Decentralized new energy business model
Five aspects of blockchain instry growth potential promote the healthy development of Technology Virtual reality and other technologies are another emerging technology that will have a significant impact on the future, which is expected to promote human beings from the era of information internet to the era of value Internet
some countries and regions in the United States, Japan and the European Union have promoted the development of blockchain as an important national development strategy, and vigorously promoted the development and application of blockchain technology. China also attaches great importance to the technological innovation and instrial development of blockchain. With the joint participation of it and other enterprises, a large number of new enterprises, new procts, new models and new applications have emerged. The application of blockchain in the fields of finance, government affairs, energy, medical and other instries has graally expanded, and is becoming an important force to drive the technological proct innovation and instrial transformation of various instries
the development of blockchain can be divided into three stages, namely, blockchain 1.0, represented by bitcoin and related financial infrastructure applications, and blockchain 2.0, represented by smart contract. At present, it is graally moving towards blockchain 3.0, which is based on blockchain technology and more complex in-depth application of smart contract
statistical analysis of blockchain investment and financing in the first half of the year. According to the statistical data of in depth analysis report on business model innovation and investment opportunities of blockchain instry published by foresight Instry Research Institute, in the first half of 2018, the amount of financing in the blockchain field was about 10.7 billion, with a year-on-year growth rate of 1426% compared with the same period in 2017; The number of investment and financing events in the field of blockchain has reached 205, and it is expected that the investment in the field of blockchain will usher in another peak this year
according to the distribution of investment and financing rounds in China's blockchain field, the proportion of investment rounds in the start-up period (before round b) is more than 95%, with the joint investment of many instry pioneers, and most enterprises are still running around
statistics and growth of blockchain investment and financing in the first half of 2014-2018
data source: China attaches great importance to the development and application of blockchain technology. Driven by multiple forces such as policy, technology and market, the pace of blockchain innovation has been accelerating. It has been deeply integrated with cloud computing, big data, Internet of things and other technologies. The scope of exploration and application has also expanded from digital assets to supply chain management, intelligent manufacturing, instrial Internet, social welfare, right protection and other fields
five aspects to promote the healthy development of blockchain technology, promote the high-quality development of digital economy
1, in-depth study and grasp the development trend of blockchain technology and instry. Pay close attention to the international development frontier, jointly promote the research of blockchain related technology and instry, promote the standardization of blockchain development instry behavior, and create a good development environment
2. Strengthen the construction of core technology capacity of blockchain
establish and improve the collaborative promotion mechanism among backbone enterprises, universities and research institutions, guide it enterprises to strengthen technical reserves, accelerate the breakthrough of key core technologies, and improve the performance, efficiency and security of blockchain
3. Support entrepreneurship and innovation in the field of blockchain
encourage cross-border integration between blockchain enterprises and user units, guide instry organizations to establish public service platforms, support third-party organizations to carry out evaluation and detection of blockchain services, promote rich instrial applications of blockchain, and serve the transformation and upgrading of the real economy
4. Actively build and improve the blockchain standard system
accelerate the development and application of key standards, and graally build a perfect standard system. Actively connect with ITU, ISO and other international standards organizations, substantially participate in more international standardization work, and actively contribute more "Chinese power"
5. Accelerate the improvement of the policy environment for blockchain development
support qualified enterprises to carry out application innovation and mode innovation, and guide and encourage enterprises, universities and scientific research institutes to jointly cultivate professional talents needed for blockchain development. Support eligible blockchain enterprises to enjoy the preferential tax policies of the state to support the development of software instry and small and medium-sized enterprises
the instrial scale is small, but the growth potential is huge
the blockchain economy is on the eve of the outbreak period. The financial instry is relatively widely used, and the application of other instries has also entered the stage of exploration and development. It is estimated that from 2017 to 2022, the direct market value of blockchain will increase from US $410 million to US $7.68 billion, with a compound annual growth rate of 79.6%. It is estimated that all kinds of extended business based on blockchain will reach US $100 billion in 2020
instry application areas continue to expand
