Contribute to the calculation
Publish: 2021-04-02 15:54:22
1. Because indivial mining is difficult to meet the demand, the global computing power is increasing, and it is difficult for a single device or a small amount of computing power to dig bitcoin again. It is also a combination of a large number of mining machines to form a mine pool. The computing power of the mine pool is very powerful, and it can also ensure that virtual currency can be g more quickly. So how can the mine pool dig? Let's have a look
how to mine a mine pool
the location of a mine pool is also very particular. It's not that a mine pool can be built anywhere, but it needs early-stage capital investment. A mine pool is to combine a single mining machine together. Because of the collection of many miners' computing power, the computing power of the mine pool accounts for a large proportion, and the probability of digging bitcoin is higher. The mine pool will distribute rewards according to the contribution value of each equipment
there are many mines all over the world, and the scale of each mine varies from big to small. Generally, small mines no longer have great advantages. Large mines have many miners for mining. For each miner, he can join any mine or join multiple mines at the same time, The first task of the mine pool is to distribute the income to the miners
(1) PPLNs method
this method gathers the shares g by all miners together. Whenever a certain amount of shares is accumulated (generally 30 million shares), the mine pool will allocate the profits of the previous stage to the miners according to the proportion of contribution
in this way, the income of miners depends entirely on the time needed to dig 30 million shares in the mine pool. If you are lucky, you can dig them in a short time, then the income of miners will be more, otherwise it will be less. In return, the pool charges a 3% tax
(2) PPS mode
for users, the income of this mode is relatively stable
the profit mainly depends on the miner's mining speed. As long as the mining speed is stable, the corresponding profit can be obtained, and the profit is real-time, that is, the mine pool will pay the profit for the miner while the miner is running
obviously, every time a block is calculated, the mine pool has paid for all the miners. If the block fails in the subsequent confirmation link, all the losses will be paid by the pool operator. Therefore, this method reces the risk of the miners, but transfers the risk to the pool operator
therefore, usually the ore pool can charge a handling fee to make up for the possible losses caused by these risks. In this mode, the tax of the ore pool is 7.5%
the above is about how to mine. The difficulty of mining has greatly increased, but the mining army is expanding. If the basic equipment does not meet the standard, it will be difficult to gain in the mining instry, because the value of the virtual currency may not be equal to the price of an equipment, and many miners are not just digging bitcoin, Instead, we choose other virtual currencies to mine.
how to mine a mine pool
the location of a mine pool is also very particular. It's not that a mine pool can be built anywhere, but it needs early-stage capital investment. A mine pool is to combine a single mining machine together. Because of the collection of many miners' computing power, the computing power of the mine pool accounts for a large proportion, and the probability of digging bitcoin is higher. The mine pool will distribute rewards according to the contribution value of each equipment
there are many mines all over the world, and the scale of each mine varies from big to small. Generally, small mines no longer have great advantages. Large mines have many miners for mining. For each miner, he can join any mine or join multiple mines at the same time, The first task of the mine pool is to distribute the income to the miners
(1) PPLNs method
this method gathers the shares g by all miners together. Whenever a certain amount of shares is accumulated (generally 30 million shares), the mine pool will allocate the profits of the previous stage to the miners according to the proportion of contribution
in this way, the income of miners depends entirely on the time needed to dig 30 million shares in the mine pool. If you are lucky, you can dig them in a short time, then the income of miners will be more, otherwise it will be less. In return, the pool charges a 3% tax
(2) PPS mode
for users, the income of this mode is relatively stable
the profit mainly depends on the miner's mining speed. As long as the mining speed is stable, the corresponding profit can be obtained, and the profit is real-time, that is, the mine pool will pay the profit for the miner while the miner is running
obviously, every time a block is calculated, the mine pool has paid for all the miners. If the block fails in the subsequent confirmation link, all the losses will be paid by the pool operator. Therefore, this method reces the risk of the miners, but transfers the risk to the pool operator
therefore, usually the ore pool can charge a handling fee to make up for the possible losses caused by these risks. In this mode, the tax of the ore pool is 7.5%
the above is about how to mine. The difficulty of mining has greatly increased, but the mining army is expanding. If the basic equipment does not meet the standard, it will be difficult to gain in the mining instry, because the value of the virtual currency may not be equal to the price of an equipment, and many miners are not just digging bitcoin, Instead, we choose other virtual currencies to mine.
