Decentralization of big color financing
A. indivials with asset management needs do not need to trust any intermediaries, and the new trust is rebuilt on the machine and code
B. everyone has access, no one has central control
C. all protocols are open source, so anyone can cooperate on the protocols to build new financial procts and accelerate financial innovation under the network effect
defi is a relatively broad concept, including currency issuance, currency transaction, loan, asset transaction, investment and financing, etc
we regard the birth of BTC and other cryptocurrencies as the first stage of decentralized finance. However, the decentralization of currency issuance and storage only provides a point-to-point settlement solution, which is not enough to support the rich financial business. The rapid development of decentralized lending agreements in the past two years will have the opportunity to further open the financial system of the blockchain world and bring decentralized finance into the second stage<
the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system.
DAPP is the abbreviation of Chinese distributed app for decentralized application
a DAPP has background code running in a distributed peer-to-peer network. The background code of traditional app is running on the centralized server
the front-end code of a DAPP can be developed by any language, just like the traditional app. In addition, DAPP's front-end code can be hosted in distributed storage services, such as swarm or IPFs
If an application = front end + back end, because Ethereum contract is composed of code running in Ethereum distributed point-to-point network, distributed application = front end + contract
the picture shows a DAPP architecture:
app we all know that it is a client application, which is the abbreviation of application. DAPP is d + app, and D is the first letter of English word decentralization. Chinese word translation is decentralization, that is DAPP is decentralized application. This is to understand the concept literally. To form a clear, accurate and necessary concept in the brain, we need to understand DAPP in depth
compared with app, the biggest difference between them is centralization and decentralization. App needs money first, so it needs financing first; Then there will be more people, so we will develop and operate after recruiting all the people. DAPP is the proct of inheriting traditional app and combining the characteristics of blockchain, which is more like crowdfunding mode, sharing mode and decentralization mode
in 2006, the central government's "sound and fast" economic development policy, the "Eleventh Five Year Plan" issued around the major policy, implemented, adopted a series of measures, energy conservation and emission rection as a binding goal, and achieved preliminary results. However, the situation of energy shortage and high consumption has not been fundamentally reversed, and the masses have strongly reflected the problem of environmental pollution. As a responsible big country, China's commitment to pollution emissions in the world is still a huge pressure. More effective measures must be taken to realize all aspects of China's economic structure and the main principle of energy conservation
in order to solve this problem, experts from the national development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of finance, the Ministry of ecation, the Ministry of science and technology, the Ministry of environmental protection, and the development research center of the State Council, and other departments went deep into the western instrial city of Baoji City to carry out "special investigation" on energy conservation and emission rection and enterprise technological innovation development strategy, through the method of dissecting sparrow, In depth understanding of the grass-roots situation of the implementation of energy-saving policies, and then from the macro and micro combination, explore the path to speed up the pace of energy conservation
the group, Baoji national high tech Instrial Development Zone, Shaanxi Province, special research activities, case analysis point, Bo. From December 2007 to the end of 2008, it took more than a year to conct in-depth research by means of auditing data, comparative analysis, on-the-spot investigation and repeated discussion
dissecting the economic cells of Shaanxi wave, we deeply feel that in order to speed up the pace of China's energy conservation and emission rection, we must strengthen the enterprises with independent innovation ability. Global enterprises that rely on innovation to speed up energy conservation and emission rection and promote national energy conservation and emission rection should give more support in national policies, funds and taxes. It is now in order to mobilize the enthusiasm of most enterprises. Strengthen the micro level of energy conservation and emission rection, the formation of ink diffusion effect and cumulative effect, promote the overall progress of China's energy conservation and emission rection, and lay a solid foundation to improve the quality of China's economic operation
status: in case of emergency, China's energy conservation and emission rection has a long way to go
1. Speed up energy consumption, low per capita consumption
China is the world's fastest growing country in recent years,?? The total energy consumption is the second largest in the world, second only to the United States, which is in short supply and needs to rely on imports to meet domestic demand. From the perspective of energy structure, China's energy situation is lean, less gas, rich in coal, poor in oil and natural gas resources, rich in coal resources. Relevant data show that China's other important mineral resources are less than half of the world average if the per capita level of coal is 58.6%. It seems that the only way out for China's sustainable economic and social development is to strictly implement the energy-saving policy< br /> 2 Energy efficiency is low, energy saving is urgent
