The influence of the number of nanometers on the computing power
quantum "follow through effect" will be proced, which is a kind of evanescent wave coupling effect, and its quantum behavior follows the Schrodinger wave equation. If the conditions are appropriate, any wave equation will show evanescent wave coupling effect. The wave coupling effect, which is mathematically equivalent to the quantum tunneling effect, can also occur in other cases. For example, light waves or microwaves that obey Maxwell's equations; A rope wave or sound wave that obeys the common nondispersive wave equation.
The number of nanometers of a chip is the manufacturing process of the chip, or the size of the transistor circuit, in nanometers (nm)
flash memory chip is the main component of flash memory, which is mainly divided into nor type and NAND type. It can be seen in the general U disk and mobile phones, while the flash chips in MP3 and MP4 are mostly SLC and MLC
the memory cell array inside the chip is (256M + 8. 192m) bit × The data register and buffer memory are (2k + 64) bit × 8bit
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precautions:
although flash memory is a device that can support hot swap, if it is plugged in and out frequently, it is easy to cause the USB interface to loosen, and it must be noted that when it cannot be plugged in, it must not use too much effort
the anti-seismic and moisture-proof ability of flash memory is much better than that of floppy disk, but it does not mean that we can ignore this aspect, especially when it is not used for a long time, it is necessary to pay attention to moisture-proof
In order to store flash memory, attention should be paid to the oxidation corrosion of USB interface and the corrosion aging of internal circuit caused by moisture. Under normal circumstances, pay attention to put it in a dry place and pay attention to wearing a good hat, no need to do special protective treatmentThe essence of the chip is to miniaturize the large-scale integrated circuit and package it in the space between square inches. Intel 10nm, a unit area of 54 * 44nm, 1008 million transistors per square millimeter. Nm (nanometer) is the same unit of length as centimeter, decimeter and meter. 1 nanometer is equal to the minus 9 meter of 10. A nanometre is four times the size of an atom, one hundred thousandth the diameter of a hair, much smaller than the length of a single bacterium (5 microns)
with the progress of process nodes, it can be found that the slope of frequency with process growth has slowed down. Due to the failure of dendal scaling law and the subsequent heat dissipation problems, it is no longer realistic to continuously improve the chip clock frequency, and manufacturers are graally turning to low-frequency multi-core architecture
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Nanometers represent the level of CPU manufacturing technology. The most advanced technologies are the 7Nm process from IBM and the 14nm process from Intel. The smaller the nanometers, the more difficult the operation is, and the lower the yield is. However, the smaller the gate size is, the lower the leakage rate is, and the lower the power consumption is. In addition, more transistors can be stacked on the same silicon-based oxide layer, and the stronger the performance is
CPU appeared in the era of large-scale integrated circuit. The iterative update of processor architecture design and the continuous improvement of integrated circuit technology promote its continuous development and improvement. From the original dedicated to mathematical computing to widely used in general computing, from 4-bit to 8-bit, 16 bit, 32-bit processor, and finally to 64 bit processor
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process elements
wafer size
silicon wafer size is the diameter value of silicon wafer used in semiconctor proction. The larger the silicon wafer, the better, because each wafer can proce more chips. For example, using the same 0.13 micron process, about 179 processor cores can be proced on a 200 mm wafer, while about 427 processor cores can be proced on a 300 mm wafer
The area of300 mm diameter wafer is 2.25 times that of 200 mm diameter wafer, but the number of processors proced is 2.385 times that of the latter. Moreover, the actual cost of 300 mm wafer is not much higher than that of 200 mm wafer. Therefore, this doubling proctivity increase is obviously preferred by all chip manufacturers
etch size
etch size is the smallest size that manufacturing equipment can etch on a silicon wafer, which is the key technical parameter of CPU core manufacturing. When the manufacturing process is the same, the more transistors, the larger the processor core size, the less chips a silicon wafer can proce, and the higher the cost of each CPU
On the contrary, if the more advanced manufacturing process means that the smaller the etching size, the more chips a wafer can proce and the lower the cost. For example, the etching size of 8086 is 3 μ m. The etching size of Pentium is 0.90 μ m. The etching size of Pentium 4 is currently 0.09 μ M (90 nm) In January 2010, Intel released the first generation core I series processor with 32nm etching size, and in April 2012, Intel released the third generation core I series processor with 22nm etching sizeat the beginning of 2015, the fifth generation core I series processor adopted 14nm etching size, and until 2016, the seventh generation core I series processor with Kaby Lake architecture still continued to use 14nm etching size
metal interconnection layer
in the previous section 5 "repetition and layering", we know that the number of internal interconnection layers of different CPUs is different. This is related to the manufacturer's design, but it can also indirectly explain the level of CPU manufacturing technology. There is nothing to say about this kind of design. Intel has lagged behind in this aspect. When they use 6-layer technology in 0.13 micron process, other manufacturers have already used 7-layer technology
reference source:
Network CPU manufacturing process
Network CPU
In July 2002, Gordon Moore, the founder of Moore's law, who announced the death penalty several years ago, gave an interview. The difference is that this time he is very optimistic, he said: "although the number of transistors on the chip increases twice every 18 months, it is on a downward trend, but with the development of nanotechnology, Moore's law will continue to take effect in the future."
