Deconstruction modernization of de western centralism

1. "Eurocentrism" holds that Europe has its own advantages and particularities different from other regions. It is by virtue of this inherent strength that Europe rises and forms a world centered on Europe. At the same time, "Eurocentrism" perpetuates the victory of Europe, absolutizes and universalizes the European road and the European model, holds that any country must follow the European road if it wants to develop, and concludes that the history of human society will end in the European model“ The historical view of "Eurocentrism" distorts history and leads to people's lack of understanding of the world outside Europe. As a result, people can not correctly understand the whole world and world history, which has a lot of negative effects on the development of human society. Gund Frank reversed the history reversed by "Eurocentrism" by using the new "historical view of world economic system", and completely g out the historical foundation of "Eurocentrism", declaring the real end of "Eurocentrism"
"Eurocentrism" is based on two pillars: first, the determinism of geographical environment. Although Hegel is a systematic discusser of the "Eurocentrism" in geography, landers is very explicit in explaining that the labor efficiency of tropical countries is low, and the arid areas need irrigation. Speaking of Western Europe, he said that "Europe does have winter, and cold feet prevent the large-scale reproction of viruses and pests." There are also some examples such as precipitation, etc. to draw the conclusion that victory belongs to Europe, thus to draw the theory of race superiority and inferiority, which became the theoretical basis of the essence of modern "Eurocentrism"; The other is the modernization since modern times. Europe inherited the historical heritage of ancient Greece and Rome. Freedom, democracy and rationality opened the door of capitalism in modern times. There is a delicate discourse in Weber
there is another undercurrent in the development of "Eurocentrism" -- the holistic view of world history. At each stage, historians are exploring how to write world history more rationally and seek the development law of the whole world. However, every time after this big wave, they always deviate from the channel and turn to "Eurocentrism", which is also related to the historical development process of Europe. From Alexander's eastern expedition and the Renaissance to the capitalist era and foreign colonization, when the eastern and Western nations were in close contact, the West was in the forefront of the times by virtue of science and technology. The theory of cultural superiority, which existed in ancient times, has never been interrupted in the West. However, when the "Eurocentrism" developed and matured in the hands of Hegel and Lanke, with the end of the first World War, the voice of criticism was no longer ethereal and became clear and powerful. From criticizing the cultural form of "Eurocentrism", to the overall view of history and today's global view of history
in 1917, Oswald Spengler (1880-1936) published his book the decline of the west, and predicted the inevitable decline of western culture, which was a head-on blow to the Europeans who had long been proud of the superiority of European culture, I try to see human history as a whole, in other words, from a global perspective And in the investigation of civilization, from Spengler's eight to twenty-one< In short, since World War I, especially World War II, historiography has become more and more pluralistic, and the status of "Eurocentrism" has been shaken and criticized more and more. However, "Eurocentrism" has been deeply rooted and firmly rooted, and there are still many people who insist on this view. One is that Max Weber (1960-1920) from the perspective of Rational Capitalism, Thirdly, it demonstrates the European myth that capitalism appeared in Europe but not in China because of the rational spirit of Europe. Therefore, he is also regarded as the most exquisite author of "Eurocentrism". But the impact is not great. The traces of "Eurocentrism" can still be seen in the historical works of the 1950s and 1960s. Especially in the 1980s, there appeared the anti criticism of "Eurocentrism". They adopted different forms to defend the European miracle theory, such as Eric Jones's "European miracle" in 1981, which is the most typical. In recent years, the trend of historiography is the global view of history, The most representative is the general history of the world by Stavrianos.

