Decentralization in Pedagogy

1. Simulation test paper of Preschool Ecation (1)
1. Single choice question:
1. What kind of activity is ecation unique to human beings
A. spontaneous activity B. subjective activity C. proctive activity D. social activity
2. The most basic elements of ecation include ecators, ecatees, teachers and students Ecational content and
A. ecational materials B. ecational materials C. ecational media D. ecational environment
3. The macro function of ecation is
A. promoting economic construction B. promoting social civilization C. promoting social development D. improving population quality
4. The material basis of ecational development is
A. social proction B. economic development C. instrial revolution D. present situation Modern agriculture
5. Gesell's "mature force theory" advocates
A. congenital determinism B. genetic determinism C. postnatal determinism D. environmental determinism
6. Children's indivial development follows the order of
A. from foot to head B. from special to general
C. from complex to simple D. from general to special
7 The concept of children in the Renaissance is a "Copernican" revolution in the history of human understanding of children. At this time, there appeared
A. human based concept of children B. family based concept of children
C. social based concept of children D. natural based concept of children
8, The kindergarten was founded in 1827, b.1803, c.1837 and d.1823. The four basic pillars of future ecation proposed by UNESCO in 1993 are
A. learn to live, learn to recognize, learn to work and learn to enjoy
B. learn to do, learn to study, learn to live and learn to cooperate
C. learn to be a man, learn to learn to learn to learn to learn to learn to learn to learn to learn to live, and learn to enjoy Learn to do things, learn to learn, learn to survive
D. learn to recognize, learn to do things, learn to be a person Learn to coexist
10. Nurseries (or kindergartens) have the following characteristics
A. social welfare and ecation; B. social welfare and ecation; C. ecation and assistance; D. assistance and society; 11. What kind of social activity ecation is
A. special; B. ordinary; C. unique; D. rare
12 The most basic elements of ecation include the ecator, the ecated Ecational materials and
A. ecational materials B. ecational content C. ecational environment D. ecational information
13. The micro function of ecation is
A. promoting social progress B. promoting civilization progress
C. promoting economic construction D. promoting human physical and mental development
14. The most important social factor determining the scale and speed of ecational development is
A. economic development Economic development B. social population C. geographical environment D. political system
15. British ecator Locke's "whiteboard theory" belongs to
A. parental determinism B. teacher determinism C. environmental determinism D. genetic determinism
16, Their view on children is
A. family based view on children; B. social based view on children; C. indivial based view on children; D. human nature based view on children; 17. Comenius' book on early childhood ecation is
A. Comenius' complete works on ecation; B. Utopia; C. mother's school; D Sun City
18. The teaching method advocated by Chen Heqin in China is
A. central comprehensive method B. complete teaching method C. branch teaching method D. whole teaching method
19. The goal of kindergarten ecation in China is to realize the ecation of children's all-round development, which includes
A. promoting children's all-round development in moral, intellectual, physical and aesthetic aspects
B. promoting children's intellectual, moral and aesthetic development All round development of body and other aspects
C. to promote the all-round development of children's beauty, body, intelligence and morality
D. to promote the all-round development of children's body, intelligence, morality
20. The principle of nurseries (kindergartens and nurseries) is
A. to take games as the basic activities for ecation; B. to let the baby learn systematically in one day's life
C. to integrate teaching with support, Pay equal attention to care and ecation D. integrate care and ecation, complete ecation
2. Term explanation:
1. Ecator
2. Indivial socialization of human beings
3. Children's development
4. Children's view
5. Ecation view
3. Short answer:
1. Briefly describe the function of ecation
2. Describe the characteristics of children's development
3. A brief introction of Dewey's progressive ecational thought< 4. The basic content of Montessori ecation.
4. Discussion question:
1. What is the correct view of children that our preschool ecators should have
2. How can kindergartens do a good job in primary school ecation for large class children< (1) multiple choice questions:
1. D 2. A 3. C 4. B 5. B 6. D 7. A 8. C 9. D 10. B 11. A 12. B 13. D 14. A 15. C 16. B 17. C 18. D 19. D 20. C
2
2. It refers to the process in which an indivial adapts to the requirements of the society, forms the expected and expected role of the society through learning and internalization in the process of interaction with the society, and develops his own personality accordingly
3. It refers to the process of quantitative and qualitative changes in the physiological and psychological aspects of children's growth
4. It is people's basic view and attitude towards children