the financial instry takes the lead in the application of blockchain technology, and many financial applications have been implemented; Medical instry is an important area of blockchain application, which can better protect privacy, improve service quality and management efficiency; The demand of social authentication for blockchain is rising rapidly to solve the proof problem caused by information asymmetry; The application of blockchain technology in communication, supply chain and other fields is expanding rapidly
What is the concept and calculation method of kilowatt hour
Concept ofkwh:
kW · or kWh (symbol: kW · h; Usually referred to as degree) is a unit of energy measurement, which represents the energy consumed by an electrical appliance with a power of one kilowatt after one hour of use
Calculation method ofkwh:
1 kwh = 1kW * 3600s = 3600kj,
is 3600 kJ of electric energy consumed in one hour
management ideas and models that are worth learning
when it comes to blockchain, we must talk about its consensus mechanism. If we don't understand the consensus mechanism of blockchain, we can't understand the real meaning of blockchain. So, what about the consensus mechanism of today's blockchain
what is the consensus mechanism
what is consensus? Take its literal meaning, that is & quot; Common understanding & quot
people are different, not only in stature, appearance and ability, but also in culture, views, ideas, interests and so on
consensus, in short, is the consensus reached by members of a group in a certain aspect
we have learned that trust is a major pain point in the operation of society. Banks have their own credit system. In the past, the financial system only served a few entrepreneurs, because the establishment of credit system cost a lot. Later, Alipay had sesame credit. Credit has already been related to many aspects of life, credit card size, spending amount of flowers, sesame credit and high going abroad can be avoided. We are enjoying the convenience of credit
the essence of blockchain is decentralization, and the core of decentralization is consensus mechanism. The consensus mechanism on blockchain mainly solves the problems of who constructs the block and how to maintain the unity of blockchain
the goal of the blockchain consensus mechanism is to make all honest nodes save consistent blockchain views, while meeting two properties:
1) consistency: the prefix part of the blockchain saved by all honest nodes is exactly the same
2) effectiveness: the information released by an honest node will be recorded in its own blockchain by all other honest nodes
the confidence of blockchain is mainly reflected in the fact that users distributed in the blockchain do not need to trust the other party of the transaction or a centralized organization, and only need to trust the software system under the blockchain protocol to realize the transaction
what is the consensus mechanism? What do pow, POS and dpow mean
the necessity of consensus mechanism
in a distributed system, multiple hosts form a network cluster through asynchronous communication. In such an asynchronous system, state replication between hosts is needed to ensure that each host can reach a consensus. Error messages may appear in asynchronous systems and propagate continuously, so it is necessary to define fault-tolerant protocols in default unreliable asynchronous networks to ensure that all hosts reach a safe and reliable state consensus, which is the necessity of consensus mechanism
the premise of such self-confidence is the consensus mechanism of the blockchain, that is, in a market of mutual distrust, the sufficient and necessary condition for each node to reach an agreement is that each node will spontaneously and honestly abide by the pre-set rules in the agreement to judge the authenticity of each record for the sake of maximizing its own interests, Finally, the records judged to be true are recorded in the blockchain. Attachments-2018-08-9yy7vrha5b738e3d96021. JPG
in other words, if each node has its own independent interests and competes with each other, it is almost impossible for these nodes to conspire to cheat you, especially when they have public reputation in the network. Blockchain technology is the use of a set of mathematical algorithms based on consensus to establish & quot; Trust & quot; Network, so as to create new credit through technical endorsement rather than centralized credit institutions
Introction to several consensus mechanisms in today's blockchain
there are many consensus mechanisms in blockchain, but none of them is perfect, or suitable for all application scenarios
POW workload proof
each node in the whole system provides computing power (referred to as computing power) for the whole system. Through a competitive mechanism, the node with the best computing work can be rewarded by the system, that is, to complete the allocation of newly generated currency. It is simply understood that more work pays more. Currency blockchains such as bitcoin and LTC apply POW mechanism
advantages
completely decentralize the nodes to get in and out freely, the algorithm is simple, easy to realize, and the cost of destroying the system is huge. As long as the computing power of the network destroyer does not exceed 50% of the total computing power of the network, the transaction status of the network can reach an agreement
disadvantages
waste energy, which is the biggest disadvantage. It is difficult to shorten the block confirmation time, for example, bitcoin can only do 7 transactions per second, It is not suitable for commercial application. A new blockchain must find a different hash algorithm, or it will face bitcoin's computing power attack. It has high requirements on the performance of the nodes, and the network environment is prone to bifurcation. It needs to wait for multiple confirmations, and can not reach the final agreement
POS proof of equity
