The world's first decentralized bank established
Publish: 2021-04-01 12:59:05
1.
It is generally believed that the earliest bank was established in Venice in 1407. Since then, the Netherlands has set up banks in Amsterdam, Germany in Hamburg and Britain in London. From the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century, banks developed widely
banks are financial institutions established according to law to operate money and credit business, and are the proct of the development of commodity monetary economy to a certain stage
bank is one of the financial institutions, which can be divided into central bank, policy bank, commercial bank, investment bank and world bank according to their types
The emergence and development of banks are related to the development of money commodity economy, and the currency exchange instry in the pre capitalist society is the basis of the formation of banking instry. At first, the currency exchange instry only engaged in coin exchange business, and later kept money and received and paid cash on behalf of merchants. In this way, the exchange merchants graally gathered a lot of money. When money changers engage in lending business, the money exchange instry develops into banking instry 
bank is the proct of the development of commodity monetary economy to a certain stage. Its emergence can be roughly divided into three stages:
the first stage: the emergence of currency exchange instry and money changers
the second stage: increase the money custody and collection and payment business, that is, from the currency exchange instry to the currency business
the third stage: concurrently engaged in currency custody, collection and payment, settlement, lending and other business, then the currency exchange instry developed into banking instry
2. The word bank first appeared in the Italian "Banco", which means chair. In the past, in the port city of Italy, money changers used to sit on such benches to exchange money for merchants coming and going. In English, the word "bank" is translated into "bank", which originally means "cash box". In China, because of the "silver" as the common currency, business shop also known as "line", so translated as "bank". The earliest banking instry originated from the currency exchange instry in ancient Western Europe. At first, money changers only exchanged money for merchants. Later, they kept money for merchants, received and paid cash, settled accounts and remittances, but did not pay interest, and charged custody and handling fees. With the development of instry and commerce, the business of money changers has further developed, and they have accumulated a lot of funds. In order to make more profits, money changers make use of the accumulated money to make loans to obtain interest, and the money exchange instry develops into a bank. The Babylonian temples in 2000 B.C. and the Greek temples in 500 B.C. already have institutions for managing gold and silver, collecting and paying interest, and making loans. The modern bank came into being in Italy in the middle ages. Due to the special geographical position of Venice, it became the trade center at that time. In 1171, the Bank of Venice was founded, which is the earliest bank in the world. Later, other cities in Italy and some cities in Germany and the Netherlands also set up banks. In our country, banks with the nature of banks were formed in the middle of Ming Dynasty, and bill banks appeared in Qing Dynasty. The first domestic bank to use the name of bank was "China Tongshang bank", which was established on May 27, 1897. The earliest national bank was "Hubu bank" founded in 1905, later known as "Daqing bank". After the 1911 Revolution, Daqing bank was reorganized into "Bank of China", which has been in use today. Standard Chartered Bank, full name: Standard Chartered Bank, English: Standard Chartered Bank, Standard Chartered is the transliteration of the word "chartered" in its full English name, which means licensed; Licensed. It is a British bank headquartered in London. In Chinese, we usually call the bank chartered bank because of history and custom Its business is mainly concentrated in emerging markets such as Asia, the Indian subcontinent, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America. There are fewer customers in the UK. Standard Chartered Bank has a top position among banks in developing countries. Standard Chartered Bank's main business includes retail banking services such as mortgage, investment services, credit cards and personal loans. Commercial banking services include cash management, trade financing, capital and custody services. Standard Chartered Bank has more than 1400 branches in 56 countries around the world. 1. CBC (Construction Bank of China) 2. Bank of China - "no!" 3. ABC (Agriculture Bank of China) - "ah, No." 4. Instrial and Commercial Bank of China -- ICBC -- "love to save or not." 5. Can CMSB, the Minsheng Bank, deposit? 6. CMBC, China Merchants Bank?? Idiot 7. Instrial Bank - CIB - "deposit 100" 8. China Development Bank - CDB - deposit! 9. "Beijing Commercial Bank - BCCB - white deposit?" 10. HSBC - "still no deposit."