It seems that Moore himself has pinned his hopes on nanotechnology. Let's take a look at how nanotechnology makes nanochips The 20th century can be said to be the century of semiconctors or microelectronics. Microelectronic technology refers to the development of miniature electronic circuits (called chips) composed of thousands of transistors and electronic components on semiconctor single crystal materials (mainly silicon single crystal at present) by using micron and submicron fine structure technology, Various kinds of microelectronic instruments, meters and computers are assembled by chips with different functions. Chips can also be seen as integrated circuit blocks The development ofIC blocks from small scale to large scale can be seen as a process of continuous development to miniaturization. The small-scale integrated circuit developed in the late 1950s, its integration (the number of components in a chip) is 10 components; In the 1960s, it developed into a medium scale integrated circuit with 1000 components; In the 1970s, large-scale integrated circuits (LSI) were developed, with integration of 100000 components; In the 20th century, VLSI was developed with more than 1 million components. In 1988, the International Business Machines Corporation (1bm) of the United States successfully developed a dynamic random access memory (DRAM) with a storage capacity of 64 MB. The width of the integrated circuit is only 0.35 μ M
at present, the new procts developed in the laboratory are 0? 25 μ m, and to 0? 1 micron. By 2001, it had dropped to 0? 1 micron, or 100 nanometers. This will be the fourth major breakthrough in the history of electronic technology. Today, chip integration has further increased to 10 million components. If the chip technology goes up one more level and the width of integrated circuit is reced, a series of physical effects will appear, which will limit the development of microelectronics technology
In order to break through this obstacle and solve this difficulty, scientists have put forward the concept of nanoelectronics. This phenomenon shows that: with the improvement of the integration degree of integrated circuits, the width of chips is getting smaller and smaller, so the quality requirements of monocrystalline silicon materials for making integrated circuits are getting higher and higher. Even a grain of st may destroy one or even several transistors, which is why Moore himself pronounced Moore's law "death penalty" a few years ago According to the prediction of relevant experts, in the 21st century, human beings will develop a computer that combines micro processing chips with living cells. The core component of this kind of computer is nano chip. Chip is the key component of computer. At the same time, it is also the core content of the development of life science and materials science. Scientists are developing biochips, including protein chips and DNA chipsthe so-called protein chip is to use protein molecules and other biomaterials, through a special process to prepare the ultra thin film structure. For example, the protein is prepared into a liquid of appropriate concentration, which is spread out on the water surface to form a monolayer film, and then it is placed on the quartz layer, and an organic film is prepared by the same method, and the 80-480 nm thick biological film can be obtained. The film consists of two kinds of organic films. When a film is irradiated by ultraviolet light, the resistance increases about 40%, but when it is irradiated by visible light, it returns to its original state. The other film is not affected by visible light, but its resistance decreases about 6% when exposed to ultraviolet light
It is understood that Mitsubishi Electric Co., Ltd. of Japan has combined two kinds of biomaterials to make a new type of switch device that can be controlled by light. And this device is very popular. This kind of thin film has laid an experimental foundation for the further development of bioelectronic components, and created a good condition for the future developmentthis protein chip is small in size and high in component density. It is measured that there are 1015-1016 protein chips per square centimeter, which is tens of thousands of times higher than the silicon chip integrated circuit, indicating that the device made of this chip runs much faster than the current integrated circuit
because the chip is composed of protein molecules, it has the ability of self-healing to a certain extent, that is, it can become a living machine, so it can directly combine with organisms, such as the brain and nervous system, and can expand the extension of the brain
some people imagine that the implantation of protein chips into the brain will lead to miracles. So if the vision of congenital defects or acquired damage can be repaired, make it return to light
