Main currency 0
Publish: 2021-04-02 21:14:47
1. You don't have to worry if you can flow through each other
2. Ducat gold coin was a special currency for European trade before World War I, which was mainly used for trade. As the gold standard system was replaced by the gold nugget standard system and the gold exchange standard system, the dakete gold coin graally withdrew from the stage of history before and after the first World War, and it was cast in many European countries
each dactyl is equivalent to 3.4909g and 0.1107oz of gold with purity of 98.6%. The gold coin can be multiple dactyls, such as 2, 3, etc. Sicily was the first to issue this coin in 1140, which was carried forward by the Venetians in the middle ages. Today, there are still banks in Europe casting dactyl coins for private collection and investment<
in history, the following countries have minted dachte gold coins:
Austria
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Germany and the states of Germany before unification
Hungary (today still mints commemorative gold coins with denominations of 2, 3, 4 and 6)
Italy and the kingdoms of Italy before unification, the papacy, Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Russia
Scotland
Spain
Sweden.
Switzerland and Switzerland before reunification
Yugoslavia
each dactyl is equivalent to 3.4909g and 0.1107oz of gold with purity of 98.6%. The gold coin can be multiple dactyls, such as 2, 3, etc. Sicily was the first to issue this coin in 1140, which was carried forward by the Venetians in the middle ages. Today, there are still banks in Europe casting dactyl coins for private collection and investment<
in history, the following countries have minted dachte gold coins:
Austria
Czechoslovakia
Denmark
Germany and the states of Germany before unification
Hungary (today still mints commemorative gold coins with denominations of 2, 3, 4 and 6)
Italy and the kingdoms of Italy before unification, the papacy, Republic
Netherlands
Poland
Romania
Russia
Scotland
Spain
Sweden.
Switzerland and Switzerland before reunification
Yugoslavia
3. Currency in circulation (currency for short) is a kind or a group of tools used for material exchange, sometimes just called "currency". It is a special kind of commodity. It is the specific manifestation and measurement unit of money. Currency area refers to the circulation and use of a single currency countries or regions. Different currency areas need to introce the concept of exchange rate when they exchange currency with each other
Introction
generally, each country only uses a single currency, which is issued and controlled by the central bank. However, there are exceptions, that is, multiple countries can use the same currency. For example, the euro commonly used in EU countries, the franc in the West African Economic Community, and the Latin American Monetary Union in the 19th century are equivalent currencies with different names but can circulate freely within the union. A country can choose the currency of other countries as its legal currency. For example, Panama chooses the US dollar as its legal currency. The currencies of different countries may also use the same name. For example, before France and Belgium used the euro, their currencies and Swiss currencies were called francs. Sometimes, for special reasons, different autonomous bodies in the same country may issue different versions of currency. For example, in the United Kingdom, including England, Scotland or even Jersey and Guernsey, which are remote islands, they have different versions of pound sterling issued by themselves, and they can trade with each other in other parts of the United Kingdom, However, only the English pound is the internationally recognized trading currency, and other versions of the pound may be rejected after they are taken out of the UK
each basic currency unit can also be divided into smaller secondary currencies. The most commonly used proportion is 1 / 100 of the main currency, for example, 100 points = 1 yuan. Before the French Revolution popularized metric system, 1 / 20 / 240 system was used for a long time in European history. For example, in Britain, 1 pound was equal to 20 shillings and 240 pence; In France, 12 deniers are sol and 20 sous are Livre. 1: 7, 1:14, 1:25, 1:10, 1:1000 and other carry systems were also used
in some countries, there is no secondary currency, or although there is a secondary currency, it is only a theoretical conversion unit because the value of the currency is too small, and no actual currency, such as Japanese yen and Korean won, is issued<
History
barter
the history of human use of money originated in the earliest era of material exchange. In the primitive society, people used barter to exchange what they needed, such as a sheep for a stone axe. But sometimes, e to the limitation of the types of goods used for exchange, we have to find a kind of goods that can be accepted by both sides of the exchange. This kind of goods is the most primitive currency. Livestock, salt, rare shells, rare bird feathers, gemstones, sand gold, stones and other items that are not easy to obtain in large quantities have been used as currency
metal currency