3. It is generally believed that the earliest bank was established in Venice in 1407
origin of banks:
since then, the Netherlands has set up banks in Amsterdam, Germany in Hamburg, and Britain in London. From the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century, banks developed widely
in the 17th century, some civilians became rich through business and became rich businessmen. They kept their money in the king's vault for safety. It should be noted that at that time, there was no paper money. The so-called saving money means storing gold
since the "free coinage" system was implemented at that time, anyone could take gold nuggets to the mint and make them into gold coins, so the mint allowed customers to deposit gold
unfortunately, these merchants did not realize that the mint belonged to the king. If the king wanted to use the gold in the mint, he could not stop it< In 1638, Charles I was the king of England. He broke out a war with the Scottish nobles. In order to raise military expenses, he expropriated the gold of the common people in the mint and lent it to the king
the following is Charles I. Later, in 1649, he was beheaded by Cromwell, which is the famous British bourgeois revolution. For details, please refer to notes on English history (4)
although the expropriated gold was eventually returned to its original owner, the merchants felt that the Mint was no longer safe. So they put the money in goldsmith. The goldsmith issued a certificate for the depositor. Later, with this certificate, he can take out the gold
soon, businessmen found that when they need money, they don't need to take out gold at all. They just need to give the gold certificate to the other party
later, the goldsmith suddenly realized that the original certificate issued by him had the effect of currency! Unable to resist the temptation, they began to issue "false certificates". But the magic thing is that as long as all customers do not come to get gold on the same day, "fake certificate" is equivalent to "real certificate". This is the origin of "reserve system" in modern banks, and also the origin of "money creation" mechanism. The banking system can enlarge the amount of credit money, but physical money can't
this is the end of the 1660s, when the modern bank was born.
origin of banks:
since then, the Netherlands has set up banks in Amsterdam, Germany in Hamburg, and Britain in London. From the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 19th century, banks developed widely
in the 17th century, some civilians became rich through business and became rich businessmen. They kept their money in the king's vault for safety. It should be noted that at that time, there was no paper money. The so-called saving money means storing gold
since the "free coinage" system was implemented at that time, anyone could take gold nuggets to the mint and make them into gold coins, so the mint allowed customers to deposit gold
unfortunately, these merchants did not realize that the mint belonged to the king. If the king wanted to use the gold in the mint, he could not stop it< In 1638, Charles I was the king of England. He broke out a war with the Scottish nobles. In order to raise military expenses, he expropriated the gold of the common people in the mint and lent it to the king
the following is Charles I. Later, in 1649, he was beheaded by Cromwell, which is the famous British bourgeois revolution. For details, please refer to notes on English history (4)
although the expropriated gold was eventually returned to its original owner, the merchants felt that the Mint was no longer safe. So they put the money in goldsmith. The goldsmith issued a certificate for the depositor. Later, with this certificate, he can take out the gold
soon, businessmen found that when they need money, they don't need to take out gold at all. They just need to give the gold certificate to the other party
later, the goldsmith suddenly realized that the original certificate issued by him had the effect of currency! Unable to resist the temptation, they began to issue "false certificates". But the magic thing is that as long as all customers do not come to get gold on the same day, "fake certificate" is equivalent to "real certificate". This is the origin of "reserve system" in modern banks, and also the origin of "money creation" mechanism. The banking system can enlarge the amount of credit money, but physical money can't
this is the end of the 1660s, when the modern bank was born.
4.
