Computer computing power 190
Publish: 2021-05-13 16:49:10
1. There is no way to estimate the total computing power of computers all over the world, because everyone's computers, including CPUs, graphics cards and memory, are different. To calculate the total computing power of the world, I don't think anyone can do it.
2. The history of computer
the birth and development of modern computer before the advent of modern computer, the development of computer has gone through three stages: mechanical computer, electromechanical computer and electronic computer
as early as the 17th century, a group of European mathematicians began to design and manufacture digital computers that perform basic operations in digital form. In 1642, Pascal, a French mathematician, made the earliest decimal adder by using a gear transmission similar to clocks and watches. In 1678, Leibniz, a German mathematician, developed a computer to further solve the multiplication and division of decimal numbers
British mathematician Babbage put forward an idea when he made the model of difference machine in 1822. One arithmetic operation at a time will develop into a certain complete operation process automatically. In 1884, Babbage designed a program-controlled universal analyzer. Although this analyzer has described the rudiment of the program control computer, it can not be realized e to the technical conditions at that time< During the more than 100 years since Babbage's idea was put forward, great progress has been made in electromagnetics, electrotechnics and electronics, and vacuum diodes and vacuum triodes have been successively invented in components and devices; In terms of system technology, wireless telegraph, television and radar were invented one after another. All these achievements have prepared technical and material conditions for the development of modern computer< At the same time, mathematics and physics are developing rapidly. In the 1930s, all fields of physics experienced the stage of quantification. The mathematical equations describing various physical processes, some of which were difficult to solve by classical analysis methods. As a result, numerical analysis has been paid attention to, and various numerical integration, numerical differentiation, and numerical solutions of differential equations have been developed. The calculation process has been reced to a huge amount of basic operations, thus laying the foundation of modern computer numerical algorithm
the urgent need for advanced computing tools in society is the fundamental driving force for the birth of modern computers. Since the 20th century, there have been a lot of computational difficulties in various fields of science and technology, which has hindered the further development of the discipline. Especially before and after the outbreak of the Second World War, the need for high-speed computing tools in military science and technology is particularly urgent. During this period, Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom started the research of electromechanical computer and electronic computer almost at the same time<
Giuseppe in Germany was the first to use electrical components to make computers. The fully automatic relay computer Z-3, which he made in 1941, has the characteristics of modern computer, such as floating-point counting, binary operation, instruction form of digital storage address and so on. In the United States, the relay computers mark-1, mark-2, model-1, model-5 and so on were made successively from 1940 to 1947. However, the switching speed of the relay is about one hundredth of a second, which greatly limits the computing speed of the computer
the development process of electronic computer has experienced the evolution from making components to whole machine, from special machine to general machine, from "external program" to "stored program". In 1938, the Bulgarian American scholar atanasov first made the computing unit of the electronic computer. In 1943, the communications office of the British Foreign Office made the "giant" computer. This is a special cryptanalysis machine, which was used in the Second World War< In February 1946, ENIAC, a large-scale electronic digital integrator computer, was developed by Moore College of the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. At first, ENIAC was also specially used for artillery trajectory calculation. Later, it was improved many times and became a general-purpose computer capable of various scientific calculations. This computer, which uses electronic circuit to perform arithmetic operation, logic operation and information storage, is 1000 times faster than relay computer. This is the first electronic computer in the world. However, the program of this kind of computer is still external, the storage capacity is too small, and it has not fully possessed the main characteristics of modern computer
the new breakthrough was completed by a design team led by mathematician von Neumann. In March 1945, they published a new general electronic computer scheme of stored program - electronic discrete variable automatic computer (EDVAC). Then in June 1946, von Neumann and others put forward a more perfect design report "preliminary study on the logical structure of electronic computer devices". From July to August of the same year, they taught a special course "theory and technology of electronic computer design" for experts from more than 20 institutions in the United States and Britain at Moore college, which promoted the design and manufacture of stored program computers< In 1949, the Mathematics Laboratory of Cambridge University in England took the lead in making EDSAC; The United States made the eastern standard automatic computer (SFAC) in 1950. At this point, the embryonic period of the development of electronic computer came to an end, and the development period of modern computer began