the report "WWF climate change solutions - wwf2050 outlook for China" released by WWF says that China's energy efficiency is only about 33%, the same level as that of developed countries 20 years ago. In order to save energy and improve energy efficiency, Chinese enterprises have great potential. We need to vigorously develop renewable energy and improve energy utilization, so as to control carbon dioxide emissions. In order to actively respond to global climate change, the Chinese government proposed in the 11th five year plan that by 2010, energy consumption per unit of GDP must be reced by 20%, This means 150 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions, equivalent to 40% of the annual emissions. In 2004, only one year from the scheled time, the energy saving effect is not optimistic, and the situation is very urgent< br /> 3 Coal based pollution / A & gt
in countries rich in coal resources, coal accounts for 90% of the whole energy structure, and the annual coal consumption of the whole country reaches more than 6 million tons. According to BP world energy statistics, in 2006, the average global energy consumption was 35.8% for oil, 23.7% for natural gas and 28.4% for coal, while the proportion of coal in China was as high as 69.7%. This resource condition determines that the coal based energy consumption structure is difficult to change in the short term, and the coal based pollution emissions will remain high in the future. Serious pollution has become an important factor that restricts economic development, endangers people's health and affects social stability
the international oil price remains high, and these changes are difficult to predict. Coal is the main energy. Through technological innovation, coal resources with serious pollution can be transformed into clean energy, which is of strategic significance. Obviously, this kind of transformation can not only rely on the state and a small number of scientific research institutions, but must take strong measures, "Eight Immortals crossing the sea", leading to millions of enterprises, independent innovation, and jointly promote the transformation. Unbalanced mixing
according to
4. According to our survey on instrial energy conservation, the energy conservation and emission rection of the main instries are as follows:
(1) the coal instry has made new progress in energy conservation and emission rection. The energy consumption of raw coal in the national coal instry has increased from 30.13 kg of standard coal in 2006/ In the first half of 2007, 26.85 kg of standard coal / T, a year-on-year decrease of 10.89%. At the same time of coal processing, we should vigorously develop, improve clean proction and comprehensive utilization of coal, and constantly improve the quality of economic operation. China's total raw coal washing capacity increased to 53% of 370 million tons in 2000. From 2005 to the end of 2006, China has built coal gangue, coal and gas power plants with more than 300 seats and nearly 900000 tons. Compared with last year's utilization of low calorific value fuel, it is equivalent to recycling and saving 350000 tons of standard coal. However, e to the end users of coal, the progress of energy saving and emission rection of coal is still small
(2) in the power instry, good progress has been made in energy conservation and emission rection, but the improved value and stability have not reached the expected standard. Data show that in 2006, the national standard coal consumption dropped to 370 g / kWh, 367 g / kWh, saving more than 2.3 million tons of standard coal. In the control of pollutant emissions, the growth of carbon dioxide emissions has been effectively curbed, and the graal increase in the level of smoke control of nitrogen oxides has achieved initial success. Since the beginning of the year, the construction speed of flue gas removal and desulfurization facilities of thermal power plants in China ring the eleventh five year plan has been significantly accelerated. However, since 2006, China's coal output has increased by 10.6% year-on-year, and its sulfur dioxide emission is still 3.8% year-on-year< (3) petrochemical instry. The goal of recing energy consumption per unit of GDP by 4% in 2006 has not been completed. The total energy consumption of chemical instry accounts for about 15% of the national energy consumption, so there is a huge space for energy conservation“ According to the emission rection plan of the 11th five year plan, sulfur dioxide and COD per unit of GDP decreased by 10%, but in 2006, they increased instead of decreasing. The emission of sulfur dioxide was 25944000 tons. The emission of large and chemical instries increased by 1.8% over the previous year, and the national chemical oxygen demand increased by 1.2% over the previous year. forefront. Therefore, it is quite difficult for the petrochemical instry to achieve the goal of energy conservation and emission rection, and the situation is very grim< (4) non ferrous metals and steel instry. With the rapid growth of business performance, the energy consumption per unit proct of the non-ferrous metal instry has decreased significantly, and some major technical and economic indicators are close to or reach the world's advanced level. There is still a big gap between the energy consumption and environmental conditions of the iron and steel instry and foreign advanced level. The energy consumption in the BOF process of blast furnace is more than twice that of electric furnace process. The carbon dioxide emission of electric furnace process is 3.8 times that of electric furnace process, which is growing slowly. The electric furnace in China is just the same. In addition, China's shortage of scrap, EAF steel proction mostly use 30% to 40% of the hot metal, high foreign investment in China EAF energy consumption ratio. The energy consumption of iron and steel instry accounts for 14.96% of the total national energy consumption, and the pollutant emission accounts for a certain proportion of the national pollutant emission. It is a long way for the whole instry to achieve energy conservation and emission rection