after years of natural elimination, in most societies, the goods used as currency are graally replaced by metal. The advantage of using metal currency is that it needs to be manufactured manually, cannot be obtained from a large amount of nature, and is easy to store. Gold, silver and copper, which are rare in quantity and difficult to smelt, have graally become the main currency metals. Some countries and regions have used iron currency
in the early days, metal coins were massive, so it was necessary to test their fineness with a touchstone and weigh them at the same time. With the development of human civilization, a more complex and advanced monetary system has been graally established. People in ancient Greece, Rome and Persia made coins of uniform weight and quality. In this way, in the use of money, there is no need to weigh, there is no need to test the quality, no doubt much more convenient. These coins bear the head of the king or emperor, complicated heraldry and seal to avoid forgery<
gold and silver
in western countries, the main currency is gold and silver, and the subsidiary currency is made of copper and copper alloy. With the development of European Society and economy, the volume of commodity trade increased graally. In the 15th century, the developed Flanders and the northern Italian states appeared the panic of deflation. From the 16th century, a large amount of gold and silver from America flowed into Europe through Spain, which saved the European monetary system and created conditions for the capitalist economic development in Europe
paper money
with the further development of economy, metal money also shows the inconvenience of use. A lot of metal coins need to be used in large transactions, and their weight and volume are troublesome. According to incomplete statistics, since the use of gold as currency, more than 20000 tons of gold have been worn out in the mint, or in people's hands, money bags and clothing pockets. As a result, as a symbol of metal currency, paper money appeared. Jiaozi, the earliest paper currency in the world, appeared in Sichuan area of China ring the Song Dynasty<
gold standard
the original paper money was based on gold, which could be freely exchanged with gold, and the two could circulate at the same time, and the circulation of paper money was relatively small. By the end of the 19th century, the capitalist economy had an unprecedented expansion and development, so paper money graally became the main currency in circulation, but they still had gold as the guarantee of issuance. This monetary system is called the "gold standard"
currency anti-counterfeiting
the problem of counterfeiting currency appears together with the monetary system. In the era of metal currency, the method of forgery was to mix copper, lead and other cheap metals into gold coins. At that time, the only way to deal with this kind of crime was to use severe punishment to intimidate forgers once found
banknotes are more likely to be forged. After the French Revolution, bond was issued as a substitute note, which was mortgaged by the confiscated church property. In order to destroy the French economy, the British government once forged this kind of currency (at the same time, private forgery of French paper money will be sentenced to death). This is also one of the earliest economic wars. During the Second World War, Germany used to forge a large number of British and American banknotes in concentration camps. The records of counterfeit banknotes by private or criminal organizations also emerge in an endless stream. In order to avoid forgery, many anti-counterfeiting measures have been adopted: special paper, offset embossing, watermark, magnetic ink, metal safety wire, UV fluorescent mark, color changing ink, front and back pattern printing (this technology is most eye-catching in French francs), etc. Australia, New Zealand and other countries have also issued plastic currency<
modern currency
under the gold standard system, the currency exchange rate between countries implementing the gold standard is determined according to their respective ratio of gold content - Gold parity. The system is based on the free flow of gold. After the outbreak of the first World War, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, Germany, Japan and other participating countries banned the export of gold, and the gold standard system has actually collapsed
after the first World War, the currencies of Germany, Austria and other countries depreciated significantly. Since then, there has not been a fixed exchange rate base between currencies. According to the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944, the currencies of the member countries of the International Monetary Fund should be linked to gold or US dollars and exchanged at a fixed exchange rate. This agreement established the international monetary status of the US dollar, and the monetary system of various countries established by this agreement is called the Bretton Woods system. In August 1971, the US dollar stopped exchanging with gold freely, and the Bretton Woods system collapsed. From then on, it entered the era of symbolic currency. Since then, floating exchange rates have been adopted among countries. Some relatively stable currencies or currencies with appreciation potential, such as the Swiss franc, the West German mark and so on