5. It is people's fundamental view on the role of ecation in children's development< Ecation has two functions: one is the macro function of ecation, which is to promote the development of society; the other is the macro function of ecation; Second, the micro function of ecation is to promote the development of human body and mind< The characteristics of children's development are as follows:
(1) indivial development is carried out regularly in three aspects: from simple to complex, from general to special, from head to foot, from middle to all around< (2) indivial development is different
(3) indivial development has stages
3. "Ecation is growth"“ Ecation is life "“ Ecation is the constant transformation of experience
4. Muscle training; Daily life training is also a prominent feature of Montessori school; Elementary knowledge ecation; Culture and history ecation< (1) the development of children is the process of the combination and interaction of biological factors and social factors 2) Development is not an isolated and static development e to a certain factor, but a dynamic development process in which multiple factors participate 3) Children are the subject of development. They develop actively in the process of interaction between subject and object, rather than passively
(4) children have potential for development, and it is possible to maximize their potential under the interaction of appropriate ecation and environment
(5) every child is a unique indivial, with different levels and speeds of development, different interests and hobbies, so it is impossible to be arbitrarily uniform according to age or class
(6) children develop through activities and develop their knowledge, ability and personality in the operation of objects and interaction with people, rather than sitting and only listening to or watching the teacher's speaking and doing
(7) children's physical and mental aspects are a whole, and their physical, intellectual, moral and aesthetic ecation is also interrelated. Children should get a preliminary and comprehensive development from an early age, and should not only focus on one aspect of development in isolation
(8) every child has the right to development and ecation, which should be respected and cherished
2. A: (1) to cultivate children's awareness of enrollment: it is very important to cultivate children's yearning for enrollment and learning, and to stimulate good motivation and learning attitude. Teachers should guide children from the following aspects: organizing children to visit nearby primary schools; Can participate in young pioneers activities and joining ceremony; We should put forward the requirements to the large class children and graally develop the behavior habits of primary school students; Carry out graation ecation
(2) to cultivate social adaptability: to cultivate the awareness of rules and the ability to implement rules; Cultivate the sense of task and the ability to complete the task; Cultivate independence and self-care ability; Develop interpersonal skills
(3) develop learning adaptability: cultivate children's oral expression ability and good listening habits; Cultivate children's interest in reading, good reading habits and certain reading skills; Strengthen the training of children's hand small muscle coordination, cultivate the correct writing posture
(4) develop the ability to adapt to life
simulation test paper of Preschool Ecation (2)
1 Single choice questions:
1. The leading role of indivial development is
A. parents B. ecation C. environment D. heredity
2. Which of the following social factors will affect the purpose of ecation
A. economy B. politics C. culture D. population
3. The main social factors that determine the nature and development of ecation are
a Economy B. politics C. culture D. population
4. The intermediary of economy and politics in ecation is
A. language B. system C. culture D. population
5. The structural change caused by the increase or decrease of cultural content refers to
A. cultural transmission B. cultural transmission C. cultural change D. cultural choice
6. The process of automatically picking up or rejecting a certain culture, that is, selecting the best to eliminate the bad, selecting the best to remove the bad, refers to
A. cultural transmission B. cultural transmission C. cultural change D. cultural selection
7. Watson's "omnipotence of ecation" belongs to
A. ecational determinism B. teacher determinism C. environmental determinism D. genetic determinism
8, The nature is good, the nature is similar, the habit is far away The view expressed is
A. parental determinism B. teacher determinism C. environmental determinism D. genetic determinism
9. The material basis of children's physical and mental development differences is
A. genetic differences B. ecational differences C. environmental differences D. material differences
10. The characteristics of indivial development do not include
A. regularity B. differences C Stage D. sequence
11. Which of the following is not the performance of indivial development regularity
A. from simple to complex B. from general to special
C. from head to feet D. from four weeks to the middle
12. The dominant activity in early childhood is
A. learning B. playing C. reading D. literacy
13. Early childhood ecation activities The dominant form in action
A. lecture B. game C. self-study D. visit
14. Which ecator's ecational treatise is ramble on ecation
A. Locke B. Rousseau C. Dewey D. Froebel
15. Rousseau's ecational view is
A. ecation of love B. naturalistic ecation C. great ecation