at the same time of creating digital computer, we also developed another kind of important computing tool analog computer. When physicists summarize the laws of nature, they often use mathematical equations to describe a process; On the contrary, the process of solving mathematical equations may also adopt the physical process simulation method. After the invention of logarithm, the slide rule made in 1620 has changed multiplication and division into addition and subtraction for calculation. Maxwell skillfully transformed the calculation of integral (area) into the measurement of length, and made the integrator in 1855< Fourier analysis, another great achievement of mathematical physics in the 19th century, played a direct role in promoting the development of simulators. In the late 19th century and the early 20th century, a variety of analytical machines for calculating Fourier coefficients and differential equations were developed. However, when trying to popularize the differential analysis machine to solve partial differential equations and use the simulator to solve general scientific calculation problems, people graally realize the limitations of the simulator in the aspects of universality and accuracy, and turn their main energy to the digital computer
after the advent of electronic digital computer, analog computer still continues to develop, and hybrid computer is proced by combining with digital computer. Simulators and mixers have become special varieties of modern computers, that is, efficient information processing tools or simulation tools used in specific fields
since the middle of the 20th century, the computer has been in a period of high-speed development. The computer has developed from a hardware only system to a computer system which includes three subsystems: hardware, software and firmware. The performance price ratio of computer system is increased by two orders of magnitude every 10 years. The types of computers have been divided into microcomputers, minicomputers, general-purpose computers (including giant, large and medium-sized computers), and various special computers (such as various control computers and analog-to-digital hybrid computers)
computer devices, from electron tubes to transistors, from discrete components to integrated circuits to microprocessors, have made three leaps in the development of computers< In the period of electron tube computer (1946-1959), computers were mainly used for scientific calculation. Main memory is the main factor that determines the appearance of computer technology. At that time, the main memory included mercury delay line memory, cathode ray oscilloscope electrostatic memory, magnetic drum and magnetic core memory, which were usually used to classify computers.
the birth and development of modern computer before the advent of modern computer, the development of computer has gone through three stages: mechanical computer, electromechanical computer and electronic computer
as early as the 17th century, a group of European mathematicians began to design and manufacture digital computers that perform basic operations in digital form. In 1642, Pascal, a French mathematician, made the earliest decimal adder by using a gear transmission similar to clocks and watches. In 1678, Leibniz, a German mathematician, developed a computer to further solve the multiplication and division of decimal numbers
British mathematician Babbage put forward an idea when he made the model of difference machine in 1822. One arithmetic operation at a time will develop into a certain complete operation process automatically. In 1884, Babbage designed a program-controlled universal analyzer. Although this analyzer has described the rudiment of the program control computer, it can not be realized e to the technical conditions at that time< During the more than 100 years since Babbage's idea was put forward, great progress has been made in electromagnetics, electrotechnics and electronics, and vacuum diodes and vacuum triodes have been successively invented in components and devices; In terms of system technology, wireless telegraph, television and radar were invented one after another. All these achievements have prepared technical and material conditions for the development of modern computer< At the same time, mathematics and physics are developing rapidly. In the 1930s, all fields of physics experienced the stage of quantification. The mathematical equations describing various physical processes, some of which were difficult to solve by classical analysis methods. As a result, numerical analysis has been paid attention to, and various numerical integration, numerical differentiation, and numerical solutions of differential equations have been developed. The calculation process has been reced to a huge amount of basic operations, thus laying the foundation of modern computer numerical algorithm
the urgent need for advanced computing tools in society is the fundamental driving force for the birth of modern computers. Since the 20th century, there have been a lot of computational difficulties in various fields of science and technology, which has hindered the further development of the discipline. Especially before and after the outbreak of the Second World War, the need for high-speed computing tools in military science and technology is particularly urgent. During this period, Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom started the research of electromechanical computer and electronic computer almost at the same time<
Giuseppe in Germany was the first to use electrical components to make computers. The fully automatic relay computer Z-3, which he made in 1941, has the characteristics of modern computer, such as floating-point counting, binary operation, instruction form of digital storage address and so on. In the United States, the relay computers mark-1, mark-2, model-1, model-5 and so on were made successively from 1940 to 1947. However, the switching speed of the relay is about one hundredth of a second, which greatly limits the computing speed of the computer