also known as proof of equity, which is similar to you deposit your property in the bank, This model will allocate interest to you according to the amount and time of cryptocurrency you hold< Advantages
low requirements for node performance and short consensus time
disadvantages
there is no final consistency, so checkpoint mechanism is needed to make up for the finality
dpow is an evolutionary scheme of pos. in conventional POW and POS, any newly added block needs to be confirmed by all nodes of the whole network, which greatly affects the efficiency
dpos is similar to the voting mechanism of modern board of directors, which elects representatives to vote and make decisions. The N selected accounting nodes are used for the creation, verification, signature and mutual supervision of new blocks, which greatly reces the time and computational cost of block creation and confirmation
advantages
greatly rece the number of nodes participating in verification and accounting, which can achieve second level consensus verification
disadvantages
sacrifice the concept of decentralization, which is not suitable for public chain
pbft practical Byzantine fault tolerance
practical Byzantine fault tolerance mechanism is a kind of adoption & quot; Permission to vote, minority subject to majority & quot; The consensus mechanism allows Byzantine fault tolerance, allows strong supervision nodes to participate, has the ability of authority classification, higher performance and lower energy consumption, and each round of bookkeeping will be jointly elected by the whole network nodes, allowing 33% of nodes to do evil, and the fault tolerance rate is 33%. Practical Byzantine fault tolerance is especially suitable for the application scenario of alliance chain<
advantages
will deviate from centralization, the existence of cryptocurrency and reward mechanism will proce Matthew effect, making the poor poorer and the rich richer in the community, achieving high consensus efficiency and realizing high-frequency trading
disadvantages
when only 33% of the nodes in the system are running, the system will stop running
dbft authorizes Byzantine fault tolerance
this mechanism is to use rights to select bookkeeper, Then bookkeepers reach a consensus through Byzantine fault-tolerant algorithm. The core of Byzantine fault tolerance mechanism is to ensure the system's finality to the maximum extent, so that the blockchain can be applied to real financial application scenarios
advantages
Professional bookkeeper can tolerate any type of error, bookkeeping is completed by multiple people, each block has finality, no bifurcation, the reliability of the algorithm has strict mathematical proof
disadvantages
when one-third or more bookkeepers stop working, the system will not be able to provide services, when one-third or more bookkeepers jointly commit crimes, The system may be bifurcated
pool verification pool
based on traditional distributed consistency technology and data verification mechanism
advantages
it can work without cryptocurrency. Based on the mature distributed consistency algorithms (pasox, raft), it realizes second level consensus verification
disadvantages
the degree of decentralization is not as good as bitcoin, which is more suitable for the multi center business model with multi participation
Paxos
this is a traditional distributed consensus algorithm, which is a consensus mechanism based on election leaders. The leader node has absolute authority, and allows strong supervision node to participate, which has high performance and low resource consumption. Generally, all nodes have wired access mechanism, but there is no malicious node in the election process, which is not fault-tolerant< In Paxos algorithm, nodes are divided into three types:
proposer: put forward a proposal and wait for everyone's approval. The client often plays the role
acceptor: responsible for voting on the proposal. Usually, the server plays this role
learner: is informed of the result of the case settlement, and unifies with it, and does not participate in the voting process. Maybe the client or server
Paxos can ensure that the system can reach a consensus when more than 50% of the normal nodes exist
REBO consensus mechanism
REBO consensus algorithm enables a group of nodes to form a consensus based on the special node list. The initial special node list is like a club. To accept a new member, it must be voted by 51% of the members of the club. Consensus follows the & quot; 51% rights;, Outsiders have no influence. Since the club starts with centralization, it will always be, and if it starts to corrupt, shareholders can do nothing. Like bitcoin and peercoin, the reborn system separates shareholders from their voting rights, so it is more centralized than other systems
peercoin
peercoin (PPC) is a combination of proof of pow workload and proof of POS equity. POW is mainly used to issue currency. In the future, with the increase of mining difficulty, the output will decrease, and the system security will be mainly maintained by POS
in the blockchain network, e to different application scenarios, different goals are designed, and different blockchain systems adopt different consensus algorithms. Each consensus algorithm is not perfect and has its own advantages and limitations
blockchain solves the problems of transmitting trusted information and value transfer on untrusted channels, while consensus mechanism solves the problem of how blockchain achieves consistency in distributed scenarios
although the blockchain is still in the early stage of development, and the instry development is still facing some obstacles, the society has recognized the value of the blockchain enough, the pace of blockchain development will never stop, and the instry development will certainly find a way to break through the obstacles.