2. The history of computer
the birth and development of modern computer before the advent of modern computer, the development of computer has gone through three stages: mechanical computer, electromechanical computer and electronic computer
as early as the 17th century, a group of European mathematicians began to design and manufacture digital computers that perform basic operations in digital form. In 1642, Pascal, a French mathematician, made the earliest decimal adder by using a gear transmission similar to clocks and watches. In 1678, Leibniz, a German mathematician, developed a computer to further solve the multiplication and division of decimal numbers
British mathematician Babbage put forward an idea when he made the model of difference machine in 1822. One arithmetic operation at a time will develop into a certain complete operation process automatically. In 1884, Babbage designed a program-controlled universal analyzer. Although this analyzer has described the rudiment of the program control computer, it can not be realized e to the technical conditions at that time< During the more than 100 years since Babbage's idea was put forward, great progress has been made in electromagnetics, electrotechnics and electronics, and vacuum diodes and vacuum triodes have been successively invented in components and devices; In terms of system technology, wireless telegraph, television and radar were invented one after another. All these achievements have prepared technical and material conditions for the development of modern computer< At the same time, mathematics and physics are developing rapidly. In the 1930s, all fields of physics experienced the stage of quantification. The mathematical equations describing various physical processes, some of which were difficult to solve by classical analysis methods. As a result, numerical analysis has been paid attention to, and various numerical integration, numerical differentiation, and numerical solutions of differential equations have been developed. The calculation process has been reced to a huge amount of basic operations, thus laying the foundation of modern computer numerical algorithm
the urgent need for advanced computing tools in society is the fundamental driving force for the birth of modern computers. Since the 20th century, there have been a lot of computational difficulties in various fields of science and technology, which has hindered the further development of the discipline. Especially before and after the outbreak of the Second World War, the need for high-speed computing tools in military science and technology is particularly urgent. During this period, Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom started the research of electromechanical computer and electronic computer almost at the same time<
Giuseppe in Germany was the first to use electrical components to make computers. The fully automatic relay computer Z-3, which he made in 1941, has the characteristics of modern computer, such as floating-point counting, binary operation, instruction form of digital storage address and so on. In the United States, the relay computers mark-1, mark-2, model-1, model-5 and so on were made successively from 1940 to 1947. However, the switching speed of the relay is about one hundredth of a second, which greatly limits the computing speed of the computer
the development process of electronic computer has experienced the evolution from making components to whole machine, from special machine to general machine, from "external program" to "stored program". In 1938, the Bulgarian American scholar atanasov first made the computing unit of the electronic computer. In 1943, the communications office of the British Foreign Office made the "giant" computer. This is a special cryptanalysis machine, which was used in the Second World War< In February 1946, ENIAC, a large-scale electronic digital integrator computer, was developed by Moore College of the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. At first, ENIAC was also specially used for artillery trajectory calculation. Later, it was improved many times and became a general-purpose computer capable of various scientific calculations. This computer, which uses electronic circuit to perform arithmetic operation, logic operation and information storage, is 1000 times faster than relay computer. This is the first electronic computer in the world. However, the program of this kind of computer is still external, the storage capacity is too small, and it has not fully possessed the main characteristics of modern computer
the new breakthrough was completed by a design team led by mathematician von Neumann. In March 1945, they published a new general electronic computer scheme of stored program - electronic discrete variable automatic computer (EDVAC). Then in June 1946, von Neumann and others put forward a more perfect design report "preliminary study on the logical structure of electronic computer devices". From July to August of the same year, they taught a special course "theory and technology of electronic computer design" for experts from more than 20 institutions in the United States and Britain at Moore college, which promoted the design and manufacture of stored program computers< In 1949, the Mathematics Laboratory of Cambridge University in England took the lead in making EDSAC; The United States made the eastern standard automatic computer (SFAC) in 1950. At this point, the embryonic period of the development of electronic computer came to an end, and the development period of modern computer began
at the same time of creating digital computer, we also developed another kind of important computing tool analog computer. When physicists summarize the laws of nature, they often use mathematical equations to describe a process; On the contrary, the process of solving mathematical equations may also adopt the physical process simulation method. After the invention of logarithm, the slide rule made in 1620 has changed multiplication and division into addition and subtraction for calculation. Maxwell skillfully transformed the calculation of integral (area) into the measurement of length, and made the integrator in 1855< Fourier analysis, another great achievement of mathematical physics in the 19th century, played a direct role in promoting the development of simulators. In the late 19th century and the early 20th century, a variety of analytical machines for calculating Fourier coefficients and differential equations were developed. However, when trying to popularize the differential analysis machine to solve partial differential equations and use the simulator to solve general scientific calculation problems, people graally realize the limitations of the simulator in the aspects of universality and accuracy, and turn their main energy to the digital computer
after the advent of electronic digital computer, analog computer still continues to develop, and hybrid computer is proced by combining with digital computer. Simulators and mixers have become special varieties of modern computers, that is, efficient information processing tools or simulation tools used in specific fields
since the middle of the 20th century, the computer has been in a period of high-speed development. The computer has developed from a hardware only system to a computer system which includes three subsystems: hardware, software and firmware. The performance price ratio of computer system is increased by two orders of magnitude every 10 years. The types of computers have been divided into microcomputers, minicomputers, general-purpose computers (including giant, large and medium-sized computers), and various special computers (such as various control computers and analog-to-digital hybrid computers)
computer devices, from electron tubes to transistors, from discrete components to integrated circuits to microprocessors, have made three leaps in the development of computers< In the period of electron tube computer (1946-1959), computers were mainly used for scientific calculation. Main memory is the main factor that determines the appearance of computer technology. At that time, the main memory included mercury delay line memory, cathode ray oscilloscope electrostatic memory, magnetic drum and magnetic core memory, which were usually used to classify computers.