the development process of electronic computer has experienced the evolution from making components to whole machine, from special machine to general machine, from "external program" to "stored program". In 1938, the Bulgarian American scholar atanasov first made the computing unit of the electronic computer. In 1943, the communications office of the British Foreign Office made the "giant" computer. This is a special cryptanalysis machine, which was used in the Second World War< In February 1946, ENIAC, a large-scale electronic digital integrator computer, was developed by Moore College of the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. At first, ENIAC was also specially used for artillery trajectory calculation. Later, it was improved many times and became a general-purpose computer capable of various scientific calculations. This computer, which uses electronic circuit to perform arithmetic operation, logic operation and information storage, is 1000 times faster than relay computer. This is the first electronic computer in the world. However, the program of this kind of computer is still external, the storage capacity is too small, and it has not fully possessed the main characteristics of modern computer
the new breakthrough was completed by a design team led by mathematician von Neumann. In March 1945, they published a new general electronic computer scheme of stored program - electronic discrete variable automatic computer (EDVAC). Then in June 1946, von Neumann and others put forward a more perfect design report "preliminary study on the logical structure of electronic computer devices". From July to August of the same year, they taught a special course "theory and technology of electronic computer design" for experts from more than 20 institutions in the United States and Britain at Moore college, which promoted the design and manufacture of stored program computers< In 1949, the Mathematics Laboratory of Cambridge University in England took the lead in making EDSAC; The United States made the eastern standard automatic computer (SFAC) in 1950. At this point, the embryonic period of the development of electronic computer came to an end, and the development period of modern computer began
at the same time of creating digital computer, we also developed another kind of important computing tool analog computer. When physicists summarize the laws of nature, they often use mathematical equations to describe a process; On the contrary, the process of solving mathematical equations may also adopt the physical process simulation method. After the invention of logarithm, the slide rule made in 1620 has changed multiplication and division into addition and subtraction for calculation. Maxwell skillfully transformed the calculation of integral (area) into the measurement of length, and made the integrator in 1855< Fourier analysis, another great achievement of mathematical physics in the 19th century, played a direct role in promoting the development of simulators. In the late 19th century and the early 20th century, a variety of analytical machines for calculating Fourier coefficients and differential equations were developed. However, when trying to popularize the differential analysis machine to solve partial differential equations and use the simulator to solve general scientific calculation problems, people graally realize the limitations of the simulator in the aspects of universality and accuracy, and turn their main energy to the digital computer
after the advent of electronic digital computer, analog computer still continues to develop, and hybrid computer is proced by combining with digital computer. Simulators and mixers have become special varieties of modern computers, that is, efficient information processing tools or simulation tools used in specific fields
since the middle of the 20th century, the computer has been in a period of high-speed development. The computer has developed from a hardware only system to a computer system which includes three subsystems: hardware, software and firmware. The performance price ratio of computer system is increased by two orders of magnitude every 10 years. The types of computers have been divided into microcomputers, minicomputers, general-purpose computers (including giant, large and medium-sized computers), and various special computers (such as various control computers and analog-to-digital hybrid computers)
computer devices, from electron tubes to transistors, from discrete components to integrated circuits to microprocessors, have made three leaps in the development of computers< In the period of electron tube computer (1946-1959), computers were mainly used for scientific calculation. Main memory is the main factor that determines the appearance of computer technology. At that time, the main memory included mercury delay line memory, cathode ray oscilloscope electrostatic memory, magnetic drum and magnetic core memory, which were usually used to classify computers.
3. CPU frequency is actually a camouflage data, the previous Pentium 4 is an example, single core high frequency, energy consumption Tiankeng! Multi core processing is now the king, multi task processing capacity, with graphics card GPU auxiliary, 22nm, 32nm, 45nm process, represents the potential of energy saving and performance. CPU's two-level cache and three-level cache represent the opening ability of high-speed channels. In the case of high computing power and low channel, what level can't be reached? Lga1355 and other architectures represent the foresight of the whole CPU, and the computing power is not frequency visible.... High frequency, can only say that the front-end appearance is good, depends on the number of cores, technology level and two or three level cache to see if it is enough, you did not say a few cores, let alone what model, this is not the standard! There is no answer to this question!