2. [Abstract] among the various objective influencing factors of College Students' Ideological and political ecation, social transformation determines the new tasks they face; Western social thoughts have a profound impact on College Students' values; Parents and family are the most important influencing factors of College Students' values, morality and ethics; The school is the main factor that affects college students' employment and interpersonal communication; Peer groups play an important role in college students' interests and daily behaviors; The influence of traditional media on college students is still strong. The Internet has become a new way of life for college students and has a strong impact. Therefore, we must strengthen the ideological and political ecation of college students from the improvement of the macro social environment and the overall linkage of the micro level of colleges, families and media
[Key words] ideological and political ecation; Influencing factors; Empirical analysis
the ideological and political quality of college students is a unity including ideals and beliefs, moral ethics, talent employment and interpersonal communication. The formation and change of students' Ideological and political quality, as far as its objective influencing factors are concerned, is a system comprehensively influenced by the changes of the times, social environment and indivial socialization environment. At the same time, different aspects of College Students' Ideological and political quality are affected by social institutions and other subjects in the indivial socialization environment. Therefore, in view of the different aspects of College Students' Ideological and political quality, to find out the corresponding main influencing factors has become a prerequisite for improving the effectiveness of College Students' Ideological and political ecation. In October 2004, China Youth Research Center concted a survey on "Ideological and political ecation of college students" in 20 universities across the country“ The survey of "Ideological and political ecation for college students" was organized and implemented by China Youth Research Center in October 2004. The survey takes the national college students as the overall sample, and adopts the stratified multi-stage equidistant sampling method to extract six provinces & Beijing, Shanghai, Fujian, Hunan, Liaoning and Shaanxi; City & gt; 4000 college students from 20 universities were selected as the sample. A total of 4000 questionnaires were distributed and 3774 were returned, with a recovery rate of 94.35%. All the returned questionnaires were valid.) Based on the data obtained from this survey, this paper makes an empirical analysis of the main objective factors influencing the ideological and political ecation of college students
first, the theme of the times and social environment are the Macro Influencing Factors of College Students' Ideological and political ecation
the theme of the times and social environment play a macro role in college students' Ideological and political ecation. As far as the current era environment and ideological and political ecation of college students are concerned, they are mainly manifested in two aspects: first, the rapid social transformation and changes in the internal and external environment of colleges and universities have put forward new topics and tasks for ideological and political ecation of college students; Second, with the further deepening of the opening up, western social thoughts graally spread, making some college students confused and at a loss in values< At present, China has entered a period of in-depth development of reform and opening up. The vigorous development of socialist market economy has promoted the development of China's socialist modernization and greatly improved the macro environment of Ideological and political ecation. At the same time, China's formal accession to the world trade organization marks a new era of opening up, which makes the ideological and political ecation of college students face an increasingly complex international environment. However, the weakness and negative aspects of market economy have brought some negative effects on the ideological and political ecation of college students. The negative effect of market economy is mainly reflected in the change of people's views on interest relations, which leads to the tendency of "Pan utilitarianism" of College Students' values. When they observe and deal with problems, they use the criterion of actual interests rather than the criterion of right and wrong; Career ideal and life ideal are obvious, but social ideal and moral ideal are vague. At the same time, the environment inside and outside the campus has also undergone significant changes. First, after the implementation of the charging system in universities, the awareness of students' rights as ecational consumers has been enhanced, which requires a major adjustment in the ideological and political ecation of college students. In the past, it was "the people sent me to university, I went to university for the people", now it is "parents sent me to university, I want to win for my parents". This requires ideological and political ecation to adapt to the reality of college students in content and theme. Second, higher ecation has entered the stage of popularization. Due to the large increase in the number of students, the diversification of students' learning purposes and social needs, the objectives of higher ecation must be diversified. Therefore, it is necessary to meet the various needs of college students to improve their own quality. At the same time, the severe employment situation has greatly changed their employment concept, reced their job expectations and become more practical. In order to obtain employment, they are keen on all kinds of practical techniques and skills, and their motivation to become student cadres and join the party is mixed with more secular factors. Third, the surrounding environment of colleges and universities is complex. In order to maximize the earning of College Students' money, many instries gather around colleges and universities to meet, stimulate and lure the needs of college students through various channels and ways, which not only makes the surrounding environment of campus complex and difficult to manage, but also makes college students