although the proction and assembly of the above molecular components are still in the exploratory stage, and natural protein and other biomaterials can not directly become molecular components, and must be processed at the molecular level, the future of this kind of biochip is bright, and it will bring a heavy gift to mankind. Some big companies in the world, such as Hitachi and sharp, are optimistic about the prospect of biochip and attach great importance to this research work
there are about 14 billion nerve cells in the human brain, which are in charge of the activities of thinking, feeling and the whole body. Although computers have been around for many years; But it's still quite different from the human brain
In order to make the computer have the function and efficiency of human brain as soon as possible, scientists have devoted themselves to the research and development of artificial intelligence computer in recent years, and have made a lot of progress. Artificial intelligence computers are based on biochips. There are many kinds of biochips, hemoglobin IC is one of the new biochips James MacArthur, an American biochemist, first conceived to combine biotechnology with electronic technology. According to the binary working principle of computer, he found that hemoglobin also has the bistable characteristics similar to "on" and "off". For example, when changing the charge carried by hemoglobin, it will appear the above two changes, which makes it possible to use biological hemoglobin to form logic circuits like silicon electronic circuits. MacArthur used the recombinant DNA technology of bioengineering to make hemoglobin "bio integrated circuit", which made a breakthrough in the development of "artificial brain". Since this event, the research of biological integrated circuits has graally startedAmerican scientists have successfully recombined living cell tissue on silicon wafer. It has the strength of a silicon chip and the flexibility and intelligence of living cells. The polylysine three-dimensional biochip developed by German scientists can contain 10 billion data points on a 1 cubic millimeter chip, and the computing speed can reach 10 picoseconds (100 billionths of a second), which is nearly 1 million times faster than the existing computers
DNA chip is also called gene chip. DNA is the abbreviation of DNA, the genetic material of human life. Because DNA molecular chain is based on ATGC (A-T, G-C) as the principle of pairing, it uses the photolithography technology called "in situ combinatorial synthetic chemistry" and microelectronic chip, or uses other methods to solidify a large number of DNA fragments in a specific order on glass or silicon chip in order to form a DNA chip storing a large amount of life information DNA chip is a significant technological innovation with the characteristics of the times in the field of high and new technology in recent years, which breeds a very broad prospectevery DNA is a microprocessor. The storage capacity of DNA is very large. Each gram of DNA can store hundreds of millions of CD-ROM information. And the speed of DNA computing is very high. Theoretically, its computing speed can reach 1015 times per hour, which is 1000 times faster than that of silicon chip. However, the main difficulty is to solve the problem of DNA data output
DNA chip may intensively fix about 80000 human genes on the chip of 1 square centimeter. After pairing with the DNA of the sample to be tested, the DNA chip can detect a large number of corresponding life information. For example, looking for the relationship between genes and cancer, common diseases, infectious diseases and genetic diseases, and further studying the corresponding drugs
at present, more than 6000 genetic diseases are known to be related to genes, and some of them are related to the effects of environment on human body, such as pollen allergy and response to environmental pollution. It is understood that so far, there are more than 200 genes related to environmental impact. Comprehensive monitoring of these genes is of great significance to ecology, environmental control and human health
DNA chip technology is not only an important application subject of human genome research, but also a new method of functional gene research. For example, single nucleotide polymorphism is a very important life phenomenon. Scientists believe that the diversity and personality of the human body depend on gene differences. It is the manifestation of this single nucleotide polymorphism, such as human body shape and appearance, that is related to more than 500 genes. In principle, we can determine the characteristics of human beings by DNA chip, even face shape, appearance, growth and development differences
"chip giant" Intel Corporation announced in December 2000 that it has successfully developed 30 nm transistor chip with the latest nanotechnology. The operation speed of the new chip has reached 7 times of that of the fastest chip at present. It can calculate 20 million times in a bullet's 30 cm flight time, or 2 million times in a bullet's 25 mm flight time