The first commercial bank in the world was established in Venice in 1580
-
the word bank first appeared in the Italian "Banco", which means chair, because in the past, in the port city of Italy, money changers used to sit on such benches to exchange money for businessmen coming and going. In English, the word is changed to "bank", which originally means cash box. In China, because of the "silver" as the common currency, business shop also known as "line", so translated as "bank"
-
the earliest banking instry originated from the currency exchange instry in ancient Western Europe. At first, money changers only exchanged money for merchants. Later, they kept money for merchants, received and paid cash, settled accounts and remittances, but did not pay interest, and charged custody and handling fees. With the development of instry and commerce, the business of money changers has further developed, and they have accumulated a lot of funds
-
in order to make more profits, money changers use their accumulated money to make loans to obtain interest, and the money exchange instry develops into a bank. The Babylonian temples in 2000 B.C. and the Greek temples in 500 B.C. already have institutions for managing gold and silver, collecting and paying interest, and making loans
The modern bank was born in Italy in the middle ages. Due to the special geographical location of Venice, it became the trade center at that time. In 1171, the Bank of Venice was founded, which is the earliest bank in the world. Later, other cities in Italy and some cities in Germany and the Netherlands also set up banks< br />
5. SFNB is the first Internet bank founded by the United States in the world. Nowadays, the world is experiencing an information technology revolution with Internet and wireless Internet as the core. The emergence of Internet banking is the proct of this revolution. In the future, banks will no longer be limited to a single branch as a service channel. Banks can serve different customers through Internet and wireless Internet
6. In fact, the birth of a thing must have the necessary preconditions. However, influenced by the instrial revolution and the colonial plunder, Holland accumulated a lot of wealth, increased proctivity, and people's desire for material and spiritual, which promoted the occurrence of these things, The following is a brief introction (as mentioned above, you can see the rise of great powers)
Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the first stock exchange in the world, was born in 1609 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, becoming the first stock exchange in the history of the world. The Bank of Amsterdam was also born in this year, about 100 years earlier than the Bank of England
the first publicly traded joint stock company is the East India United Company of the Netherlands. In 1602, the Netherlands United East India Company was founded, which is the first joint stock company in the world. Through the way of financing from the whole society, the East India Company has successfully turned the scattered wealth into its own capital for external expansion. The purpose of establishing the East India Company was to send merchant ships to the Southeast Asia to exchange for goods that were not available in Europe at that time, such as porcelain, spices, textiles and so on. These goods could be sold at a high price in Europe at that time, but no one could independently provide a large amount of money for the fleet to prepare for navigation and trade, so people raised the necessary funds by issuing shares, For those who buy shares of East India Company, the profits can be paid in the form of gold, currency or payment for goods, or directly with spices. As the goods transported by the fleet may be worth more and more year by year, they have considerable profits, so people are eager to buy shares of East India company in large quantities. The first stock exchange and the first stock exchange in the world started their historical mission
establish conditions
then why do Dutch people trust the East India Company and give it their money? Not only because the Dutch government is also a shareholder of the company, but also because the Dutch have a tradition and culture of integrity. In history, there have been examples of Dutch shippers who would rather starve to death, die of illness and sacrifice several lives than use their customers' food and medicine
it can be said that the Dutch are the creators of modern commodity economy system. They organically integrate banks, stock exchanges, credit and limited liability companies into a interconnected financial and commercial system
the Dutch have long realized that the stock market plays an important role in raising proction funds< (2) optimize resource allocation
(3) attract the public to participate in public management and promote the reform of state-owned enterprises
(4) short term long-term risk and decentralization of centralized risk are concive to the aggregation of the scattered short-term funds of the whole country into centralized, long-term huge funds.