fall into many adverse effects while meeting various sensory needs. The survey found that, in the view of college students, there are many social problems that are not concive to the ideological and political ecation in Colleges and universities, mainly including: the spread of corruption (54.9%), the lack of social integrity (40.5%), the increasing employment pressure (32.6%), the lack of social morality (23.7%), the proliferation of Internet Pornography (22.5%), the gap between the rich and the poor (22.4%) and the high school fees (13.1%). It is the rapid social transformation that causes many problems, which makes the ideological and political ecation of college students face a new era theme< In the view of college students, the lack of leading values (21.7%), various trends of thought on the Internet (8.9%) and the increasing prevalence of Western values (6.8%) are all unfavorable factors for the cultivation of College Students' values. It comes down to one point, that is, the impact of western social trends on the existing dominant values in China, resulting in the confusion of some college students' ideals and beliefs. It should be said that with the further development of reform and opening up, western social thoughts are constantly spreading and infiltrating in China. The values of contemporary college students are engraved with the era brand of economic globalization and reform and opening up. The western social trend of thought not only broadens the college students' broad international vision and enhances their independent consciousness, but also has a great impact on the formation of their correct values and ideological and political concepts. This impact is mainly manifested in three aspects: first, the diversification of values formed under the influence of western social thoughts. Western social thoughts are formed and developed under the guidance of certain philosophical basis and different values. Western social thoughts not only provide a new key for college students to understand the world, but also make college students form a pluralistic orientation of values. It is the diversification and decentralization of College Students' values that greatly reces the function of traditional indoctrination ideological and political ecation. Second, the western social trend of thought has impacted the dominant position of communist morality and the important role of traditional morality, making some college students' moral consciousness vague. With the help of market economy, western social trend of thought promotes the enhancement of College Students' self-consciousness, but makes some college students appear indivialism; In the case of forming enterprising moral consciousness, some college students appear utilitarianism. The problems existing in the indivial morality of college students and the decline of the overall moral level of college students make ideological and political ecation spend more energy and solve more difficulties and obstacles in improving the ideological and moral level of college students and maintaining lofty moral goals and ideals. Third, western culture and life style, which are accompanied by the influx of western social thoughts, have a great impact on college students. In recent years, the popular culture procts of Europe, America, Japan and South Korea still account for a large share of our country's youth popular culture procts, and their popular direction has become the direction followed by our country's youth. In the specific life level, the ideological and political ecation of college students is facing a real problem< Second, personal socialization environment is the direct factor of Ideological and political ecation. It mainly includes two aspects: one is "social setting", that is, social institutions closely related to college students, mainly including family, school, television, books, newspapers, Internet, radio, etc; The second is "social subject", which is closely related to college students' life and study. Besides college students themselves, other social subjects mainly include parents, lovers, relatives of the same age, friends or classmates, head teachers or counselors, teachers and so on. During the implementation of the survey, we measured the different roles of the above "social settings" and "social subjects" in the eight aspects of College Students' morality and ethics, ideals and beliefs, love and marriage, handling affairs, becoming useful and employment, interpersonal communication, interests and hobbies, entertainment consumption and leisure life. Tables 1 and 2 show the main results of the survey
1. Parents and family are the most important influencing factors of College Students' values, ethics and other aspects
one's life cannot be separated from family, and family and their parents play a very important role in the growth of teenagers. According to the data in Table 1, among the "social setting" factors that affect the ideological and political status of college students, the influence of family on the four aspects of College Students' morality and ethics, ideals and beliefs, love and marriage, and handling affairs is in the first place, with the proportion of 45.2%, 28.5%, 37.4% and 44.6% respectively. They also ranked second in terms of "success and employment" (19.3%) and "interpersonal communication" (30.7%). For college students who have left their families to study abroad, family and parents are still the main factors affecting their ideological and political status. The results of Table 2 also show that college students are most willing to listen to their parents' opinions in the aspects of "morality and ethics", "handling affairs", "love and marriage", "becoming talents and employment", and the proportion is 52.2%, 47.2%, 33.7% and 27.2% respectively; In terms of "ideals and beliefs" (24.9%) and "interpersonal communication" (34.9%), the importance of parents' opinions was also in the second place. These phenomena fully show the position and weight of parents in the minds of college students. In the decision of life events, their first consideration is the opinions of their parents. It is worth noting that college students' concept and belief are influenced by many factors, and 27.5% of them choose "others". This shows that the factors affecting college students' concept and belief are diverse, except for their parents, friends and classmates.