the birth and development of modern computer before the advent of modern computer, the development of computer has gone through three stages: mechanical computer, electromechanical computer and electronic computer
as early as the 17th century, a group of European mathematicians began to design and manufacture digital computers that perform basic operations in digital form. In 1642, Pascal, a French mathematician, made the earliest decimal adder by using a gear transmission similar to clocks and watches. In 1678, Leibniz, a German mathematician, developed a computer to further solve the multiplication and division of decimal numbers
British mathematician Babbage put forward an idea when he made the model of difference machine in 1822. One arithmetic operation at a time will develop into a certain complete operation process automatically. In 1884, Babbage designed a program-controlled universal analyzer. Although this analyzer has described the rudiment of the program control computer, it can not be realized e to the technical conditions at that time< During the more than 100 years since Babbage's idea was put forward, great progress has been made in electromagnetics, electrotechnics and electronics, and vacuum diodes and vacuum triodes have been successively invented in components and devices; In terms of system technology, wireless telegraph, television and radar were invented one after another. All these achievements have prepared technical and material conditions for the development of modern computer< At the same time, mathematics and physics are developing rapidly. In the 1930s, all fields of physics experienced the stage of quantification. The mathematical equations describing various physical processes, some of which were difficult to solve by classical analysis methods. As a result, numerical analysis has been paid attention to, and various numerical integration, numerical differentiation, and numerical solutions of differential equations have been developed. The calculation process has been reced to a huge amount of basic operations, thus laying the foundation of modern computer numerical algorithm
the urgent need for advanced computing tools in society is the fundamental driving force for the birth of modern computers. Since the 20th century, there have been a lot of computational difficulties in various fields of science and technology, which has hindered the further development of the discipline. Especially before and after the outbreak of the Second World War, the need for high-speed computing tools in military science and technology is particularly urgent. During this period, Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom started the research of electromechanical computer and electronic computer almost at the same time<
Giuseppe in Germany was the first to use electrical components to make computers. The fully automatic relay computer Z-3, which he made in 1941, has the characteristics of modern computer, such as floating-point counting, binary operation, instruction form of digital storage address and so on. In the United States, the relay computers mark-1, mark-2, model-1, model-5 and so on were made successively from 1940 to 1947. However, the switching speed of the relay is about one hundredth of a second, which greatly limits the computing speed of the computer
the development process of electronic computer has experienced the evolution from making components to whole machine, from special machine to general machine, from "external program" to "stored program". In 1938, the Bulgarian American scholar atanasov first made the computing unit of the electronic computer. In 1943, the communications office of the British Foreign Office made the "giant" computer. This is a special cryptanalysis machine, which was used in the Second World War< In February 1946, ENIAC, a large-scale electronic digital integrator computer, was developed by Moore College of the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. At first, ENIAC was also specially used for artillery trajectory calculation. Later, it was improved many times and became a general-purpose computer capable of various scientific calculations. This computer, which uses electronic circuit to perform arithmetic operation, logic operation and information storage, is 1000 times faster than relay computer. This is the first electronic computer in the world. However, the program of this kind of computer is still external, the storage capacity is too small, and it has not fully possessed the main characteristics of modern computer
the new breakthrough was completed by a design team led by mathematician von Neumann. In March 1945, they published a new general electronic computer scheme of stored program - electronic discrete variable automatic computer (EDVAC). Then in June 1946, von Neumann and others put forward a more perfect design report "preliminary study on the logical structure of electronic computer devices". From July to August of the same year, they taught a special course "theory and technology of electronic computer design" for experts from more than 20 institutions in the United States and Britain at Moore college, which promoted the design and manufacture of stored program computers< In 1949, the Mathematics Laboratory of Cambridge University in England took the lead in making EDSAC; The United States made the eastern standard automatic computer (SFAC) in 1950. At this point, the embryonic period of the development of electronic computer came to an end, and the development period of modern computer began