in recent years, Sinopec has been actively expanding new energy fields, improving energy supply structure, improving energy supply capacity, developing unconventional oil and gas resources such as oil sand, coalbed methane and shale gas, exploring clean utilization of coal resources, and promoting the use of new biomass energy such as ethanol gasoline, biodiesel and bio aviation coal, Large scale development of geothermal resources. From 2007 to 2012, Sinopec has invested 8.2 billion yuan in coal chemical instry, biomass, geothermal and other new energy development< In February 2014, the National Working Conference on geothermal energy utilization was held in Xiong County, Hebei Province. The meeting revealed that at the end of the 13th five year plan, geothermal energy is expected to form a new instrial growth point, and China will build dozens of "smoke-free cities"
Wu Xinxiong, deputy director of the national development and Reform Commission and director of the national energy administration, said that at present, China's air pollution is very serious, and the haze weather in some areas is almost normalized. Last year, nearly half of the provinces in China had the most haze days in history, and PM2.5 index of many cities in Beijing Tianjin Hebei region ranked in the top 10. Using clean energy instead of heating coal is an extremely important and urgent task of air pollution control. Sinopec uses geothermal heating in Xiongxian county to meet more than 90% of the heating demand of the county, which opens up a new way for us to solve the problem of air pollution control< According to Cao Yaofeng, deputy general manager of Sinopec and director of the national geothermal energy center, Sinopec plans to develop geothermal resources as a separate instry of Sinopec, positioning Xinxing company as a clean energy company focusing on geothermal development and utilization. Up to now, Sinopec has more than 170 geothermal wells, with a heating area of 22 million square meters, an annual replacement of 640000 tons of standard coal and a rection of 1.6 million tons of carbon dioxide
the relevant person in charge of Hebei Provincial Development and Reform Commission said that geothermal energy is a clean new renewable energy, and the active development and utilization of geothermal energy is of great significance to alleviate the pressure of traditional petrochemical energy consumption in Hebei Province and to control the haze in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei“ "Xiongxian mode" is a model of cooperation between Hebei Province and Sinopec, which has played a good demonstration and leading role in promoting geothermal energy central heating in the whole province< The first mock exam of Sinopec, br / new star company, said that "government led, government and enterprise cooperation, advanced technology, friendly environment and benefit the people" are the main characteristics of the "Xiongxian model". This model has been recognized by the Energy Bureau, the Ministry of land and other ministries, as well as local governments and instries, and it has important promotional significance.
the geothermal development area of Sinopec Xinxing company has been expanded to 18 provinces including Shandong, Shanxi, Henan, Hebei, Shaanxi, Liaoning, Sichuan, Tianjin and Hubei. In the next step, Xinxing company will actively promote the "Xiongxian mode" and continue to make contributions to building a "smoke-free city"< In August 2009, Xiongxian people's government signed a strategic cooperation agreement with Sinopec Xinxing company. After more than four years of efforts, more than 90% of the heating in Xiongxian county is geothermal energy. Xiongxian geothermal resources development CDM (clean development mechanism) passed the national development and Reform Commission audit and was successfully registered in the United Nations on August 30, 2013. After using geothermal heating in Xiongxian County, it can replace 90000 tons of standard coal annually and rece 225000 tons of carbon dioxide
establish a professional company to promote the clean utilization of coal
the world is rich in coal resources, which can be exploited for more than 100 years, far higher than that of oil and natural gas. How to make clean and efficient use of coal resources has become an important proposition for human beings to enhance energy security
Sinopec will give full play to its technology and talent advantages in the field of energy and petrochemical instry, adhere to the development route of "green, low-carbon, clean and healthy", promote the research and development of coal chemical technology and project construction, and strive to be in the forefront of efficient utilization of coal
in September 2012, Sinopec Great Wall energy and Chemical Co., Ltd. was founded, marking that Sinopec's coal chemical business has entered a new stage of rapid promotion and professional management, and will vigorously promote the construction of coal chemical bases in Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, Guizhou, Anhui, Henan and Ningxia
in terms of R & D and application of biomass fuels, China has always been at the forefront in China
in terms of bio aviation coal, in April 2013, China's self-developed No.1 bio aviation coal successfully flew for the first time, making China the fourth country with independent R & D and proction technology of bio aviation coal after the United States, France and Finland, Sinopec has become the first domestic enterprise with independent R & D and proction technology of bio aviation kerosene. In February 2014, China's first biological aviation coal proction license was settled in Sinopec, marking that domestic biological aviation coal has officially entered the stage of commercial application< In terms of fuel ethanol, Sinopec has promoted the use of ethanol gasoline in 27 cities of four provinces since 2003, with a total sales of 61 million tons of ethanol gasoline
in terms of biodiesel, a pilot plant of 10000 t / a biodiesel was built in Shijiazhuang Refinery in 2006, and the pilot tests of biodiesel proction with rapeseed oil, cottonseed oil, palm oil, soybean acidified oil and waste cooking oil as raw materials were successively completed. In addition, in order to solve the problem of biodiesel raw material supply, according to the development strategy of "forest oil integration", we are using woody oil plants suitable for forest land to proce biodiesel, and developing biodiesel instry with Chinese characteristics.