3. A large part of pedagogy is exegetics. In Western terms, it can be moral ecation, willpower training and personality cultivation. In this respect, in essence, the idea of ecation is the embodiment of a nation's philosophy. Each nation has its own different values and outlook on life, which also results in different requirements of each nation for itself
when we ask what we want from our children, some doers may say - of course, it's best to be proficient in all kinds of music, chess, calligraphy and painting. It's just a superficial ability. Even if we are knowledgeable and versatile, we haven't got what we pursue. It's like a country with hard power and soft power
when the hard power and soft power are consistent with the final performance in the process of realization, the ecation process and result are a complete whole
in the process of ecation, all kinds of ways also need philosophical thinking, which is a process of reflection. In addition to this process, there are often contradictions between the giver and the receiver. Of course, some contradictions are inevitable, but when the giver deifies himself or the receiver is egocentric, it is difficult to guarantee whether there will be a chemical reaction, especially in this era.

4.

What we call traditional ecation, we can understand offline ecation, that is, face-to-face ecation. Wuhan Jushi learned that the advantage of online ecation is to break through the geographical restrictions, so that you can enjoy the fun of learning at home and save more time and energy. Saving time and effort generally refers to the elimination of commuting steps on the road

However, Wuhan Jushi learned that compared with offline ecation, online ecation has one disadvantage, that is, it has no effect on general ecation for the public. The reason is simple. Online ecation lacks the compulsion of offline ecation. As we all know, offline ecation is compulsory, that is, it requires everyone to study in one place. Because of the teacher's on-site supervision, you can't do too many things that have nothing to do with learning

Online ecation is different. Even if there are more cameras for supervision in online ecation, cheating is easy to happen. You can view the following videos and delete them

5.

Now online ecation is in the tuyere of the Internet, showing a trend of younger age. More and more people begin to accept online courses, and the popularity of mobile Internet provides more possibilities for convenience. It can use fragmented time to learn from the most powerful people in the world, enrich skills and save time and effort

I have taken a lot of online courses, and found that the main form is that the teacher takes a good video of the online course, and then the students go to watch the video and finish their homework, and then your classmates or teachers may help you to change your homework. This is just a variety of offline courses, but my classmates may be around the world, with hundreds of thousands of people, And my teacher is a big bull in the instry. Later, I did research on learning motivation of online courses in University, and found that many learning mechanisms were not studied clearly, and many learning theories were not verified by corresponding brain science research. In time, when we better understand the learning mechanism and use it in the interactive logic of online courses, the spring of online courses will really come

6. Search is the first front for ecational institutions, and wechat is the second largest front for ecational institutions to do marketing
since wechat marketing is so important, what should ecational institutions do
first, the goal of wechat marketing is to enroll students
there are two sub objectives of enrollment: affecting the enrollment of new students and renewing the enrollment of old students. In view of these two goals, different promotion methods of wechat are applicable. If you want more new students to sign up, it is suitable for local advertising in circle of friends and big V forwarding. If you want old students to renew, you can do wechat community operation, wechat content operation and wechat activity operation, so as to improve the stickiness of old users and increase the renewal rate
Second, if you want to achieve online registration, online payment and other functions, you need to develop small programs (or micro mall). For those who have online courses and buy books, it can be considered. Here, if you want to do community operation, I recommend the fan circle, because he has a free small program, killing two birds with one stone
thirdly, if you master the "community", you will master the "media" closest to users:
1. Low user churn rate and low cost. The community users only need to enter, and the operators need to maintain and guide them. However, the app needs to be downloaded and installed, and the development cost is high; The official account is difficult to operate, and it is difficult to proce value. Even if it tries to increase activity with small games, the effect is still poor.
2. High user activity. Users can generate interaction, content and value, that is UGC route
3. High sales conversion rate. Because of interaction, members have a high degree of trust and are easy to form transformation. At the same time, it is related to user demonstration effect (that is, child care). Members imitate other people's consumption behavior to promote transformation
Fourth: wechat transformation. How to make fans pay to sign up
take the community as an example to share how to realize through "community":
for example, offline activities. For example, doing offline activities once a month is a form of interaction. As for facilitating transactions, it may still be traditional channel construction. It just means that you have cognitive depth and this interaction will make the conversion rate higher.

7.