(5) in the textile instry, the energy saving effect is obvious, but the emission rection efforts are not enough. According to statistics, in the first half of 2007, there were more than 600 large-scale enterprises with energy consumption of 10000 tons, and the energy consumption of most proct enterprises decreased by 5% to 10%, but the proportion of wastewater discharge increased year by year. In 2006, the wastewater discharge of textile instry was 260000 tons, ranking the fourth in the country, ranking the fourth in the whole instry. It is worth noting that emissions of other instries are declining, only the rise of the textile instry, rather than decline
the situation of other energy saving instries is similar, mixed and arous. In order to ensure the realization of the goals of the 11th five year plan, we must calmly analyze the situation, choose the best path and measures, and strengthen efforts to ensure the implementation. It is the best choice to guide enterprises to strengthen the ability of independent innovation to ensure the improvement of micro energy saving level, so as to speed up the implementation of global energy saving<
Path: the only way out is to promote energy conservation and emission rection through independent innovation of enterprises
the main responsibility lies in the government, the driving force of energy conservation, the key to success of relevant departments in enterprises, and the real strength lies in its independent innovation ability. Around the world, many multinational companies, such as Lenovo, Google, IBM, Microsoft and other companies and institutions, have jointly launched a green earth digital escort program, which uses their own scientific and technological innovation strength to support the entire instry chain of climate and energy conservation programs. Some of our farsighted enterprises like Shaanxi wave pioneer, and have learned the development trend of the times. With the powerful leverage of the national index, they have started the innovation and development of energy conservation and emission rection. This powerful internal driving force can help the whole country realize energy conservation and emission rection. It is an important task for these enterprises to take the lead in solving problems, so as to promote global energy conservation
however, the current framework, relying on independent innovation to promote energy conservation and emission rection, supporting measures in China, and innovation promotion system have not yet been established, rather than the balanced regional differences between instries still exist, which to some extent hinder the full implementation of energy conservation and emission rection policies< br />
1 However, it needs urgent support and guidance
/ & gt; According to China's science and technology statistics, in 2006, China's enterprise research and experiment (R & D) expenditure accounted for 69.1% of the total social expenditure, government expenditure accounted for 24.7%, and universities and other expenditures accounted for 6.2%. It is obvious that enterprises have surpassed the government's scientific research institutes and universities as the pillar, and the society as a whole is the main body of investment in scientific and technological innovation,
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enterprises, powerful scientific and technological research and development institutions, and technical personnel have increased year by year. According to the data of China Science and Technology Statistics Center, in 2006, with the scientific and technological institutions accounting for 23.2% of the total, the technical personnel of large and medium-sized state-owned instrial enterprises reached 189.2 million, an increase of 12.7% year on year. The scientific research strength of other forms of small and medium-sized enterprises is also increasing
Defi is short for decentralized finance, also known as open finance. It actually refers to the decentralization protocol used to build an open financial system, which aims to enable anyone in the world to carry out financial activities anytime and anywhere
in the existing financial system, financial services are mainly controlled and regulated by the central system, whether it is the most basic deposit and transfer, or loan or derivative transactions. Defi hopes to establish a set of transparent, accessible and inclusive peer-to-peer financial system through distributed open source protocol, so as to minimize the trust risk and make it easier for participants to obtain financing
different decentralized loan agreements contain common basic elements:
(1) asset custody: refers to the management method of borrower's collateral and lender's funds, such as platform custody or self-management
(2) pledge asset supplementary notice: similar to margin supplementary notice, because the price of pledge asset (digital currency) will fluctuate. When the pledge rate is greater than a certain threshold e to value fluctuation, some projects will design additional notice. The way of notification is divided into platform direct notification and economic mechanism incentive notification. Some platforms will directly liquidate
(3) provide additional liquidity of pledged assets: that is, the liquidation method of pledged assets, such as direct auction or sale by platform, or liquidation by others through incentive mechanism
(4) determination of liquidation price: that is, whether the pricing problem of liquidation of pledged assets is centralized or decentralized
(5) interest setting: is the setting of loan interest centralized or decentralized(6) protocol development: is the protocol developed by a fixed team or by a decentralized team
taking the traditional finance as an example, the platform adopts the third-party trusteeship, which is still centralized. When the default risk occurs, the bank forces the liquidation, the asset value is determined by the bank, and the loan interest is also determined by the bank. These elements show different degrees of decentralization in different projects. Based on this, defi can be graded
If you want to write a business plan well, first of all, you need to define the standard of "good " in the business plan
as a business document, you can achieve "good". We think there are several standards:
1, clear logic: as a business communication document, This document should enable readers (investors) to clearly see what your proct is, who you are, and what you want to do. The logic should be clear, with a sense of hierarchy and orderliness.