4. < UL >
the system is unstable e to high temperature. Please check if there is any problem in the heat dissipation of CPU, graphics card, memory, hard disk, motherboard, etc. When checking the above components, check whether there is a problem of false soldering of electronic components or circuits, which makes the system unstable at high temperature, and confirm again whether it is a problem of display or power supply
graphics card driver, the computer has a common feature when running software, that is, the screen resolution will be switched, if you use 1024 × 768 resolution, when running some large software, it is easy to switch to a lower resolution. If there is a problem with the driver of the graphics card, it is likely that there will be a failure when switching the resolution, resulting in the computer black screen. The problem can be solved after updating the driver of the graphics card
the version of DirectX is too low. If the version of DirectX is too low, the problem of black screen can be solved by installing the graphics card driver and the latest version of DirectX program
5. Blockchain is a basic technology of virtual currency. Its significance lies in being open, fair and tamperable, just like a public account book
6. In 1946, the first electronic computer appeared in the world. Today, it has been more than 30 years. In this short time, it has made great progress. The computing power of ordinary computers has reached 40 million times per second, faster than the speed of calculation and abacus
Why do computers work so fast
because the arithmetic unit and controller in the electronic computer are composed of bistable circuit and various "gate" circuits; In other words, they are calculated by using the high-speed transmission characteristics of electricity. We know that the transmission speed of electricity is 300000 kilometers per second, which is very fast. Therefore, the computing speed of the electronic computer is very fast< Secondly, the operation of electronic computer is very simple. No matter how complicated the problem is, as long as the personnel design the calculation program in advance and send the calculation program together with the original data to the computer, it can automatically calculate the original data step by step according to the manual program. Each operation is very simple. For example, to add, you only need to do 1 + 1 = 10, 1 + 0 = 1, 0 + 1 = 1, 0 + 0 = 0. There are only four cases (subtraction, multiplication and division are the same). Such a simple calculation, primary school students can quickly work out. Because the calculation is simple, the arithmetic unit can also be very simple; In other words, the bistable circuit and "gate" circuit are needed less, and the electronic path is also less, which makes the operation speed faster.
Why do computers work so fast
because the arithmetic unit and controller in the electronic computer are composed of bistable circuit and various "gate" circuits; In other words, they are calculated by using the high-speed transmission characteristics of electricity. We know that the transmission speed of electricity is 300000 kilometers per second, which is very fast. Therefore, the computing speed of the electronic computer is very fast< Secondly, the operation of electronic computer is very simple. No matter how complicated the problem is, as long as the personnel design the calculation program in advance and send the calculation program together with the original data to the computer, it can automatically calculate the original data step by step according to the manual program. Each operation is very simple. For example, to add, you only need to do 1 + 1 = 10, 1 + 0 = 1, 0 + 1 = 1, 0 + 0 = 0. There are only four cases (subtraction, multiplication and division are the same). Such a simple calculation, primary school students can quickly work out. Because the calculation is simple, the arithmetic unit can also be very simple; In other words, the bistable circuit and "gate" circuit are needed less, and the electronic path is also less, which makes the operation speed faster.