Amsterdam Stock Exchange, the first stock exchange in the world, was born in 1609 in Amsterdam, the Netherlands, becoming the first stock exchange in the history of the world. The Bank of Amsterdam was also born in this year, about 100 years earlier than the Bank of England
the first publicly traded joint stock company is the East India United Company of the Netherlands. In 1602, the Netherlands United East India Company was founded, which is the first joint stock company in the world. Through the way of financing from the whole society, the East India Company has successfully turned the scattered wealth into its own capital for external expansion. The purpose of establishing the East India Company was to send merchant ships to the Southeast Asia to exchange for goods that were not available in Europe at that time, such as porcelain, spices, textiles and so on. These goods could be sold at a high price in Europe at that time, but no one could independently provide a large amount of money for the fleet to prepare for navigation and trade, so people raised the necessary funds by issuing shares, For those who buy shares of East India Company, the profits can be paid in the form of gold, currency or payment for goods, or directly with spices. As the goods transported by the fleet may be worth more and more year by year, they have considerable profits, so people are eager to buy shares of East India company in large quantities. The first stock exchange and the first stock exchange in the world started their historical mission
establish conditions
then why do Dutch people trust the East India Company and give it their money? Not only because the Dutch government is also a shareholder of the company, but also because the Dutch have a tradition and culture of integrity. In history, there have been examples of Dutch shippers who would rather starve to death, die of illness and sacrifice several lives than use their customers' food and medicine
it can be said that the Dutch are the creators of modern commodity economy system. They organically integrate banks, stock exchanges, credit and limited liability companies into a interconnected financial and commercial system
the Dutch have long realized that the stock market plays an important role in raising proction funds< (2) optimize resource allocation
(3) attract the public to participate in public management and promote the reform of state-owned enterprises
(4) short term long-term risk and decentralization of centralized risk are concive to the aggregation of the scattered short-term funds of the whole country into centralized, long-term huge funds.
7. Goldman Sachs & Co. was founded in 1869 and headquartered in New York, USA. Goldman Sachs is the world's leading investment bank with a long history, large scale and strong strength. At present, Goldman Sachs has total assets of more than 300 billion US dollars, more than 20000 employees in the world, and 42 branches or offices in 24 countries<
the main businesses of Goldman Sachs include corporate financing, M & a consulting, securities trading, asset management, direct investment, etc. Goldman Sachs has always maintained its leading position in the market with its excellent service. In 2000, Goldman Sachs ranked first in the world in initial public offering, follow-up stock offering, convertible securities offering, M & a consulting and other fields; In particular, Goldman Sachs also ranks first in Asia in the field of stock issuance and M & a consulting. For this reason, Goldman Sachs has won many media honors, including the selection of Goldman Sachs as the world's best stock and securities firm in the past 25 years by the authoritative magazine international financial review Global finance ranked Goldman Sachs as the world's best M & a bank in 2000; Reuters named Goldman as the best investment bank chosen by its chief financial officer in 2000
Goldman Sachs attaches great importance to China as an emerging market. Its headquarters in Hong Kong is directly responsible for the development of its business in China. In 1994, it set up representative offices in Beijing and Shanghai. Over the years, Goldman Sachs has been committed to assisting Chinese enterprises to actively enter the international capital market and providing world-class financial advisory services. In the past decade, Goldman Sachs ranked first among foreign investment banks in China's stock issuance and China's M & a consulting. Goldman Sachs provides financing in the international market for China Southern Airlines, China Mobile, PetroChina, Bank of China and many other customers; It also provides financial advisory services for China Mobile's acquisition of provincial assets, BP Amoco's acquisition of PetroChina equity, Lenovo's spin off of Digital China and other M & A businesses. In addition to its investment banking business, Goldman Sachs also makes direct investment in China, including Ping An insurance, Sina, securities Star, etc< Merrill Lynch is a leading international financial management and consulting company. It covers 43 countries on six continents. Provide a variety of financial services for indivial and organizational customers, including:
● personal financial plan
● securities underwriting
● trade and brokerage
● investment banking and consulting services
● foreign exchange trading
● futures and financial derivatives
● insurance
● R & d
Merrill Lynch's total customer assets exceed $1 trillion, Leading in providing financial advisory and management services to indivials and small businesses. As an investment bank, it has become the largest underwriter of stocks and bonds in the world for eight years. It is also a strategic consultant for enterprises, governments, institutions and indivials. Through Merrill Lynch asset management, the company operates one of the world's largest mutual fund groups