transistor gate is the switch for computer chip to carry out calculation. The new chip is based on the transistor "gate" with the thickness of three atoms, which is much thinner than the 180 nm transistor currently used in computer. The obstacle to making such a chip is to control the heat it generates. Because the faster the chip runs, the more heat it generates. Too much heat can damage the materials used to make computer chips. After a long period of research, Intel has solved this problem. The atomic level transistor is made of a new chemical compound, which can keep the chip from overheating when it runs. The emergence of this kind of chip will be able to simulate the development of computers in a human way, which will create favorable conditions for computers to communicate with people. Intel said it has developed the world's smallest and fastest transistor, which is only 30 nanometers thick. Intel said that the procts made with the new processor will be put on the market, which will open another golden door for the development of the chip instry
an engineer from Intel said: "the successful development of 30 nm transistor gives us a new view on the physical limit of silicon. Silicon may last another 15 years, and it's hard to predict what material will replace it after that. " "Smaller transistors mean faster speed, while faster transistors are the core mole for building high-speed computer chips, which are the" brain "of computers," he added Intel predicts that computer chips designed with 30 nanometer transistors can make the "universal translator" a reality. For example, when English speaking people travel to China, they can translate English into Chinese in real time through the translator they carry. There will be no language barrier in airports, hotels or shops
in terms of security facilities, this chip can make the alarm system recognize human faces. In addition, in the future, you can buy a high-speed desktop computer with several thousand yuan, and its
Nano science and technology is a science and technology based on many modern advanced science and technology, which is dynamic science (dynamic mechanics) and modern science (chaotic physics, intelligent quantum, quantum mechanics, mesoscopic physics, Molecular Biology)
the CPU is integrated with a transistor in the unit of 100 million, which is composed of the source, the drain and the gate between them. The current flows from the source to the drain, and the gate controls the current on and off
for the size of a single transistor, the lower the number is, the smaller it will be, the more energy-saving it will be, and the smaller the heat will be. However, if the transistor is too small and too close to the transistor, it will cause leakage and increase the heat, so some people predict that the process will be the limit of transistor group at 3 nm
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for CPU, the main performance indicators are dominant frequency, CPU bits and CPU cache instruction set. The so-called main frequency of CPU refers to the clock frequency, which directly determines the performance of CPU. Therefore, to improve the performance of CPU, it is a good way to improve the main frequency of CPU
and the number of bits of CPU refers to the number of floating-point numbers that can be calculated by the processor at one time. Generally, the higher the number of bits of CPU, the faster the CPU will run. Now the number of CPU bits is generally 32 or 64
Refers to the manufacturing process of CPU or GPU, or refers to the size of transistor gate circuit, in nm
1 μ M = 1000 nm, 1 nm is 1 billionth of a meter
processor proction process from the early 0.8 μ m, 0.6 μ m, 0.35 μ m, 0.25 μ m, 0.18 μ m, 0.13 μ m, 90 nm (0.09 μ m), to today's 65 nm, 45 nm and the future 32 nm and so on
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Intel 45 nanometer high-k technology can rece the switching power consumption between transistors by nearly 30%, increase the switching speed of transistors by 20%, and rece the gate leakage by more than 10 times, and the source to drain leakage by more than 5 times. This leads to lower power consumption, longer battery life, more transistors and smaller size
in 2007, Intel released the first 45nm based four core Intel Xeon processor and Intel Core 2 supreme four core processor, leading the world into a new era of 45nm
Chips exist in some of our daily electronic devices, such as mobile phones, computers. The performance of 14 nm chips is much better than that of 7 nm chips. However, this improvement can not be perceived by ordinary users. Only those applications or devices that need to consume computing power will feel it
The difference between 14 nm chip and 7 nm chipalthough a chip uses nanometer to express its magnitude. But the smaller the nano number, the more transistors it contains. The more transistors it contains, the faster its processing speed will be. So the difference between 14 nm chip and 7 nm chip is that 14 nm chip contains less transistors per unit area than 7 nm chip. For example, there will be floor heating in the north, and the more heating pipes per unit area, the warmer it will be. This is a truth. The more transistors per unit area of the chip, the faster the computing speed
What do you know about 14nm chip and 7Nm chip? Welcome to comment