7. In the process of using XP, the running speed of the system will become slower and slower with the passage of time. Some friends may think of reloading the system, but after reloading, the common application software also needs to be re installed, which may be more troublesome. How to speed up XP without re installing the system
as long as you operate according to the following nine aspects, I believe your XP will run at a high speed again
first, speed up the startup and shutdown speed
in Windows XP, the system will send a message to the running program and remote server to tell them that the system needs to shut down, and wait for the response before the system starts to shut down. To speed up the startup speed, you can set the auto end task first
1. Find HKEY first_ CURRENT_ Set the key value of autoendtasks to 1 in UserControl panel desktop
2. Next, there is a "hungapptimeout" under the branch. Change its value to "4000 (or less), and the default value is 50000
3. Finally, find HKEY_ LOCAL_， Similarly, set waittokillservicetimeout to "4000"; Through this setting, the shutdown speed is much faster< Second, improve the speed of broadband
professional version of Windows XP retains 20% of the bandwidth by default, which actually has no effect on our indivial users. In particular, it is better to make full use of it
enter gpedit.msc in "start → run" to open the Group Policy Editor. Find "computer configuration → management template → network → QoS packet scheler", select "limit reserved bandwidth" on the right, select "properties" to open the limit reserved bandwidth Properties dialog box, select "enable", and change the original "20" to "0", thus releasing the reserved bandwidth< When using Windows XP network neighborhood, the system will search its own shared directory, printers that can be used as network share, scheled tasks and network related scheled tasks, and then display them. Obviously, the speed will be much slower. If these functions are of little use to us, we can delete them. Find HKEY in the registry editor_ LOCAL_ ， Delete the (printer) and {d6277990-4c6a-11cf8d87-00aa0060f5bf} (scheled task), restart the computer, visit the Internet neighbor again, you will find that it is much faster< Fourth, speed up the startup speed
to speed up the startup speed of Windows XP. You can achieve this goal by modifying the registry. In the registry editor, find HKEY_ LOCAL_ Managermemory managementprefetchparameters, find the enable prefetcher primary key on the right, and change its default value of 3 to 1. In this way, the scrolling time of the scroll bar will be reced< Some times, XP will prompt you to stop responding. It's very annoying. By modifying the registry, we can let it close by itself. In HKEY_ CURRENT_ Change the value of the character key value of autoendtasks to 1 in the user control panel desktop, and then log off or start again< In order to speed up the display speed of the menu, we can set it according to the following methods: we can set it in HKEY_ CURRENT_ Find the "menusholdelay" primary key under the user control panel desktop and change its value to "0" to speed up the menu display< 7. Clear the unused DLL files in the memory_ LOCAL_， Add an item alwaysunloaddll in Explorer. The default value is set to 1. Note: if the default value is set to 0, the function will be disabled< 8. Speed up the pre reading ability and improve the startup speed
Windows XP pre reading setting can improve the system speed and speed up the startup speed. The following modification can further make good use of CPU efficiency: HKEY_ LOCAL_ In the window on the right of prefetchparameters, change the numerical data of the enable prefetcher as follows: for example, if the PIII 800MHz CPU is used, it is recommended to change the numerical data to 4 or 5; otherwise, it is recommended to keep the numerical data as the default value, that is, 3< 9. Rece the number of items to be loaded ring startup. Many applications will be added to the system startup group at the time of installation, and the system will run automatically every time. This not only prolongs the startup time, but also consumes the system resources after startup
start the "system configuration utility". The "start" item lists the items and sources loaded when the system starts. Carefully check whether you need it to load automatically. Otherwise, clear the check box before the items. The fewer items loaded, the faster the startup. This item needs to be restarted to take effect< If you want to access the Internet easily and smoothly, do you notice that the available space of your computer system disk is decreasing day by day? Is it like the old monkey king that moves slowly day by day
Yes! In the process of windows installation and use, there will be a lot of junk files, including temporary files (such as *. TMP, *_ MP) log files (. Log), temporary help files (. GID), disk check files (. Chk), temporary backup files (such as *. Old, *. Bak) and other temporary files. Especially if the temporary Internet Files folder of IE is not cleaned up for a period of time, the cache files in it sometimes occupy hundreds of MB of disk space. These LJ files not only waste valuable disk space, but also make the system run slowly. I'm sure you can't stand this!