business principles
ml promises to conct personal and organizational behaviors under the norms of business principles. This commitment has helped Merrill Lynch become a world-class company. Any system and operating principles are incorporated into its business
customer benefits
understand customers through participation and meeting their wishes
realize customers' wishes without violating ML's honest principle
provide valuable consultation by analyzing customer needs and solving customer problems
provide the broadest and best quality procts and services to make it easy for customers to use
by actively listening to customers' feedback, we can develop and maintain long-term relationship with customers and build our own reputation
provide personal services
use professional skills to meet the changing needs of customers
meet the needs of customers through unity and cooperation, and balance ability and resources
first class securities underwriting and trading experts
Securities Market
ml has the most powerful asset capability in the world. Merrill Lynch's international strength comes from the diversity of procts and services it provides to its customers, as well as its representative offices in more than 40 countries around the world. Ml has always been a unified world-class financial services company. It is engaged in asset research, sales, trade and planning. Its global asset capability has won worldwide recognition<
the world leader of debt market
ml plays a leading role in the world debt market. In the past seven years, the company has ranked first in the world in debt. The right and attitude in the international market are mainly the reform research of the world region: through the efforts of more than 2000 sales and trade professionals, we can research procts that can meet the taste of customers, provide analytical research that can meet the needs of customers, and the international power in distribution and trade
municipal market
ml has a long history of leadership in the U.S. municipal debt market, and has made remarkable achievements in the fields of institutional trade, retail distribution, R & D, municipal derivatives, and debt insurance. Since Merrill Lynch focuses on regional rights and the needs of investment clients, it is able to balance its consulting experience with its capital bearing capacity
Merrill Lynch's ability is reflected in ML's commitment to improving public services. They have been chief senior managers of tax-free securities since 1980. In 1996, long-term bonds were insured for $220 billion a year. Customers issuing securities through ml can keep in touch not only with instrial leaders in the municipal sector, but also with leaders across debt categories. In 1996, the outstanding achievement of US $1.3 billion tax-free insurance shows that experience plays an important role in the primary and secondary markets. Ml has been investing assets in the secondary market for decades. In the past few years, Merrill Lynch's institutional trading division has won the highest votes among institutional investors< Investment banking is a market leader providing global consulting and financial services for enterprises, institutions and governments. Strong network management, innovation, proct development, and long-lasting and insurmountable ethical standards have promoted ml to be second to none in the investment banking instry. Domestic and international business capacity exceeds all its competitors. ML's experience as a leading securities underwriter and trader enhances its insight and gives it the market knowledge necessary to provide customers with accurate and creative financial strategies< M & A (M & A)
through M & a group, ML is a leading consulting company in M & A transactions and one of the top Western consulting companies in the United States and the world. Since 1995, ML has provided consulting services for 1100 transactions with a transaction value of more than $1.2 trillion. Ml provides customers with various types of strategic services, including pre merger strategy, sales, acquisition, divestiture, divestiture of the parent company, divestiture of the subsidiary, and joint venture services. ML's M & A experts can provide different expert advice according to the strategic needs of customers. They work closely with other instry experts in ml to meet customers' needs
1998 was a record breaking year, with ML consulting 14 of the 40 largest transactions, including 6 of the top 15< Financial futures and options
ml financial futures and options department helps institutional clients make risk management and investment decisions by using interest rates, stocks and financial derivatives. Constantly improve the company's capital market resources around the world in order to provide comprehensive strategies for its customers< Enterprise sales
ml provides a wide range of procts and services to institutional investors through the international sales force composed of more than 850 instries
the institutional client department is responsible for the business relationship between ml and institutional investors, including the largest enterprises, pension funds, financial institutions, government agencies and businessmen holding major investment assets in the world<
ml for customers:
analyze the asset portfolio of each customer to make market and investment decisions
provide the widest range of procts, including the development of integrated creative procts
