Can decentralization eliminate poverty

1. Decentralization is a form of social relations and content proction formed in the development of the Internet. It is a new type of network content proction process relative to "centralization"
compared with the early Internet (WEB 1.0) era, Web 2.0 content is no longer proced by professional websites or specific groups, but the result of participation and creation by all Internet users with equal rights. Anyone can express their views on the Internet or create original content to proce information together
with the diversification of network service forms, the decentralized network model becomes more and more clear and possible. After the rise of Web 2.0, the services provided by Wikipedia, Flickr, blogger and other network service providers are decentralized. Any participant can submit content, and Internet users can co create or contribute content
with the emergence of more simple and easy-to-use decentralized network services, the characteristics of Web2.0 become more and more obvious. For example, the birth of services more suitable for ordinary Internet users, such as twitter and Facebook, makes it easier and more diversified to proce or contribute content to the Internet, thus enhancing the enthusiasm of Internet users to participate in the contribution and recing the threshold of procing content. Eventually, every netizen becomes a tiny and independent information provider, making the Internet more flat and content proction more diversified.

2. What is "decentralization"

"decentralization" is translated from the English word decentralization, which is composed of the prefix de -, stem central and suffix ization. Among them, the stem central means "center", the suffix - ization means "... Hua", and the prefix de - has the meanings of leaving, removing, canceling and opposite. Therefore, it is very accurate to translate it into decentralization

what is the meaning of decentralization

vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, published the article "the meaning of decentralization" in February 2017, elaborating the meaning of decentralization. He thinks that we should distinguish the centralization and decentralization of computer software from three perspectives: architecture, governance and logic

Architecture centralization refers to the number of nodes that the system can tolerate and continue to run; Governance centralization refers to how many indivials and organizations are needed to control the system; Logic centralization refers to whether the interface and data presented by the system are like a single whole

blockchain is a unified account book of the whole network, so it is logically centralized, which is beyond doubt. From the perspective of architecture, blockchain is based on peer-to-peer network, so it is decentralized. From the perspective of governance, blockchain makes it difficult for a few people to control the whole system through consensus algorithm, so it is decentralized. The decentralization of architecture and governance brings three benefits to blockchain: fault tolerance, anti attack and anti collusion

five differences between blockchain and traditional distributed system

as a new kind of distributed system, blockchain is often mistakenly regarded as a distributed database or log system. In fact, there is a fundamental difference between blockchain and traditional distributed system, namely decentralization. Now let's look at the main differences between blockchain and traditional distributed systems:

(1) consistency algorithm: what blockchain needs to solve is the Byzantine general problem, that is, there are one or more fraulent nodes in the network, which may deliberately violate the protocol or transmit wrong data, Therefore, Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus algorithms, such as BFT, pow, POS, are often used in blockchain; The traditional distributed system only needs to consider the node failure and communication errors, and often uses consistency algorithms such as Paxos and raft, which can not resist the fraulent nodes

(2) central controller: there is no central controller in the blockchain network, and no node can control or coordinate the generation of ledger data. All nodes coordinate through consensus algorithm to generate consistent ledger. However, the traditional publishing system is often controlled by one organization, which uniformly dispatches all nodes to participate in the calculation

(3) rule making: the rule of blockchain is consensus protocol, also known as consensus mechanism, and consensus algorithm is a part of it. Consensus mechanism is generally designed and developed by a person or a team, and the corresponding proceres are developed for the community to use. This seems to be the same as the traditional distributed system, but the change and upgrading of the consensus mechanism of the blockchain requires the community to have a consensus on it. If no consensus can be reached, anyone can implement hard bifurcation and build another community and chain. This is the decentralization process of consensus mechanism.

3.

De flow means that all social resources can be aggregated and distributed with one click

in a system with many nodes, each node has a high degree of autonomy. Nodes can connect with each other freely to form a new connection unit. Any node may become the stage center, but it does not have the mandatory central control function. The influence between nodes will form a nonlinear causal relationship through the network

This kind of open, flat and equal system phenomenon or structure is called decentralization

extended materials:

compared with the previous Internet (WEB 1.0) era, today's Internet (Web 2.0) content is no longer proced by professional websites or specific groups, but by the participation of the whole Internet users and the creation of equal power levels. Anyone can express their views on the Internet or create original content to proce information together

with the diversification of network service shape, the decentralized network model becomes more and more clear and possible. After the rise of Web2.0, the services provided by Wikipedia, Flickr, blogger and other network service providers are decentralized. Any participant can submit content, and Internet users can create or contribute content together