as long as you operate according to the following nine aspects, I believe your XP will run at a high speed again
first, speed up the startup and shutdown speed
in Windows XP, the system will send a message to the running program and remote server to tell them that the system needs to shut down, and wait for the response before the system starts to shut down. To speed up the startup speed, you can set the auto end task first
1. Find HKEY first_ CURRENT_ Set the key value of autoendtasks to 1 in UserControl panel desktop
2. Next, there is a "hungapptimeout" under the branch. Change its value to "4000 (or less), and the default value is 50000
3. Finally, find HKEY_ LOCAL_， Similarly, set waittokillservicetimeout to "4000"; Through this setting, the shutdown speed is much faster< Second, improve the speed of broadband
professional version of Windows XP retains 20% of the bandwidth by default, which actually has no effect on our indivial users. In particular, it is better to make full use of it
enter gpedit.msc in "start → run" to open the Group Policy Editor. Find "computer configuration → management template → network → QoS packet scheler", select "limit reserved bandwidth" on the right, select "properties" to open the limit reserved bandwidth Properties dialog box, select "enable", and change the original "20" to "0", thus releasing the reserved bandwidth< When using Windows XP network neighborhood, the system will search its own shared directory, printers that can be used as network share, scheled tasks and network related scheled tasks, and then display them. Obviously, the speed will be much slower. If these functions are of little use to us, we can delete them. Find HKEY in the registry editor_ LOCAL_ ， Delete the (printer) and {d6277990-4c6a-11cf8d87-00aa0060f5bf} (scheled task), restart the computer, visit the Internet neighbor again, you will find that it is much faster< Fourth, speed up the startup speed
to speed up the startup speed of Windows XP. You can achieve this goal by modifying the registry. In the registry editor, find HKEY_ LOCAL_ Managermemory managementprefetchparameters, find the enable prefetcher primary key on the right, and change its default value of 3 to 1. In this way, the scrolling time of the scroll bar will be reced< Some times, XP will prompt you to stop responding. It's very annoying. By modifying the registry, we can let it close by itself. In HKEY_ CURRENT_ Change the value of the character key value of autoendtasks to 1 in the user control panel desktop, and then log off or start again< In order to speed up the display speed of the menu, we can set it according to the following methods: we can set it in HKEY_ CURRENT_ Find the "menusholdelay" primary key under the user control panel desktop and change its value to "0" to speed up the menu display< 7. Clear the unused DLL files in the memory_ LOCAL_， Add an item alwaysunloaddll in Explorer. The default value is set to 1. Note: if the default value is set to 0, the function will be disabled< 8. Speed up the pre reading ability and improve the startup speed
Windows XP pre reading setting can improve the system speed and speed up the startup speed. The following modification can further make good use of CPU efficiency: HKEY_ LOCAL_ In the window on the right of prefetchparameters, change the numerical data of the enable prefetcher as follows: for example, if the PIII 800MHz CPU is used, it is recommended to change the numerical data to 4 or 5; otherwise, it is recommended to keep the numerical data as the default value, that is, 3< 9. Rece the number of items to be loaded ring startup. Many applications will be added to the system startup group at the time of installation, and the system will run automatically every time. This not only prolongs the startup time, but also consumes the system resources after startup
start the "system configuration utility". The "start" item lists the items and sources loaded when the system starts. Carefully check whether you need it to load automatically. Otherwise, clear the check box before the items. The fewer items loaded, the faster the startup. This item needs to be restarted to take effect< If you want to access the Internet easily and smoothly, do you notice that the available space of your computer system disk is decreasing day by day? Is it like the old monkey king that moves slowly day by day
Yes! In the process of windows installation and use, there will be a lot of junk files, including temporary files (such as *. TMP, *_ MP) log files (. Log), temporary help files (. GID), disk check files (. Chk), temporary backup files (such as *. Old, *. Bak) and other temporary files. Especially if the temporary Internet Files folder of IE is not cleaned up for a period of time, the cache files in it sometimes occupy hundreds of MB of disk space. These LJ files not only waste valuable disk space, but also make the system run slowly. I'm sure you can't stand this!
8.
Among the 2.791 petaflop computing power of the global top 500, the computing power of IBM supercomputer exceeds 1.5 petaflop, which is more than three times of the total computing power of HP, the closest competitor to IBM. Moreover, among the top 10 supercomputers in the global top 500, IBM has four seats, and among the top 100 supercomputers, IBM also has 46 seats
9. I am in the CDC. When there is no outbreak, the CDC works very regularly compared with the hospital. You can have a normal rest on weekends and holidays. There is no night shift, and you will get off work on time. There is almost no overtime. But the disadvantage is that in addition to a big discount in income compared with the hospital, your clinical professional level will hardly go up, because of the physical examination, Just follow the rules. Nothing else.
10. It's practical to use computers. Foreign children use computers to do math. In China, they like to do math in mind and in writing. In fact, they still use computers in their work, with high accuracy,
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