strengthen international contacts through the recent merger and office network< JP Morgan is a leading international financial company, which can meet the urgent financial needs of businesses, enterprises, governments and indivials. It provides consulting services for corporate strategy, raises funds, develops financial market tools, and manages investment assets. Meanwhile, in order to seize the market opportunity, Morgan has committed its assets to well-known enterprises, good investment and trading projects<
the company is divided into five main departments:
● finance and consulting
● market development
● asset management consulting
● stock investment
● asset right investment and management
● Frontier Change
in the former United States, the structural defects of glass Steagall act are fully reflected. Big companies are looking for more cost-effective ways to borrow money than from banks. So banks are forced to look for new business opportunities. Morgan has started its frontier< In 1989, the Federal Reserve granted Morgan the privilege to underwrite corporate debt securities. A year later, the privilege was extended to underwrite shares. With his rich experience in European countries, Morgan has accumulated new strength in the United States
today, JP Morgan provides customers all over the world with strong comprehensive capabilities, including fund-raising, strategic consulting, market development methods and asset management. Although the current business environment of the company is more complex and changes more rapidly than when it was founded, its business principles are always inconvenient. Its three tenets are integrity, objectivity and correctness< JP Morgan international market research group is established to provide professional analysis and global services. JP Morgan's 75 analysts are located in 20 cities and consulting agencies around the world. Most of them have become independent leaders in their respective fields. It includes:
economic analysis and forecast
credit analysis of stock issuers
Research on financial derivatives
analysis of domestic and international markets where the same goods can be traded in different markets
bond index provided to governments and companies Analysis of emerging markets of domestic debt and foreign exchange
provide professional technology on debt and financial derivatives
our research group is a market leader, and uses advanced technology, such as the Internet, to improve the quality of service to customers<
main business
. Financial consulting
provides strategic and structural consulting to customers, and helps them raise funds through debt and asset underwriting and planning credit business. JP Morgan provides consulting services on mergers and acquisitions, divestitures, privatizations, and restructurings, as well as transactions to meet customers' needs and fulfill their wishes. Our finance
the main businesses of Goldman Sachs include corporate financing, M & a consulting, securities trading, asset management, direct investment, etc. Goldman Sachs has always maintained its leading position in the market with its excellent service. In 2000, Goldman Sachs ranked first in the world in initial public offering, follow-up stock offering, convertible securities offering, M & a consulting and other fields; In particular, Goldman Sachs also ranks first in Asia in the field of stock issuance and M & a consulting. For this reason, Goldman Sachs has won many media honors, including the selection of Goldman Sachs as the world's best stock and securities firm in the past 25 years by the authoritative magazine international financial review Global finance ranked Goldman Sachs as the world's best M & a bank in 2000; Reuters named Goldman as the best investment bank chosen by its chief financial officer in 2000
Goldman Sachs attaches great importance to China as an emerging market. Its headquarters in Hong Kong is directly responsible for the development of its business in China. In 1994, it set up representative offices in Beijing and Shanghai. Over the years, Goldman Sachs has been committed to assisting Chinese enterprises to actively enter the international capital market and providing world-class financial advisory services. In the past decade, Goldman Sachs ranked first among foreign investment banks in China's stock issuance and China's M & a consulting. Goldman Sachs provides financing in the international market for China Southern Airlines, China Mobile, PetroChina, Bank of China and many other customers; It also provides financial advisory services for China Mobile's acquisition of provincial assets, BP Amoco's acquisition of PetroChina equity, Lenovo's spin off of Digital China and other M & A businesses. In addition to its investment banking business, Goldman Sachs also makes direct investment in China, including Ping An insurance, Sina, securities Star, etc< Merrill Lynch is a leading international financial management and consulting company. It covers 43 countries on six continents. Provide a variety of financial services for indivial and organizational customers, including:
● personal financial plan
● securities underwriting
● trade and brokerage
● investment banking and consulting services
● foreign exchange trading
● futures and financial derivatives
● insurance
● R & d
Merrill Lynch's total customer assets exceed $1 trillion, Leading in providing financial advisory and management services to indivials and small businesses. As an investment bank, it has become the largest underwriter of stocks and bonds in the world for eight years. It is also a strategic consultant for enterprises, governments, institutions and indivials. Through Merrill Lynch asset management, the company operates one of the world's largest mutual fund groups
business principles
ml promises to conct personal and organizational behaviors under the norms of business principles. This commitment has helped Merrill Lynch become a world-class company. Any system and operating principles are incorporated into its business