Since Trump came to power, the discussion of "class fixation" in American ecation has swept the Chinese world How many new books have been translated and introced, our children, the laments of the countrymen, are somewhat worried about the narrowing of the rising channels of American society, the growing poverty of the poor, and the solidification of class

At the same time, the political struggle in the United States has also burned into the field of ecation. In early July, trump ordered the abolition of the government's specific guidelines on racial equality in ecation. This guideline is the specific operation instruction of the Obama administration on the affirmative action, and its legal basis originates from the social consensus of the civil rights movement in the 1960s and the civil rights act of 1964. From the "University of California Board of directors v. Bucky case" in 1978 to the "Fisher case" in 2008, the affirmative action act has been accused of "reverse discrimination" again and again. In August last year, there was also news that the trump administration was studying a lawsuit to attack the affirmative action act. Now, this agenda seems to have taken the first step

The reason why people pay attention to the existence or abolition of the equal rights act in ecation is that it concerns which groups can become elites through higher ecation. The Equal Rights Act stipulates that color and gender equality should be guaranteed in the employment and school system, while some people think that the bill creates a quota system, which favors the care of African Americans and makes their children "get high scores but can't go to good schools"

And these are not so much "technology" acquired in the classroom as learning in the interpersonal network of colleges and universities. In American college ecation, besides classes, there are also a lot of community activities. Interpersonal and social activities occupy students' time. This is what higher ecation really means to people in the workplace

in this situation, the diploma for people in the workplace is to spend countless time and energy to buy, proving that they have mastered the "workplace organizational culture" of a "stepping stone". Collins called it "currency", which is actually money. When people constantly compete to obtain this kind of currency, which stimulates more and more demand, and the "technical ability" represented by the currency itself is not significant, the supply of ecational procts will rise, and people will compete with each other upstream, and the value of a single currency, that is, a single degree, can only continue to decrease - this is the inflation of higher ecation, it is not just a phenomenon, It's a real monetary chain

To be sure, the "American Dream" continues to be realized in some areas of Ecation: many new generation immigrants, with high-quality ecation background, have entered the emerging fields of science and technology and Internet after receiving ecation in stem (Science, technology, engineering and Mathematics). This does create a new relationship between ecation and the workplace, but in general, it does not break the trend of diploma inflation

free-market advocates may think that the inflated bubble will eventually collapse and there is no need to interfere too much. Be handed down from age to age, however, days and months multiplying the scale of ecation and the accumulation of funds and debts for ecation, the social injustice is passed on from generation to generation in this pile up and foam. However, the expansion of diploma ecation is not possible to be solved within the ecational system. Because it is also the result of American ethnic politics and political and economic structure

American Ecation under racial politics

we can go back to the analysis in Diploma society. In Collins' eyes, ecation is not so much a channel of class rise as a carrier of political conflict and ruling relationship. As a historical sociologist, the American ecation system in his works was not born just for the purpose of cultivating talents. On the contrary, it has the function of maintaining the cultural advantages of Anglo whites and maintaining their ruling status

The story goes back to the United States at the end of the 19th century. At that time, a new wave of immigrants grew rapidly. Unlike the early Protestants, many of them came from southern Europe and Ireland and believed in Catholicism. In the eyes of the Anglo Protestant middle class, the working class in the new city dominated by Catholics is "not our own race, their hearts will be different", representing social chaos and disorder. They feel that these immigrants are not doing their proper work, and the social orthodox control of Anglo Protestant Culture is facing challenges

This kind of mentality gave birth to two ways to solve the ethnic problems of Anglo Protestants. One is the racist xenophobic movement, the earliest racist movement in the United States was born ring this period. Second, ecation reform: the elite of Protestants began to promote public ecation, aiming to make the children of immigrant families accept a whole set of middle-class lifestyles, discipline their behaviors, forbid them to be late or absent from school (and even legislate specifically for this purpose), so as to make them acceptable, A person who behaves like an Anglo Protestant. From primary school to secondary school, the public ecation system was born in this context

at the beginning, the system had not yet affected universities. College diploma was of little significance in the early American society. It was completely parallel to primary and secondary ecation and college ecation

in the 19th century, different Protestant factions established a large number of colleges as cultural weapons to supplement, update and expand their religious power in order to seize the believers. The expansion of these colleges is too fast, and they begin to face a serious business crisis. Many colleges are economically unsustainable, and there are many failures. As a result, many colleges began to transform into comprehensive universities. Because the "University" is traditionally famous for a large number of rituals and social activities, these elements are closely related to the dominant position of Anglo Protestant culture that the upper elites are anxious to maintain at this time. These factors combined to promote the rise of American universities at the end of the 19th century. It has also graally established a sequence with primary and secondary ecation -- universities began to take the secondary school diploma as the basic requirement for admission