at the same time of creating digital computer, we also developed another kind of important computing tool analog computer. When physicists summarize the laws of nature, they often use mathematical equations to describe a process; On the contrary, the process of solving mathematical equations may also adopt the physical process simulation method. After the invention of logarithm, the slide rule made in 1620 has changed multiplication and division into addition and subtraction for calculation. Maxwell skillfully transformed the calculation of integral (area) into the measurement of length, and made the integrator in 1855< Fourier analysis, another great achievement of mathematical physics in the 19th century, played a direct role in promoting the development of simulators. In the late 19th century and the early 20th century, a variety of analytical machines for calculating Fourier coefficients and differential equations were developed. However, when trying to popularize the differential analysis machine to solve partial differential equations and use the simulator to solve general scientific calculation problems, people graally realize the limitations of the simulator in the aspects of universality and accuracy, and turn their main energy to the digital computer
after the advent of electronic digital computer, analog computer still continues to develop, and hybrid computer is proced by combining with digital computer. Simulators and mixers have become special varieties of modern computers, that is, efficient information processing tools or simulation tools used in specific fields
since the middle of the 20th century, the computer has been in a period of high-speed development. The computer has developed from a hardware only system to a computer system which includes three subsystems: hardware, software and firmware. The performance price ratio of computer system is increased by two orders of magnitude every 10 years. The types of computers have been divided into microcomputers, minicomputers, general-purpose computers (including giant, large and medium-sized computers), and various special computers (such as various control computers and analog-to-digital hybrid computers)
computer devices, from electron tubes to transistors, from discrete components to integrated circuits to microprocessors, have made three leaps in the development of computers< In the period of electron tube computer (1946-1959), computers were mainly used for scientific calculation. Main memory is the main factor that determines the appearance of computer technology. At that time, the main memory included mercury delay line memory, cathode ray oscilloscope electrostatic memory, magnetic drum and magnetic core memory, which were usually used to classify computers.
3. The main reason for GPU's strong computing power is that most of its circuits are arithmetic units. In fact, adders and multipliers are relatively small circuits. Even if they do many such operation units, they will not occupy too much chip area. And because other parts of GPU occupy a small area, it can also have more registers and caches to store data. On the one hand, CPU is so slow because it has a large number of units for processing other programs, such as branch loops, and because CPU processing requires a certain degree of flexibility, the structure of arithmetic logic unit of CPU is also much more complex. In short, in order to improve the processing speed of branch instructions, many components of CPU are used to do branch prediction, and correct and recover the results of Alu when the branch prediction error occurs. These greatly increase the complexity of the device
in addition, the current CPU design is also learning from GPU, that is, adding floating-point operation units with parallel computing and not so many control structures. For example, Intel's SSE Instruction set can perform four floating-point operations at the same time, and many registers have been added. In addition, if you want to learn GPU computing, you can download a CUDA SDK, which has very detailed instructions
in addition, the current CPU design is also learning from GPU, that is, adding floating-point operation units with parallel computing and not so many control structures. For example, Intel's SSE Instruction set can perform four floating-point operations at the same time, and many registers have been added. In addition, if you want to learn GPU computing, you can download a CUDA SDK, which has very detailed instructions
4. Hash algorithm maps any length of binary value to a fixed length of smaller binary value, which is called hash value. Hash value is a unique and compact numerical representation of a piece of data. If you hash a piece of plaintext and change only one letter of the paragraph, subsequent hashes will proce different values.
5. Yes, there's a tourist express in zengcuolong police car. It's 10 yuan per person.
6. The cruise center XiaGu wharf is located in Dong, also known as XiaGu wharf. The place where you get off at the post office is Xiamen ferry terminal, which is specially for citizens to transit. What you want to go to is Dong international cruise center terminal
if you want to go to the terminal of Dong international cruise center from zengcuolong, you can take a taxi directly; You can also take bus No. 112 / 29 to the ferry post office and then take a taxi. It's cheaper.
if you want to go to the terminal of Dong international cruise center from zengcuolong, you can take a taxi directly; You can also take bus No. 112 / 29 to the ferry post office and then take a taxi. It's cheaper.
7. Speculation, that's all. Everyone who participated knew that it was a fighting game, but people kept making up reasons to deceive themselves. Bitcoin mining machine is just a program calculation, don't think too much, as long as you know, the longer it takes, the harder it is to dig.
8. After joining the Bona cloud network, the nodes will accumulate their contribution degree according to the online and task conditions. The contribution degree can be divided into three types: (1) online contribution degree (2) task contribution degree (3) task contribution degree reward. When you complete a task perfectly, you can get an additional contribution degree reward, which is used to get the bxc reward paid by users using resources. Under the same account, the number of devices accessed will be counted according to the number of IP accessed. Under the same IP, multiple devices accessing will only be regarded as an independent device with higher computing power.
9. China's capital accumulation is growing rapidly. The growth rate of capital stock has increased from 11.5% to 12.8% since the reform and opening up
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