2. Beautiful and generous: has a better logical structure and level, but also needs a better presentation form. If it is a terrible design and color matching, It is bound to affect the effect and experience of reading, and it is bound to be affected when searching for key information. Our principle is "we would rather not do too much design, but also present the core content, and do not let the design cover up the content"
3. Easy to read : investors often read business plans on their mobile phones and mobile offices, The reading time allocated to each business plan is very short, so a good business plan should meet the format conditions and should not be too large. Generally, PDF is the main form
The above is our understanding and definition of "good". To be "good" reflects not only your deep thinking about the project, but also your thinking about the needs of readersthen, how to achieve " clear logic " and " Beautiful ", crazy BP assistant gives two simple suggestions:
first, choose a set of standard BP (business plan,) logical framework, on this basis, modify according to their own projects
for the specific logical framework, please refer to your first BP lesson "business plan clearance strategy". There are many contents, which will not be described here
note: generally, the number of pages of a business plan is between 10 and 15, with charts as the main part and words as the auxiliary part. It is taboo to be lengthy and comprehensive. The above logic can be adjusted according to the differences of investment and financing stages and investment objects
2. Refer to the design template of commercial style, select the appropriate presentation mode for the mole content
note: BP color matching usually uses brand color as the main tone, and the design style can be changed according to the proct style. The content with logic should be represented by graphic as far as possible, which is more intuitive
we can also refer to some high-quality model articles and learn from them
What factors determine a good business plan
pages of BP: it seems like a simple document processing job, but it actually plays a knock on the door. For most early projects, BP should not exceed 20 ppt pages of information. Many investors are resistant to BP with more than 20 pages. In order to pursue beauty, some founders use too many design pictures, resulting in a BP with more than 20m. When investors receive this kind of BP, if the peripheral signal is poor, they probably won't choose to download and check it. In this way, they miss many opportunities in vain
the logic of BP: This is the core value of BP. Every investor needs to see no less than 20 BP in a day. It is clear logic that can stand out from dozens of BP and make investors remember your project. In addition, when investors look at BP, they usually scan it quickly, or even read it in a minute. So be sure to go straight to the theme, focus on the key points, and talk about the business logic of your project in the shortest space
the beauty of BP: it has been said before that in order to pursue beauty, some founders over packaged BP, which is not desirable. However, proper color matching can make investors refreshing in a lot of junk BP“ Entrepreneurs should not be too superstitious about templates. They believe that what you do is unique. It is not recommended to write BP on their behalf. Writing and modifying BP in person is also a carding of their own business logic. It is also the entrepreneurs themselves who ultimately face the investors and cannot be replaced by them
after reading the business plan (BP), investors need to come up with three core points: 1. What do you want to do? What is the value of your proct or service? How to make money (business model), how to spend money and how much money you need (financing)
the main framework of business plan
the main framework of business plan is mainly engaged in (internal and external affairs), people and money. The framework model of the business plan is mainly divided into four parts and twelve sections as shown in the figure below
2. The following 12 sections introce the writing details and precautions of the business plan1. Project positioning project positioning: introce your project in one sentence, and the project positioning introction is written on the front page of the business plan, so that people can know what you are doing at a glance
2. Ask questions (where are the market pain points) ask questions: what are the existing customer needs that have not been met? Where are the market pain points? Market demand is the basis of entrepreneurship. Many entrepreneurs put forward false or non rigid needs. In the process of confirming the market demand, entrepreneurs are also looking for differentiation. If they do not grasp the direction of entrepreneurship, Naturally, it is difficult to get the favor of investors. Entrepreneurship needs to be responsible for itself and others, so it is very important to understand and deepen the market demand
3. Solutions (procts and services) solutions: through which methods and means to solve the market pain point
Market analysis (market capacity) market analysis: need to prove the existence of market demand and market capacity of this demand5. Entry strategy (how to start) entry strategy: how to start a project from scratch
6. Competitive advantage (competitor) competitive advantage: what are the competitors in the instry and where is the core competitiveness of the project
7. Core team (team background) core team: background resume of the core team, and to show why your team can do it
8. Implementation status (what has been done) implementation status: to what extent the project has progressed and what has been done, make an explanation
9 Planning objectives (future prospects) planning objectives: what needs to be done in the future
10. Business model (how to make money) business model: how to make money and when to achieve break even
11. Equity structure (how to make money) equity structure: the equity structure of founders and core teams, Decide the basis of long-term development in the future