"200 new energy buses will be on the road in Chifeng City of Inner Mongolia", "new energy buses will account for more than 80% of the buses in Chancheng city"... Such news is frequently seen in the newspapers, and new energy Buses seem to start a prairie fire
demonstration application in the field of public transport is the strategic direction of new energy vehicle promotion in China. Over the past three years, more than 50 urban public transport enterprises have demonstrated the application of new energy public transport. As of December last year, there were more than 27800 new energy vehicles in China, 80% of which were buses. Wan Gang, Minister of the Ministry of science and technology, also said at the two sessions this year that new energy vehicles will continue to focus on public transport promotion in the future
"in general, new energy vehicles are growing rapidly in the field of public transportation, but for automobile manufacturers, we still feel difficult in the promotion process." Liu Guoqiang, deputy general manager of BAIC Foton Automobile Co., Ltd., told reporters
the announcement management system can be further improved
as the world's largest pure electric vehicle demonstration vehicle enterprise, BAIC Foton has more than 6000 new energy vehicles operating in the world, including 3908 pure electric vehicles and 300 pure electric buses operating in China. Liu Guoqiang believes that if the policy is further rationalized, the promotion of new energy vehicles in the field of public transport can be faster
"the announcement management of new energy vehicles is a restriction for us." Liu Guoqiang said. In 2009, new energy vehicles are divided into initial stage, development stage and mature stage according to the announcement on the release of new energy vehicle manufacturing enterprises and proct access management rules
"new energy vehicles using lithium batteries are procts in the development period, which can only be sold in 25 cities where energy-saving and new energy vehicles can be demonstrated and promoted. But in fact, many cities outside the demonstration cities, such as Zhongshan and Sanmenxia, are highly motivated to buy new energy vehicles." Liu Guoqiang said
in fact, the notice on expanding the scope of demonstration and promotion of hybrid city bus issued last year expanded the promotion scope of hybrid city bus (including plug-in hybrid bus) from the current 25 demonstration cities to all cities in China. Liu Guoqiang believes that this policy is a good news for the promotion of hybrid electric buses, and should also be applied to pure electric vehicles< In addition, Liu Guoqiang believes that local protectionism is also a big obstacle“ Local governments always give priority to local enterprises, rather than performance as a primary factor, and the advanced technology of good procts can not be reflected. Liu Guoqiang said that BAIC Foton can only enter six or seven of the 25 demonstration cities, because other cities have local car factories
this view is supported by Li Shihao, chairman of science and technology branch of China Urban Public Transport Association“ For example, if a place wants to buy new energy buses, it will specially order the battery procts of local enterprises. " He believes that in this way, enterprises in other regions will not be able to enter the new energy vehicle market, resulting in low concentration and low scale of China's new energy instry
he said that there are only more than 40 automobile manufacturers in the world (except China), but in China, there are about 130 bus manufacturers alone, and two thirds of them are developing new energy vehicles, which makes the R & D power of new energy vehicles too scattered
in addition, the subsidy policies issued by local governments are meant to be tailored for local enterprises, and the new energy vehicle procts of automobile enterprises are generally difficult to enter the remote market“ We want a relatively level playing field. " Liu Guoqiang believes that the subsidy policy currently implemented in areas other than 25 demonstration cities should be promoted, that is, enterprises should be directly subsidized by the central finance, and subsidies should be given according to the actual energy saving effect, so as to rece local protection< It is understood that Miao Wei, Minister of the Ministry of instry and information technology, recently said that the new subsidy policies for new energy vehicles and energy-saving vehicles will no longer be divided according to the previous hybrid and pure electric technology routes, but will be divided into 16 grades according to the fuel-saving rate. The better the fuel-saving effect, the more subsidies. Instry analysis, which indicates that the relevant resources will be further concentrated to the advantage of enterprises. It is said that a change in the subsidy policy may be to "balance local subsidies, so as to change self-government and eliminate protectionism"
simply relying on government subsidies is not a long-term solution
"at present, the technology of hybrid electric vehicles is mature, and the next step is how to improve the performance, but the first thing to break through in the promotion of pure electric vehicles is the battery technology." Liu Guoqiang believes that for bus users, the cost is next, and the most important thing is the convenience of use
"the key to the development of electric vehicles is to balance the battery power, weight and operation mode." Liu Guoqiang further explained that the battery with large capacity must be heavier, resulting in the low payload of the bus, so the number of buses required for a line will increase. This is hard for bus companies to accept. In addition, most buses operate in the city center, and it is difficult to build a large charging station in the city center