the international standards organization (ISO) has designated a three letter symbol system to represent the currencies of various countries. The code name of this standard is ISO 4217
in the currency exchange rate table, we can see the exchange rate changes among currencies in the world in recent years
the function of money
because money is a commodity, it has the same use value and exchange value as all commodities. When in different forms of value movement, money plays different roles: value scale, means of circulation, means of payment, means of storage and world money. Among them, value scale and circulation means are the basic functions of money. The other three functions are derived from them
value scale
value scale is the direct embodiment of money as social labor. As a kind of commodity, money itself can be compared with other commodities according to its own standard. At this time, the form of value of commodities is transformed into the form of price, and the form of value of commodities expressed through money is price. When money performs the function of value measure, money only needs to exist in imaginary or conceptual form, but its unit must depend on the currency circulating in reality. It is precisely because of the value scale function of money that people can first convert different forms of goods into the price form of money, and then exchange with other goods. Money itself, as a commodity, also has the difference in quantity between different currencies. Therefore, people also set a quantity standard for money, that is, the price standard (sometimes also called the price scale). It is made of a unit of currency and its equal parts containing a certain weight of metal
means of circulation
after the currency implements the means of circulation, it makes the exchange of goods possible. The circulation means is the development of the function of monetary value measure. The emergence of money makes the exchange between commodities have direct barter exchange, which turns into the exchange with money as the medium. That is, from commodity commodity to commodity currency commodity. There are not only formal differences but also qualitative differences between them<
Chinese currency
the monetary system of ancient China was based on copper coin. Earlier forms of money have not yet been found. The original copper coins were various in shape, including knife coins, cloth coins, ant nose coins and many other forms. After the first emperor of Qin unified China, he ordered the copper coins of the whole country to be based on the copper coins of Qin. Because the sand mold is used to cast the copper coin, the cast copper coin has a rough edge, so there is a square hole in the center, which can be polished and filed with wooden sticks in series. This special shape gives it many symbolic mystical explanations. Some people think that the circle of the copper coin represents "heaven" and the square hole in the center represents "Earth". Copper coins usually bear the year of the emperor
gold coins were rare in ancient China. During the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the state of Chu in the Yangtze River Valley in southern China used gold cakes and pieces. But in other regions and dynasties, gold was mainly used for decoration and preservation. In the second century BC, Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty once issued White Deer Skin coins to reward nobles and military generals. In addition to copper coins, cotton, silk, rice and other living materials were used as the unit of currency (rather than the actual currency) to pay the salaries of bureaucrats and the army. After the Tang Dynasty, the silver currency became more and more popular
Introction
generally, each country only uses a single currency, which is issued and controlled by the central bank. However, there are exceptions, that is, multiple countries can use the same currency. For example, the euro commonly used in EU countries, the franc in the West African Economic Community, and the Latin American Monetary Union in the 19th century are equivalent currencies with different names but can circulate freely within the union. A country can choose the currency of other countries as its legal currency. For example, Panama chooses the US dollar as its legal currency. The currencies of different countries may also use the same name. For example, before France and Belgium used the euro, their currencies and Swiss currencies were called francs. Sometimes, for special reasons, different autonomous bodies in the same country may issue different versions of currency. For example, in the United Kingdom, including England, Scotland or even Jersey and Guernsey, which are remote islands, they have different versions of pound sterling issued by themselves, and they can trade with each other in other parts of the United Kingdom, However, only the English pound is the internationally recognized trading currency, and other versions of the pound may be rejected after they are taken out of the UK