4. In token economics, decentralized money is not the only object of value circulation and measurement. Therefore, a fixed amount of decentralized money does not necessarily lead to rejection by the market
decentralization in decentralized money contains multiple meanings: decentralization of money issuance, decentralization of money circulation, decentralization of money withdrawal...
as far as our current economic system is concerned, the issuance of money is carried out by the central bank or other similar institutions and endorsed by the national credit. Therefore, the issue of money is obviously a kind of centralized, controlled by the government or institutions. However, in the current economic system, the circulation of money is decentralized
although in our current financial system, the vast majority of money has been circulating through banks, this mode of circulation is mostly controlled by the money owners themselves, that is to say, the circulation of money is not controlled by central institutions. In addition to some specific financial requirements, some circulation has been regulated; Or the judicial organs may intervene and forcibly manage the circulation of money. In proportion, these centralized operations are very few. Therefore, we can say that in the existing economic system, the circulation of money is decentralized< In fact, the central bank and other financial management institutions make use of the power of currency issuance to regulate the whole market and maintain the stability of economic development and currency
we have learned in economics that the total amount of money circulation should match the current trade situation. In other words, the total amount of money circulation is closely related to the economic situation. The circulation of money needs to be regulated to influence the market; And the market also forces the regulatory agencies to regulate the currency through various feedback, so as to maintain the stability of the currency.

5. Do not conct any transactions on the illegal platform. The risk on the illegal platform is too great. Once you run away, you will lose everything.

6. This is the second part of a series of articles on "key elements of becoming a better blockchain". Although decentralization is not an end in itself, it is a means to many ends, including resistance to censorship, corruption and collusion. Inclusive institutions with multi participation; And a fair distribution of wealth, power and influence. Decentralization is not suitable for most applications because of its low efficiency and high cost. However, for those applications that need decentralization, the underlying platform is much more reliable than the oral decentralized services. Did we go to the center? I want to remind us that decentralization is multidimensional, far from binary. Another closely related topic is unlicensed authorization, which will also be discussed here: allowing anyone anywhere to contribute to a project, platform or community is one of the most important parts of the spirit of decentralization

are there multiple client applications? There are two schools of thought. One assumption is that a single normative client application can concentrate limited resources on one project, and a development team can communicate more easily, which will maximize the success rate and competitiveness compared with other platforms. In addition, a single client application can prevent consensus failure caused by local account book inconsistency of different nodes (at least as long as each node upgrades its software after hard forking). On the other hand, the existence of multiple clients will make the network more likely to survive attacks (one client may stop block proction completely) or consensus failure (one or more clients cannot run the protocol correctly, which may lead to wrong block or stop block proction completely). In fact, both happened in Ethereum. But there are more subtle reasons. Firstly, the parallel application of multiple clients reces the dominant influence of a single core development team on the network, which is one of the biggest problems of bitcoin governance (zcash foundation will also decide to build a second zcash client to balance the power of electric coin). Moreover, different clients may make different architecture decisions and have different advantages (for example, mining, data search), and using different languages to write clients can enable more developers to participate in core development. Although parallel applications and beta applications are very good, the mainstream is the main network client: for example, bitcoin has at least 15 client applications, but 97% of the nodes run a program, that is, bitcoin core
how many organizations control mining computing power? The more parties involved in mining, the more difficult it is to collude with each other to engage in selfish mining, or to engage in double flower attacks (commonly known as 51% attacks, but the actual mathematical principles are more complex). This is not a hypothetical risk, as it has occurred in networks such as Ethereum classic and bitcoin gold. In addition, more miners means a fairer distribution of mining rewards. Although many indivial miners may participate in mining, because of incentives, they will gather in a few mines, and even a seemingly decentralized network may rely on a few entities for Mining: the three largest Ethereum mines jointly control 60% of the total power, while bitcoin's top four mines account for about 56%.

7.

On March 24, 2018, at the China Development Forum sponsored by the development research center of the State Council, Eric Maskin, Professor of Harvard University and winner of the Nobel Prize in economics in 2017, proposed that government intervention is necessary to truly solve the problem of poverty, Only by empowering unskilled workers and giving them skills and tools to enter the global labor market can we really solve the problem of poverty

Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, poverty alleviation, as the bottom line goal and landmark indicator of building a moderately prosperous society in an all-round way, has been included in the overall layout of "five in one" and the strategic layout of "four comprehensives". It has established the goal of poverty alleviation of the poor population, removal of the hat of all poverty-stricken counties and elimination of regional overall poverty under the current standard by 2020

According to Zheng Zhijie, President of China Development Bank, a total of 68.53 million people have been reced from 2012 to 2017. At the same time, in the "new agenda for the world economy" of the China development high level forum, Vice Minister of Finance Zhu Guangyao also mentioned that China's poverty rection population has contributed 76% of the world's poverty rection

According to Ye Xingqing, director of the Rural Economic Research Department of the development research center of the State Council, from a larger time dimension, in the past 40 years of reform and opening up, the number of rural poor people in China has decreased from 770 million in 1978 to 30.46 million, and the incidence of poverty has decreased from 97.5% to 3.1%