based on this, Liu Guoqiang believes that in the next two or three years, hybrid electric vehicles will still be the key models to be promoted. Li Shihao also said frankly that the battery technology and charging facilities of pure electric buses are not in place and the price and other factors need to be improved and improved. As a strategic vehicle, it should keep pace with the times. In addition, the promotion of new energy buses mainly relies on government subsidies, but sooner or later it will be weaned, so it is necessary to accelerate the market-oriented operation
"Chongqing public transport explores new energy bus mode, which is worth learning. The perfect combination of vehicle and technology can be achieved by formulating the commercialization mode and determining the charging infrastructure. Relying solely on government subsidies is not a long-term solution. " Li Shihao believes that the development of new energy bus should speed up the scale and instrialization, realize the marketization, rece the cost and improve the cost performance, so as to have the competitive advantage with the traditional bus
"at present, the number of new energy buses in China is not small, but the performance needs to be further improved." Li Shihao suggested that bus enterprises should speed up the cultivation and upgrading of core technology, improve supporting facilities, increase the scale of demonstration, and adapt to local conditions
On October 22, Guangzhou Shenzhen "two cities linkage" forum was held in Shenzhen. On the same day, relevant departments in Guangzhou and Shenzhen signed cooperation agreements in seven fields, including scientific and technological innovation, intelligent networked automobile instry, intelligent equipment instry, biomedical instry, infrastructure, business environment and free trade zone
At the
forum, some relevant people said that by 2025, Guangzhou and Shenzhen will build a relatively complete standard and regulation system, independent research and development system and proction supporting system of intelligent networked vehicles, and build a globally influential auto parts instry supply system and intelligent networked vehicle instry cluster
build a new energy vehicle ecosystem of Zhilian, so that the healthy development of the market, ecology and indivial enterprises must rely on the collaborative development of innovation. At present, GAC group is based on Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao Bay area to carry out forward-looking strategic layout, join hands with partners to invest 45 billion yuan to build GAC Zhilian new energy automobile instrial park. In 2025, it will form a proction capacity of 400000 intelligent networked electric vehicles, with an added output value of 170 billion yuan
In November last year, GAC, together with its partners, registered and established the Guangdong Province Intelligent networked automobile Innovation Center Co., Ltd., a research platform for intelligent automobile innovation management in Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao Dawan District, in the instrial park. As the core research institution for the development of Guangdong intelligent networked automobile instry, the innovation center will help Guangzhou and Shenzhen "two city linkage" At present, the automobile instry is facing changes. The new four modernizations are the trend of the times. The state attaches great importance to it. If enterprises want sustainable development and relevant instries in Guangzhou and Shenzhen want upgrading and transformation, we must firmly grasp this round of opportunitiesthis article comes from the author of car home, which does not represent the standpoint of car home
primary energy refers to all kinds of energy and resources directly from nature without processing and conversion
secondary energy refers to the energy procts obtained from the processing and conversion of primary energy
terminal energy refers to all kinds of energy that are directly used for consumption in social proction, non proction and life
a typical photovoltaic power generation system consists of photovoltaic array, battery pack, controller, power electronic converter and load
photovoltaic power generation system is divided into independent and grid connected photovoltaic power generation system according to the terminal power supply mode of power system
wind power generation system converts wind energy into electric energy, which is composed of mechanical, electrical and control systems
there are two operation modes of grid connected wind power generation system: constant speed constant frequency and variable speed constant frequency
wind turbine, also known as wind wheel, mainly includes horizontal axis and vertical axis wind turbine
the grid connection methods of wind turbine synchronous generator include automatic quasi synchronous grid connection and self synchronous grid connection
the grid connection methods of wind inction generator include direct grid connection, step-down grid connection and thyristor soft grid connection
the economic indicators of wind power generation mainly include unit kilowatt cost, unit kilowatt hour investment cost, financial internal rate of return and financial net present value, investment payback period and investment source utilization rate
the main gases of the sun are hydrogen (about 80%) and helium (about 19%)
the structure of the sun can be divided into nuclear reaction zone, radiation zone, convection zone and solar atmosphere from the center to the edge
solar energy conversion and application include solar energy collection, conversion, storage, transmission and application
photovoltaic power generation is based on the principle of photovoltaic effect, using solar cells to directly convert solar energy into electric energy