each basic currency unit can also be divided into smaller secondary currencies. The most commonly used proportion is 1 / 100 of the main currency, for example, 100 points = 1 yuan. Before the French Revolution popularized metric system, 1 / 20 / 240 system was used for a long time in European history. For example, in Britain, 1 pound was equal to 20 shillings and 240 pence; In France, 12 deniers are sol and 20 sous are Livre. 1: 7, 1:14, 1:25, 1:10, 1:1000 and other carry systems were also used
in some countries, there is no secondary currency, or although there is a secondary currency, it is only a theoretical conversion unit because the value of the currency is too small, and no actual currency, such as Japanese yen and Korean won, is issued<
History
barter
the history of human use of money originated in the earliest era of material exchange. In the primitive society, people used barter to exchange what they needed, such as a sheep for a stone axe. But sometimes, e to the limitation of the types of goods used for exchange, we have to find a kind of goods that can be accepted by both sides of the exchange. This kind of goods is the most primitive currency. Livestock, salt, rare shells, rare bird feathers, gemstones, sand gold, stones and other items that are not easy to obtain in large quantities have been used as currency
metal currency
after years of natural elimination, in most societies, the goods used as currency are graally replaced by metal. The advantage of using metal currency is that it needs to be manufactured manually, cannot be obtained from a large amount of nature, and is easy to store. Gold, silver and copper, which are rare in quantity and difficult to smelt, have graally become the main currency metals. Some countries and regions have used iron currency
in the early days, metal coins were massive, so it was necessary to test their fineness with a touchstone and weigh them at the same time. With the development of human civilization, a more complex and advanced monetary system has been graally established. People in ancient Greece, Rome and Persia made coins of uniform weight and quality. In this way, in the use of money, there is no need to weigh, there is no need to test the quality, no doubt much more convenient. These coins bear the head of the king or emperor, complicated heraldry and seal to avoid forgery<
gold and silver
in western countries, the main currency is gold and silver, and the subsidiary currency is made of copper and copper alloy. With the development of European Society and economy, the volume of commodity trade increased graally. In the 15th century, the developed Flanders and the northern Italian states appeared the panic of deflation. From the 16th century, a large amount of gold and silver from America flowed into Europe through Spain, which saved the European monetary system and created conditions for the capitalist economic development in Europe
paper money
with the further development of economy, metal money also shows the inconvenience of use. A lot of metal coins need to be used in large transactions, and their weight and volume are troublesome. According to incomplete statistics, since the use of gold as currency, more than 20000 tons of gold have been worn out in the mint, or in people's hands, money bags and clothing pockets. As a result, as a symbol of metal currency, paper money appeared. Jiaozi, the earliest paper currency in the world, appeared in Sichuan area of China ring the Song Dynasty<
gold standard
the original paper money was based on gold, which could be freely exchanged with gold, and the two could circulate at the same time, and the circulation of paper money was relatively small. By the end of the 19th century, the capitalist economy had an unprecedented expansion and development, so paper money graally became the main currency in circulation, but they still had gold as the guarantee of issuance. This monetary system is called the "gold standard"
currency anti-counterfeiting
the problem of counterfeiting currency appears together with the monetary system. In the era of metal currency, the method of forgery was to mix copper, lead and other cheap metals into gold coins. At that time, the only way to deal with this kind of crime was to use severe punishment to intimidate forgers once found
banknotes are more likely to be forged. After the French Revolution, bond was issued as a substitute note, which was mortgaged by the confiscated church property. In order to destroy the French economy, the British government once forged this kind of currency (at the same time, private forgery of French paper money will be sentenced to death). This is also one of the earliest economic wars. During the Second World War, Germany used to forge a large number of British and American banknotes in concentration camps. The records of counterfeit banknotes by private or criminal organizations also emerge in an endless stream. In order to avoid forgery, many anti-counterfeiting measures have been adopted: special paper, offset embossing, watermark, magnetic ink, metal safety wire, UV fluorescent mark, color changing ink, front and back pattern printing (this technology is most eye-catching in French francs), etc. Australia, New Zealand and other countries have also issued plastic currency<