"it can be called a miracle in the history of poverty rection in human history, and it has become the first country in the world to achieve the UN Millennium Development Goals, making a great contribution to the cause of poverty rection in the world," said Zheng Zhijie, It has a huge effect. "

Ye Xingqing, director of the Rural Economic Research Department of the development research center of the State Council, explained that China's poverty alleviation can be observed from three dimensions: first, the sustained rapid economic growth for many years has benefited most people from the middle, but the absolute effect of economic growth will weaken with the improvement of the development level, so it is necessary to improve the economic inclusiveness

"but in the past 40 years, there are still some groups that are difficult to benefit from it. Since 1983, the Chinese government has had a special poverty alleviation plan. In 1986, a special agency was set up. Since 1994, three national poverty alleviation plans have been launched. Especially after 2015, China has put forward a strategy of targeted poverty alleviation. It should be said that such a special poverty alleviation plan can not be covered by the absolute effect and the population that cannot be covered by inclusiveness has played a great role. " Ye Xingqing said

But ye Xingqing asked, "the goal of eliminating absolute poverty by 2020 can be basically achieved. The main problem is to improve the quality, but we are more concerned about what to do after three years."

According to him, in recent three years, China's rural income distribution structure has not improved, but has widened. In the past decade, the relative income level of 20% of the lowest income in rural areas has declined, and the income gap between urban and rural areas has also widened

"after 2020, our poverty alleviation will shift from the current targeted poverty alleviation to alleviating the relative poverty in rural areas, and pay more attention to the employment and income of 20% of the poor people." Ye Xingqing said

Eric Maskin, Professor of Harvard University and winner of the Nobel Prize in economics in 2017, also provides an explanation for this issue

According to Eric Maskin, the supporters of globalization believe that globalization can solve the problem of poverty. There are many poor people in developing countries. International trade can enable developing countries to focus on those procts with comparative advantages, and the income of low skilled workers can also be increased

However, Eric Maskin believes that this is not the case. He said that the international division of proction means the globalization of the labor market itself, which also benefits workers in developing countries

"the problem is that it also excludes unskilled workers, especially the rural labor force, from benefiting from globalization." Eric Maskin said

Therefore, Eric Maskin believes that the government must intervene to raise the wages of unskilled workers and help them out of poverty. Only by empowering them and giving them skills and tools to enter the global labor market, can we really solve the problem of poverty

8. Under normal circumstances, what we teenagers can do is: first, we should not waste material resources and let more resources flow to poor areas. Second, study hard and create more wealth for the society. Third, they have the enthusiasm to take responsibility for the society and dare to eliminate poverty.

9. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, China has successfully implemented the world's largest poverty eradication project. Xinhua News Agency reporter Wang Li, Meng Na, Huang Yan and Zhu Zhong river basin is located in the upper reaches of the Pearl River in Southwest China. This mountainous and densely forested area was once in a state of extreme poverty e to excessive cultivation and felling by local farmers; Ecological poverty & quot; in In the past 20 years, once & quot; Lack of food & quot; With the help of the unremitting poverty alleviation project of the Party committee and the government, the poverty-stricken people graally bid farewell to the famine& quot; Open up wasteland to the edge, cultivate land to the sky;, The barren soil is swept away by the rain, and the countryside graally turns into a bare stone sea. In this basin with more than 18000 people living in eight villages, the backward mode of proction makes the local farmers fall into a dilemma; The poorer the land is, the poorer the land is; In a vicious circle. Tungjing village is located in the hinterland of zhuzhong River Basin. Because of the deep rocky desertification, it has become a kind of poor village. More than 80% of the land area is replaced by rocks, and debris flow and geological disasters occur frequently. In order to help the poor out of poverty, the local government launched a sustained poverty alleviation campaign; A tough battle& quot; I used to live in a wooden house and a thatched house of 30 square meters. A hailstorm overturned the roof of the house, which was both windy and rainy& quot; Wu Weiyong, a farmer in Tongjing village, said that his family moved into a 240 square meter brick and tile new house last year. The instrial poverty alleviation project helped them grow Chinese herbal medicines in shikeluan mountain, and their family earned nearly 200000 yuan a year. Peng Zhucai, 54, a village party secretary, said that there is no way out to grow corn and other food crops in ecologically fragile areas like this. In recent years, all kinds of poverty alleviation funds of the party and the government have been inclined to poor villages, increasing investment and improving the roads leading to villages and towns. Agricultural science and technology personnel came here, together with farmers in the stone crack repeatedly try to plant Chinese herbal medicine and other trees, and finally achieved success& quot; Instrial poverty alleviation & quot; Combine the planting projects of medicinal materials and fruit trees with rocky desertification control to build a & quot; Green bank & quot;. In the past five years, the per capita net income of more than 3100 farmers in the village has doubled. The former mud wall houses and thatched houses are becoming brick houses, and all the 12 villager groups in the village can be opened to traffic& quot; Wu Meng's great journey through the mud;, Bijie, where the village is located, is the place where the red army passed in the Long March, and also a famous poor place in China. More than 20 years ago, this is the core area of the poverty belt in Southwest China, which was once determined by the United Nations as one of the areas unfit for human habitation& quot; Poor people, poor land and bad environment;, This is a true portrayal of Bijie's past. In this area of 26853 square kilometers, mountains account for 93.3%. The mountains are high and the slopes are steep. The population per square kilometer is more than 200. In June 1988, Hu Jintao, the then Secretary of Guizhou provincial Party committee of the Communist Party of China, in order to solve the outstanding problems of Guizhou's economic poverty, ecological deterioration, population expansion and so on, went deep into the grass-roots research, on the basis of widely absorbing the latest human thought achievements, combined with the situation of deepening the national reform, advocated and approved by the State Council to establish Bijie & quot; Poverty alleviation through development and ecological construction; National reform experimental zone. Over the past 23 years, this China has been developing rapidly; The poorest & quot; The reform pilot zone is practicing a special anti-poverty experiment, striving to change relief (blood transfusion) poverty alleviation into development (hematopoietic) poverty alleviation. While strengthening the anti-poverty ability of poverty-stricken areas and poor people, it is also striving to build an instrial platform with local characteristics and advantages, so as to provide a solid foundation for poverty alleviation and sustainable economic and social development. In Bijie, the number of poor people decreased from 3.12 million to 318400, and the incidence of absolute poverty decreased from 65.4% to 7.6%. China is the most populous developing country in the world. Zheng Wenkai, deputy director of Poverty Alleviation under the State Council, said that since the founding of new China more than 60 years ago, especially in the 32 years after the reform and opening up, the Communist Party of China has led China out of a poverty alleviation and development path in line with China's national conditions, and has made remarkable achievements in poverty alleviation. In 1978, there were 250 million extremely poor people in rural China who had not yet solved the problem of food and clothing. Hui Liangyu, vice premier of the State Council of China, said at the special conference on poverty alleviation of Asian political parties held in July 2010 that since the early 1980s, the Communist Party of China and the Chinese government have formulated poverty alleviation strategies and policies in line with China's national conditions, established special poverty alleviation leading institutions, launched and implemented special poverty alleviation plans for poor areas and poor people, We will vigorously strengthen infrastructure construction, economic restructuring, ecological protection and resource development in poor areas. At the same time, actively guide and help the masses of poor areas to participate in poverty alleviation and development, so that they become the main force of anti-poverty. The Communist Party of China emphasizes giving full play to the role of the party's grass-roots organizations and battle fortresses, and the vanguard and exemplary role of Party members, so as to drive the masses to help each other and get rich. Zheng Wenkai said that in 2010, according to the poverty alleviation standard of 1274 yuan per capita net income, the number of poor people in China has been reced to 26.88 million. In the past 32 years, China has solved the problem of food and clothing for nearly 200 million poor people. It is also the first developing country in the world to achieve the poverty rection goal of the millennium development goals ahead of schele. At present, 925 million people worldwide are suffering from hunger. According to the latest calculation data of the poor population released by the world bank in 2008, from 1981 to 2005, the proportion of the poor population in East Asia measured by the poverty line of US $1.25 in the total population of the region dropped from nearly 80% to 18%, which is mainly e to China's great achievements in poverty rection. About 70% of the global poverty rection achievements in the past 25 years came from China& quot; In the next decade, the task of poverty alleviation in China will be more arous and difficult& quot; Zheng Wenkai said that e to China's large population, there are great differences in population, resource allocation and environmental conditions between different regions in terms of national development level and comparison of different regions. In addition, China is also facing the problems of large-scale poverty population, increasing factors of returning to poverty, dynamic poverty and increasingly prominent relative poverty. On April 26, the Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee held a meeting to study the current situation and tasks of poverty alleviation and development, and to review the outline of China's rural poverty alleviation and development (2011-2020). The meeting stressed that China's poverty alleviation and development has shifted from solving the problem of food and clothing as the main task to a new stage of consolidating the achievements of food and clothing, improving development capacity, accelerating poverty alleviation and becoming rich, and narrowing the development gap& quot; In essence, poverty alleviation in the new era is a kind of poverty alleviation in a broader field and perspective; Great poverty alleviation& quot; Zheng Wenkai said that the so-called large-scale poverty alleviation not only means that the main body of poverty alleviation should be diversified, but also pay attention to all aspects of the income of the poverty alleviation objects, including the cultural, ecational, health and other services they enjoy, so that the new stage of poverty alleviation and development can effectively promote the all-round development of the poverty alleviation objects.