customer benefits
understand customers through participation and meeting their wishes
realize customers' wishes without violating ML's honest principle
provide valuable consultation by analyzing customer needs and solving customer problems
provide the broadest and best quality procts and services to make it easy for customers to use
by actively listening to customers' feedback, we can develop and maintain long-term relationship with customers and build our own reputation
provide personal services
use professional skills to meet the changing needs of customers
meet the needs of customers through unity and cooperation, and balance ability and resources
first class securities underwriting and trading experts
Securities Market
ml has the most powerful asset capability in the world. Merrill Lynch's international strength comes from the diversity of procts and services it provides to its customers, as well as its representative offices in more than 40 countries around the world. Ml has always been a unified world-class financial services company. It is engaged in asset research, sales, trade and planning. Its global asset capability has won worldwide recognition<
the world leader of debt market
ml plays a leading role in the world debt market. In the past seven years, the company has ranked first in the world in debt. The right and attitude in the international market are mainly the reform research of the world region: through the efforts of more than 2000 sales and trade professionals, we can research procts that can meet the taste of customers, provide analytical research that can meet the needs of customers, and the international power in distribution and trade
municipal market
ml has a long history of leadership in the U.S. municipal debt market, and has made remarkable achievements in the fields of institutional trade, retail distribution, R & D, municipal derivatives, and debt insurance. Since Merrill Lynch focuses on regional rights and the needs of investment clients, it is able to balance its consulting experience with its capital bearing capacity
Merrill Lynch's ability is reflected in ML's commitment to improving public services. They have been chief senior managers of tax-free securities since 1980. In 1996, long-term bonds were insured for $220 billion a year. Customers issuing securities through ml can keep in touch not only with instrial leaders in the municipal sector, but also with leaders across debt categories. In 1996, the outstanding achievement of US $1.3 billion tax-free insurance shows that experience plays an important role in the primary and secondary markets. Ml has been investing assets in the secondary market for decades. In the past few years, Merrill Lynch's institutional trading division has won the highest votes among institutional investors< Investment banking is a market leader providing global consulting and financial services for enterprises, institutions and governments. Strong network management, innovation, proct development, and long-lasting and insurmountable ethical standards have promoted ml to be second to none in the investment banking instry. Domestic and international business capacity exceeds all its competitors. ML's experience as a leading securities underwriter and trader enhances its insight and gives it the market knowledge necessary to provide customers with accurate and creative financial strategies< M & A (M & A)
through M & a group, ML is a leading consulting company in M & A transactions and one of the top Western consulting companies in the United States and the world. Since 1995, ML has provided consulting services for 1100 transactions with a transaction value of more than $1.2 trillion. Ml provides customers with various types of strategic services, including pre merger strategy, sales, acquisition, divestiture, divestiture of the parent company, divestiture of the subsidiary, and joint venture services. ML's M & A experts can provide different expert advice according to the strategic needs of customers. They work closely with other instry experts in ml to meet customers' needs
1998 was a record breaking year, with ML consulting 14 of the 40 largest transactions, including 6 of the top 15< Financial futures and options
ml financial futures and options department helps institutional clients make risk management and investment decisions by using interest rates, stocks and financial derivatives. Constantly improve the company's capital market resources around the world in order to provide comprehensive strategies for its customers< Enterprise sales
ml provides a wide range of procts and services to institutional investors through the international sales force composed of more than 850 instries
the institutional client department is responsible for the business relationship between ml and institutional investors, including the largest enterprises, pension funds, financial institutions, government agencies and businessmen holding major investment assets in the world<
ml for customers:
analyze the asset portfolio of each customer to make market and investment decisions
provide the widest range of procts, including the development of integrated creative procts
strengthen international contacts through the recent merger and office network< JP Morgan is a leading international financial company, which can meet the urgent financial needs of businesses, enterprises, governments and indivials. It provides consulting services for corporate strategy, raises funds, develops financial market tools, and manages investment assets. Meanwhile, in order to seize the market opportunity, Morgan has committed its assets to well-known enterprises, good investment and trading projects<