modern currency
under the gold standard system, the currency exchange rate between countries implementing the gold standard is determined according to their respective ratio of gold content - Gold parity. The system is based on the free flow of gold. After the outbreak of the first World War, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, Germany, Japan and other participating countries banned the export of gold, and the gold standard system has actually collapsed
after the first World War, the currencies of Germany, Austria and other countries depreciated significantly. Since then, there has not been a fixed exchange rate base between currencies. According to the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944, the currencies of the member countries of the International Monetary Fund should be linked to gold or US dollars and exchanged at a fixed exchange rate. This agreement established the international monetary status of the US dollar, and the monetary system of various countries established by this agreement is called the Bretton Woods system. In August 1971, the US dollar stopped exchanging with gold freely, and the Bretton Woods system collapsed. From then on, it entered the era of symbolic currency. Since then, floating exchange rates have been adopted among countries. Some relatively stable currencies or currencies with appreciation potential, such as the Swiss franc, the West German mark and so on
the international standards organization (ISO) has designated a three letter symbol system to represent the currencies of various countries. The code name of this standard is ISO 4217
in the currency exchange rate table, we can see the exchange rate changes among currencies in the world in recent years
the function of money
because money is a commodity, it has the same use value and exchange value as all commodities. When in different forms of value movement, money plays different roles: value scale, means of circulation, means of payment, means of storage and world money. Among them, value scale and circulation means are the basic functions of money. The other three functions are derived from them
value scale
value scale is the direct embodiment of money as social labor. As a kind of commodity, money itself can be compared with other commodities according to its own standard. At this time, the form of value of commodities is transformed into the form of price, and the form of value of commodities expressed through money is price. When money performs the function of value measure, money only needs to exist in imaginary or conceptual form, but its unit must depend on the currency circulating in reality. It is precisely because of the value scale function of money that people can first convert different forms of goods into the price form of money, and then exchange with other goods. Money itself, as a commodity, also has the difference in quantity between different currencies. Therefore, people also set a quantity standard for money, that is, the price standard (sometimes also called the price scale). It is made of a unit of currency and its equal parts containing a certain weight of metal
means of circulation
after the currency implements the means of circulation, it makes the exchange of goods possible. The circulation means is the development of the function of monetary value measure. The emergence of money makes the exchange between commodities have direct barter exchange, which turns into the exchange with money as the medium. That is, from commodity commodity to commodity currency commodity. There are not only formal differences but also qualitative differences between them<
Chinese currency
the monetary system of ancient China was based on copper coin. Earlier forms of money have not yet been found. The original copper coins were various in shape, including knife coins, cloth coins, ant nose coins and many other forms. After the first emperor of Qin unified China, he ordered the copper coins of the whole country to be based on the copper coins of Qin. Because the sand mold is used to cast the copper coin, the cast copper coin has a rough edge, so there is a square hole in the center, which can be polished and filed with wooden sticks in series. This special shape gives it many symbolic mystical explanations. Some people think that the circle of the copper coin represents "heaven" and the square hole in the center represents "Earth". Copper coins usually bear the year of the emperor
gold coins were rare in ancient China. During the spring and Autumn period and the Warring States period, the state of Chu in the Yangtze River Valley in southern China used gold cakes and pieces. But in other regions and dynasties, gold was mainly used for decoration and preservation. In the second century BC, Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty once issued White Deer Skin coins to reward nobles and military generals. In addition to copper coins, cotton, silk, rice and other living materials were used as the unit of currency (rather than the actual currency) to pay the salaries of bureaucrats and the army. After the Tang Dynasty, the silver currency became more and more popular
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