photovoltaic power generation system is mainly composed of solar cell moles; Charge and discharge controller, inverter; Battery, energy storage components and auxiliary power generation equipment are composed of three parts
there are five types of solar cells: monocrystalline silicon solar cell, polycrystalline silicon solar cell, amorphous silicon solar cell, cadmium telluride solar cell and copper indium selenium solar cell
biomass energy is the energy that green plants store in biomass by transforming solar energy into chemical energy through chlorophyll
Natural Gas refers to the combustible gas with hydrocarbons as the main body that naturally exists in the formation
the gas turbine unit is mainly composed of combustion chamber, compressor and turbine unit
the energy proced in the process of water flow in nature is called water energy, which includes potential energy, pressure energy and kinetic energy
22. The amount of water energy depends on two factors: the flow of water in the river and how high the water stays
short answer question
briefly describe the classification of energy
A: solid fuel, liquid fuel, gas fuel, hydropower, nuclear energy, electric energy, solar energy, biomass energy, wind energy, ocean energy, geothermal energy and nuclear fusion energy. It can also be divided into primary energy, secondary energy, terminal energy, renewable energy, non renewable energy, new energy, conventional energy, commodity energy and non commodity energy
what is secondary energy
A: secondary energy refers to energy procts obtained from primary energy after processing and conversion
brief introction of new energy and its main features
A: new energy refers to a sustainable energy system that is technically feasible, economically reasonable, environmentally and socially acceptable, and can ensure the supply and replacement of conventional fossil energy. The key to new energy is the advanced and alternative nature of the traditional energy utilization. Generalized new energy system mainly includes two aspects: 1. New energy system includes renewable energy and geothermal energy, hydrogen energy and nuclear energy; 2. New energy utilization technology, including efficient use of energy, comprehensive utilization of resources, alternative energy, energy conservation
brief introction of distributed energy and its main features
A: distributed energy is defined as: power generation system can generate electricity at or near the place of consumption, and has the following functions: (1) efficient use of waste energy generated from power generation to proce heat and electricity; ② On site renewable energy system; ③ It includes the energy recycling system using waste gas, waste heat and excess pressure difference to generate electricity. Features: high efficiency; Environmental protection; Diversity of energy utilization; Peak regulation; Safety and reliability; Rece the national investment in power transmission and distribution; Solve the problem of power supply in remote areas
briefly describe the principle of wind generation
A: wind is a natural phenomenon on the earth and a form of solar energy conversion. It is caused by solar radiation heat, earth rotation, revolution and surface difference. The atmosphere is the medium of this energy conversion. The earth's surface is surrounded by the atmosphere. When the solar radiation energy passes through the earth's atmosphere and irradiates the earth's surface, the sun heats up the air on the earth's surface. After being heated and expanded, the air becomes lighter and rises, the hot air rises, and the cold air cuts into the earth's surface horizontally. Due to the different heating of the earth's surface, the temperature difference of the atmosphere forms a pressure gradient, which causes the atmospheric convection, Wind is the manifestation of atmospheric convection
briefly describe the classification of wind turbines
A: in terms of the installation form of the wind shaft: horizontal axis generator set and vertical axis generator set; According to the power of wind turbine: micro, small, neutral, large; According to the operation mode: independent operation, grid connected operation
the control strategy of VSCF wind power generation system is briefly introced
A: the basic control strategy of VSCF wind power generation system is generally determined as follows: ① when the wind speed is lower than the rated wind speed, track the maximum wind energy utilization coefficient to obtain the maximum energy; ② When the wind speed is higher than the rated wind speed, the maximum power is tracked and the output power is stable
What are the main factors that affect the power generation of wind farms
A: the main factors affecting the power generation are: 1) the wind energy resources of the wind farm, including the annual average wind speed at the hub point of the wind turbine, wind speed frequency distribution, whether the main wind direction is obvious, air density, etc; ② The arrangement of wind turbines in the wind farm should be reasonable, and the site should be fully utilized to rece the influence of wind turbines, so as to optimize the power generation of the whole wind farm; ③ The selection of generator should be based on the wind resources; ④ The operation and management level of wind farm
briefly describe the islanding effect of photovoltaic power generation system
A: when the distributed power supply such as photovoltaic power generation system is disconnected from the original power grid, although the transmission line has been disconnected, the inverter is still running, and the inverter loses the reference voltage of the public power grid, which is called islanding effect
describe the maximum power point tracking control of photovoltaic power generation system