the company is divided into five main departments:
● finance and consulting
● market development
● asset management consulting
● stock investment
● asset right investment and management
● Frontier Change
in the former United States, the structural defects of glass Steagall act are fully reflected. Big companies are looking for more cost-effective ways to borrow money than from banks. So banks are forced to look for new business opportunities. Morgan has started its frontier< In 1989, the Federal Reserve granted Morgan the privilege to underwrite corporate debt securities. A year later, the privilege was extended to underwrite shares. With his rich experience in European countries, Morgan has accumulated new strength in the United States
today, JP Morgan provides customers all over the world with strong comprehensive capabilities, including fund-raising, strategic consulting, market development methods and asset management. Although the current business environment of the company is more complex and changes more rapidly than when it was founded, its business principles are always inconvenient. Its three tenets are integrity, objectivity and correctness< JP Morgan international market research group is established to provide professional analysis and global services. JP Morgan's 75 analysts are located in 20 cities and consulting agencies around the world. Most of them have become independent leaders in their respective fields. It includes:
economic analysis and forecast
credit analysis of stock issuers
Research on financial derivatives
analysis of domestic and international markets where the same goods can be traded in different markets
bond index provided to governments and companies Analysis of emerging markets of domestic debt and foreign exchange
provide professional technology on debt and financial derivatives
our research group is a market leader, and uses advanced technology, such as the Internet, to improve the quality of service to customers<
main business
. Financial consulting
provides strategic and structural consulting to customers, and helps them raise funds through debt and asset underwriting and planning credit business. JP Morgan provides consulting services on mergers and acquisitions, divestitures, privatizations, and restructurings, as well as transactions to meet customers' needs and fulfill their wishes. Our finance
8. The famous foreign bankers are as follows:
1. Janini, the largest banker in the United States, has only one primary school diploma, but he can deal with people in different languages; My father was killed for a dollar loan, but he loaned the money to the penniless poor without interest. In a very unorthodox way of operation, he broke the traditional democracy of the United States, and secretly built a network of Italian bank branches all over Europe and the United States in the gap between the prohibition of monopoly by law. In his later years, he was finally promoted to the throne of "the first banker in the United States". He became one of the giants who rewritten American financial history<
2. Mayer Amschel Rothschild, founder of the Rothschild family, father of international finance and European banking giant, founded the world's first multinational company and initiated international financial business<
3, Joseph Ackermann, the most powerful banker in Europe
Joseph Ackermann (foreign name: Dr. Josef Ackermann) (born on February 7, 1948, Swiss citizen) once served as chairman of the board of directors of Deutsche Bank and chairman of the Group Executive Committee. On August 29, 2013, Joseph Ackermann, chairman of Zurich Insurance Group, announced his resignation.
1. Janini, the largest banker in the United States, has only one primary school diploma, but he can deal with people in different languages; My father was killed for a dollar loan, but he loaned the money to the penniless poor without interest. In a very unorthodox way of operation, he broke the traditional democracy of the United States, and secretly built a network of Italian bank branches all over Europe and the United States in the gap between the prohibition of monopoly by law. In his later years, he was finally promoted to the throne of "the first banker in the United States". He became one of the giants who rewritten American financial history<
2. Mayer Amschel Rothschild, founder of the Rothschild family, father of international finance and European banking giant, founded the world's first multinational company and initiated international financial business<
3, Joseph Ackermann, the most powerful banker in Europe
Joseph Ackermann (foreign name: Dr. Josef Ackermann) (born on February 7, 1948, Swiss citizen) once served as chairman of the board of directors of Deutsche Bank and chairman of the Group Executive Committee. On August 29, 2013, Joseph Ackermann, chairman of Zurich Insurance Group, announced his resignation.
9.
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Citibank (USA)
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first Quanye Bank (Japan)
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Fuji Bank (Japan)
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Bank of America (USA)
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Sumitomo Bank (Japan)
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Mitsubishi Bank (Japan)
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Sanwa Bank (Japan)
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BNP > BNP Paribas (France)
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Credit Agricole (France)
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Bank of Lyon (France)
Bank of France
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