In the middle of the 20th century, the social control of the mainstream white culture was fiercely opposed to the increasingly fierce ethnic conflicts. For the black people suffering from isolation, discrimination and systematic oppression, the ecation system is the road they least expect to change their situation. In the 1960s, it was the black social movement and civil rights movement outside the campus that drove the student movement inside the campus. But the moderate group in the civil rights movement provides an opportunity to reach a reconciliation between the two. Through the implementation of racial equality in the ecation system, the reformers try to let more black people into the elite selection system of ecation, so as to share some political power and rece fierce social conflicts

But ironically, after many years, the level of public basic ecation in the United States has been criticized. Although the scores of elite ecation from private high schools to private universities reflect the equality of blacks, the tuition fees remain high. Black students who are struggling to enter the system find that white students who compete with themselves for elitism participate in all kinds of expensive social activities, fraternity and sisterhood, which help them to connect and find jobs. When black students enter the University, they find that there is still a heavy threshold in the University... Equal rights in ecation does not prevent the Anglo Protestant Culture from maintaining its monopoly on the university culture, The affirmative action bill, which aims to solve the racial problem, is particularly embarrassing because it focuses more on language and data

As an exception theory of the United States,

for the historical theory of Marxism, one of the special differences between American society and European society is that the basic unit of its social struggle is composed of race rather than class. Unlike in Europe, where thousands of workers participated in the fierce and distinct class struggle, the working class in the United States did not come to the stage of history until the 20th century, and socialism was much "late childbearing" in the United States

This constitutes another knot in American Ecation: it is the proct of American racial politics, and the reason why racial politics is the political tradition of the United States is that in the history of the United States, e to some special reasons, social conflicts have been forced to unfold in a fragmented and decentralized way

Collins has a very original view on this. In European countries, the result of modernization is the formation of a large state bureaucracy and a strong central government. The political, commercial and cultural elites of the whole country are highly overlapped, which is based on the monopoly of large capital in modern capitalist countries. However, in the United States, since the 19th century, although the proportion of agricultural population has decreased, the proportion of workers has increased, and the degree of monopoly of large instrial capital has increased, these trends have not continued in the 20th century. This means that in the 20th century, the United States, which has become the most developed country, has a certain amount of national monopoly capital and a certain number of urban working class. At the same time, it still retains a large number of small and medium-sized local business elites, and many places maintain a very "local" life

this situation stems from the fact that the United States has vast land, rich resources and huge market, which makes the national big capital oligarchs compete while still leaving space for local economic elites; However, in the early political and commercial games, commercial forces suppressed political forces, and the central government of the United States was not strong enough - the network of local elites was huge, the power of States was large, and the power of local autonomy was strong; This "decentralization" is seen by many as the guarantee of American social prosperity. This also means that the central local contradiction, class contradiction and race contradiction exist at the same time

In other words, as a country, the vertical stratification conflicts in American society, class conflicts and ethnic conflicts, are cut and shredded horizontally by the central local conflicts. Originally, the interweaving of race issues and class issues has weakened the mobilization of class issues. Coupled with the contradiction of "decentralization vs centralization" between the local government and the central government, all kinds of issues have been led to more exports. For example, the concept of progressive ecation formed by ethnic struggle is very good, but in order to maintain the "circulation field" of cultural currency at the national level in a pluralistic and huge country, they need to introce a large number of points and evaluation systems, so that ecation will become a bureaucratic assembly line that pays more attention to diplomas, Local elites and ordinary people who hate bureaucracy are already extremely impatient with this kind of organizational force. However, if we do not do so, it will be too difficult to expect local elites to improve inequality. The incident in 1957 when the federal government needed to send troops to Little Rock for recruiting black people fully demonstrated this difficulty

In the foreseeable future, the basic operational characteristics of American politics are obviously unlikely to change fundamentally. In other words, although a stable political system with rotation of political parties and who does the same may be in turmoil in the trump era, the hidden contradiction between racial politics and centralization anti centralization politics will be more obvious. In this context, the conflict and competition between different ethnic groups to achieve their own interests through ecation and to seize the position of the elite, thus seizing the social dominance, may be more intense. The multiculturalism ecation idea inevitably has to face multiple polarization challenges. This is a helpless "exception" to the experience of other countries in American ecation

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