A: maximum power point tracking control (MPPT) is to detect the output power of photovoltaic array in real time, predict the possible maximum power output of photovoltaic array under the current working state by using certain control algorithm, and meet the requirements of maximum power output by changing the current impedance, so that the photovoltaic system can operate in the best working state
What are the six aspects of biomass energy
A: 1. Wood and forest waste; 2. Crops and their wastes; 3. Aquatic plants; 4. Oil plants; 5. Urban and instrial organic waste; 6. Animal manure
What are the main ways to utilize biomass energy
A: 1. Direct combustion mode; 2. The way of materialization transformation; 3. Biochemical transformation mode; 4. Utilization of vegetable oil
briefly describe the significance of developing and utilizing biomass energy in China
A: 1. Broaden the field of agricultural services and increase farmers' income; 2. To alleviate China's energy shortage and ensure energy security; 3. Control organic waste pollution and protect ecological environment; 4. Biotechnology is widely used to develop genetic engineering
What are the main development aspects of biomass energy application technology in China
A: 1. Direct combustion technology and equipment in Colleges and universities; 2. Intensive comprehensive development and utilization of fuelwood; 3. Development and utilization of new technologies such as liquefaction and gasification of biomass energy; 4. Development and utilization of municipal solid waste; 5. The development of energy plants
briefly describe the working principle of gas turbine
A: the compressor compresses the air and sends it into the combustion chamber, and then mixes it with the fuel for combustion, procing a large amount of high-temperature and high-pressure gas. The high-temperature and high-pressure gas is sent into the closed turbine unit and expands to push the blades to make the shaft rotate
What are the main forms of small gas turbine power generation
A: 1. Simple cycle power generation; 2. Pre cycle cogeneration or power generation; 3. Combined cycle power generation or cogeneration; 4. Integrated cycle; 5. Nuclear fuel combined cycle; 6. Auxiliary cycle of gas turbine; 7. Combined cycle of ignited flue gas; 8. Gas heat pump combined cycle; 9. Fuel cell gas turbine combined cycle
What are the characteristics of China's water resources
A: 1. The total amount of water resources is large, but the development and utilization rate is low; 2. The regional distribution of water resources is uneven and does not match the economic development; 3. The annual and interannual runoff distribution of most rivers is uneven; 4. Water resources are mainly concentrated in large rivers, which is concive to centralized development and large-scale outward transmission
What are the main components of a typical hydropower station
A: hydraulic structures; Turbine generator unit; workshop; Substation; Transmission lines
1. Analyze the working principle of doubly fed inction generator VSCF wind power generation system
A: the working principle can be summarized as follows: the stator of the generator is directly connected to the power grid, and the rotor winding is connected to the power grid through the collector ring via AC-AC or AC-DC-AC converter. Variable speed constant frequency control is realized by controlling the frequency, amplitude, phase and phase sequence of the rotor current. In order to achieve variable speed, when the wind speed changes, the speed feedback system is used to control the electromagnetic torque of the generator. In order to obtain the maximum wind energy, the rotor speed of the generator is made to follow the change of wind speed. In order to achieve constant frequency output, when the rotor speed is n, the frequency of stator current F1 = pN / 60 ± The frequency f2 of rotor current is controlled by frequency converter to keep F1 constant. When the speed of the generator rotor is lower than the synchronous speed, the generator runs in the subsynchronous state. At this time, the stator supplies power to the grid, and the grid supplies power to the rotor through the frequency converter to provide AC excitation current; When the rotor speed of the generator is higher than the synchronous speed, the generator operates in the super synchronous state, and the stator and rotor supply power to the grid at the same time; When the rotor speed is equal to the synchronous speed, the generator runs in the synchronous state, F2 = 0, the inverter provides DC excitation to the rotor, and the stator supplies power to the grid, which is equivalent to a synchronous generator
2. In terms of generalized concept, what are the three main aspects of new energy utilization
A: 1) comprehensive utilization of energy. With the goal of improving energy efficiency and skills, we will accelerate the transformation of the mode of economic growth. 2) Alternative energy. In order to develop clean coal combustion technology and coal to oil instry as the goal, rece the dependence on oil imports. 3) New energy conversion. We will vigorously develop a new energy utilization system based on renewable energy, and adjust and optimize the energy structure
the working principle of variable speed constant frequency wind power generation system with squirrel cage inction generator is analyzed
A: the stator winding is connected to the power grid through AC-DC-AC converter, and the variable speed constant frequency strategy is implemented in the stator circuit. When the wind speed changes, the rotor speed of the generator and the frequency of the electric energy generated by the generator change with the change of the wind speed. Through the frequency converter between the stator winding and the grid, the electric energy with the frequency change is converted into the electric energy with the same frequency as the grid
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