers to the beginning, which can make the structure of the article cautious and integrated
(4) at the end of the chapter, highlight the center. The last point of the article is just like the finishing touch. If the "eye" is well pointed, the whole article will be full of brilliance. The finishing touch can help

7. Event montage is also called narrative montage, continuous montage and continuous composition. It is the simplest and most direct expression of montage. It means that many sub shots are grouped together in logical or chronological order. Each of these shots will have a kind of state of affairs content. Its function is to promote the development of the plot from the perspective of drama and Psychology (audience's understanding of the play)
the function of narrative montage is to narrate a plot and show a series of events. The technique of narrative montage focuses on the function of lens recording and revealing. When its several shots are connected together, they are continuous in time and integrated in space (even if they are not in the same space). It can express the development of events and the coherence of movements, giving people a feeling of fluency, clarity and understanding
for example, the following shots are combined: (shooting similar shots in imitation of the group shots)
1. The owner leans over his desk to read a book and hears a knock on the door
2. Guests knock at the door
3. The host stands up and goes to the door to open the door
4. The host and guest shake hands
if we study narrative montage together with the four basic expression methods of narration, description, argumentation and lyricism in literary creation, we can find that narrative montage is roughly equivalent to narration and description in literary creation. In short, narrative montage is to simply narrate a story through the combination of lens
montage is based on the logic of life. According to the logic of life itself, there are three sequences of montage shots:
first, to narrate a developing event, montage shots are usually arranged in chronological order to show the process of life, reflecting the continuity of time. For example, the first episode of the TV series the romance of the Three Kingdoms, the romance of the Three Kingdoms in Taoyuan, is a chronological sequence of the following scenes: the meeting of Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei, and the hotel conversation. They fell in love and hated each other. They became brothers and worshipped heaven and earth in Taoyuan. They vowed that "we can't live on the same day in the same year, but we hope to die on the same day in the same year.", Become the world's eternal masterpiece. This passage is organized in chronological order to narrate the story. In most TV plays and special TV programs, the plot is narrated in chronological order
secondly, the space should be organized according to the spatial order to show the existence state or the development state of each different space thing one by one. The space formed by the collection of different scenes must contain the internal relations between this space and that space, local space and the overall space, so that each different space will form an organic whole. Therefore, the narrative montage which is organized according to the spatial order reflects the unity of space
TV programs that reflect the event theme and mainly explain the existing state of something often adopt the method of organizing and connecting according to the spatial order
for example, a comprehensive TV film reflecting the rapid development of a region in the reform era has a set of shots that summarize the rapid development of the region in the reform era. Each picture shows the natural scenery and the new appearance of urban construction, the sound of machines in instrial enterprises, the good harvest in farmland, and the variety of commodities in shopping malls. This group of shots are organized according to the spatial order. There are internal relations between each space, which reflects one aspect of the achievements of the reform and opening up in this region, and thus has the unity of the whole space
thirdly, it is based on logical factors such as cause and effect and echo. There is a certain connection between many things. According to the logic factors, it is often consistent with the logic of the audience's thinking
for example, when the electricity workers close the switch in the substation, the village turns from darkness to lights. A man raised his gun to pull the trigger, and a bird landed in the sky; The shooter lit the fuse, and then there was an earth shaking sound; It is worth noting that the three narrative montage sequences are not necessarily isolated in editing, but often intersected. The main sequence of shots is one after another, which often takes place in different spaces; The shot combination based on spatial order also contains the span of real time; The montage method can also be seen to span time and space. In a word, we should use narrative montage flexibly and creatively according to various relevant factors, instead of understanding some rules rigidly and binding ourselves to some rigid rules and regulations.

8. Highly free space-time structure is the basis of film and television art, and space-time processing is also the basic problem of film and television editing. Montage as a form of film and television art, its essence is to reconstruct the real time and real space in reality, so as to show the artistic infinite time and space in the limited time and space
from the perspective of audience acceptance, there are three different forms of time: broadcast time, narrative time and psychological time of audience appreciation
according to different needs, TV screen narrative time can be compressed, extended, stagnated and real-time by using editing techniques. The time structure of TV narrative can be based on the present, the past or the future, which is not very different in actual shooting, but in TV documentary creation, & quot; Witness on the spot; The present tense makes the material more attractive to the audience
TV screen space is a montage space created by rearrangement. It is a three-dimensional open space structure. The movement inside and outside the picture frame constitutes the overall form of the screen space. Screen space can be divided into composing space and reappearing space form, among which the space outside the painting has unique artistic expression
under the influence of modeling factors, screen space has become an important structural element to express ideas and emotions. We should pay attention to the use of modeling screen space and the role of special effects in creating new space forms.

9. Time, it is a passer-by in people's lives, often unconsciously, he will quietly go, leaving no trace. People often find that there is little time left for themselves after his death. That's why the ancients sighed: if you don't work hard when you are young, you will be sad when you are old. The passage of time without a shadow, go fast, come fast. Whether we can grasp the time or not, being the master of time often determines the fate of a person's life. Tao Yuanming once said: if you don't come back in the prime of life, you can't go back in the morning. Encourage in time, and time waits for no one. Life is just a few decades of autumn, want to be in such a short period of time, success, climb the peak of life, it is not easy. Because of this, it is very important to cherish time. Behind every successful person, there is a story of cherishing time. We should cherish our time. I don't only believe what successful people say. I also deeply understand it. When I was a child, because I didn't know how to cherish time, I always used various ways to persuade myself to sleep a little more when I got up in the morning. This made me late for school every day. It was not only criticized by my teachers, but also made me lose a lot of early reading time. Early morning is a time when one's memory is the best, and it is also a time when one's mental condition is the best, I missed this time, the rest of the time in reading 5 hours is not as early as reading 30 minutes! Later, I did an experiment. I really read in the morning, which is better than I remember in my spare time. I sleep just for a moment, and I read early, not only beneficial to my life, but also let me develop a good habit of getting up early and going to bed early. As long as we learn to use and cherish time, even if we cherish one minute in an hour, it's useful. You think, one minute really can't do anything, but there are 10 minutes in 10 hours, and there are 100 minutes in 100 hours. How many things can we do in 100 minutes! So cherish time, cherish time, that is to cherish life. Make the most of every minute, every second that destiny gives us. Don't be the slave of time, be the master of time. At that time, let this a passing time, always accompany you and me around it!