2. Hegel's works set up a complete philosophical system of objective idealism. When we see the word "idealism", we should not read it. But I think a materialist can better understand the deep meaning of materialism only on the basis of understanding idealism, which is in line with the ancient Chinese saying "know yourself, know the enemy, win every battle". Hegel also has a famous saying: "a glass of water is clear, but the sea is really black.". Just as the small truth can be explained, the real road is silent ", which is just used to describe his own philosophy. For quite a long time after his death, his philosophy was in a state of silence, but now it is generally concerned
from the second half of the 18th century to the early 19th century, natural science has made a series of new great achievements, which has shaken the previous mechanical metaphysical view of nature that does not look at problems from the perspective of connection and development; To a certain extent, it reveals the historical development process of nature, and shows that the phenomena of nature are dialectically developed in the final analysis. In this way, it is possible and necessary to make a new dialectic summary of the development of nature
the dialectics in the idealism of German classical philosophy obviously reflected the outstanding discoveries in natural science at that time, but reversed in the form of idealism. Engels put forward that with the development of natural science and the strength of instry, "the idealist system has been increasingly added with the content of materialism... Hegel's system is just a materialist inversion of idealism in terms of method and content." The second historical form of dialectics, especially Hegel's dialectics, is closely related to the further development of modern natural science. It is a higher historical form than the ancient primitive and simple dialectics.
Hegel's philosophy has the richness of network encyclopedia, and has long been regarded as the peak of the development of the whole bourgeois philosophy. Its contents mainly include: logic, natural philosophy, spiritual philosophy and legal philosophy
the following is the interpretation of "life" in Hegel's conceptualism, "soul" in spiritual philosophy and "family" in legal philosophy:
Hegel is the representative of idealism. Seeing "life" in conceptualism, I would like to know whether an idealist would think that "soul exists independently". But after careful reading, I found that this is not the case< According to Hegel, the combination of soul and body is the beginning of life, and when they are separated, life will go to death. Life becomes a living indivial under Hegel's interpretation. In his thought, the soul exists as a concept, while the body is its realization form. It can be said that he perfectly combines the soul and the body into a unity
Hegel divides soul into natural soul, feeling soul and realistic soul
1. He believes that the soul is initially a "natural soul", which is completely constrained by natural conditions and dominated by the body
2. In the sensory soul, the soul shows the self and initiative of sensory activities
3. The real soul is the unity of the natural soul and the feeling soul
Hegel didn't get rid of idealism when he discussed these. He thinks that although the internal attribute of the soul "natural attribute" and the external attribute of the soul "feeling soul" have reached a unity in the "real soul", it is the internal attribute of the soul (i.e. natural soul) that plays a leading role; The external attribute of the soul is determined by the internal attribute and controlled by the internal attribute. Therefore, the soul can dominate the "God" of the whole nature
in the exposition of Hagel's soul, I can only accept criticism and accept some essences, and its discourse on family is worth learning. Hegel believes that "family" is the initial direct ethical entity, a group regulated by love, and a natural ethical spirit. Hegel pointed out that the first link of family is "love"; The second link of family is "marriage"; The third link of family is "family property"; The fourth link of the family is "children's ecation and family disintegration"
I very much agree with what he said: "as a marriage with ethical significance, it is sacred and can not be divorced in essence. However, because marriage is not an absolute objective result, but a link with subjective feelings, it is possible to divorce." This is true in reality. Marriage is sacred, backed by ethics and law. There is no divorce, but the combination of two people is too complicated. Maybe it is impulse, maybe it is forced by the current situation, maybe there is no pure love... These subjective links have planted the seeds of sin for divorce
what Hegel studied: "absolute idea" is the source of the universe and the foundation of all things. Although it is an idealist point of view, he thinks that the whole natural, historical and spiritual world is a process, which is constantly moving, changing and developing, and its internal contradictions are the source of development. "
Marx and Engels critically inherited the rational core of Hegel's dialectics and founded materialist dialectics. Engels also spoke highly of Hegel: "modern German philosophy reached its peak in Hegel's system. In this system, Hegel first described the whole natural, historical and spiritual world as in constant movement, change, transformation and development, and tried to reveal the internal relationship between this movement and development."< In short, Hegel's idealistic dialectics is one of the theoretical sources of Marxist Philosophy in terms of the development of rational thinking; From the perspective of social development, it is the ideological precursor of German bourgeois revolution.

3. Western centralism is an unconscious premise of western culture, which has existed since ancient times. To some extent, western culture is superior to non Western culture; Or that human history revolves around western culture; Or that Western cultural characteristics, values or ideals with a certain universality, thus representing the direction of non Western future development, all of which have the color of Western centrism. Its most extreme, crude and disgusting form is the theory of racial superiority. Its most mild, imperceptible, scientific and conceptualized form is the theory of modernization. It holds that the special social phenomena, institutional devices, values and life orientation developed by western culture in its special historical environment are of universal significance. The expansion of western culture in the world and its success strengthen this sense of universality. Therefore, Western centrism is a kind of natural colored spectacles of Westerners. It is essentially a western "view" - as long as you are in this culture, you will have this "view" unconsciously. As anthropologists tell us, culture is self-centered. At the beginning of cultural contact, each culture thinks that it is higher than the other; It is only in the long-lasting cultural conflict that the concept of the powerful side can be maintained. In the first contact between Chinese and Western cultures, cultural egocentrism is even more severe in Chinese culture than in western culture
according to Herodotus, when the Greeks first met the Persians, they found that the Persians had masters and the Greeks were free, which led to the first theory of cultural superiority in western history and the first form of Western centrism. When Aristotle suggested that his student Alexander the great should manage the Macedonian people in the way of dealing with slaves and the Greeks in the way of dealing with free people, he was rejected, which was also the first setback of the superiority of the West.

4. How can Chinese culture get rid of western centralism? Mr. Xiao grew up and studied in an era of great changes in Chinese society. At that time, intellectuals consciously undertook the task of transforming national thoughts and saving the nation from decline. It was in this historical background that western academic thoughts poured into the country in a manner that transcended traditional Chinese culture, And relying on the strong political, economic, military strength to form the relative superiority of Chinese civilization, and even to some extent, the modernization of Chinese culture and Westernization are equated. As an intellectual with a strong sense of national identity and responsibility, Mr. Xiao Pengfu has a profound understanding of Chinese traditional culture. He is well aware of the profundity and profundity of Chinese civilization. He does not need to rely on western theories to obtain new living soil. Therefore, he devotes himself to the research and dissemination of traditional culture, It is one of his outstanding contributions to the academic circles and even to the Chinese civilization to seek the internal historical basis or "source" of modernization in his own national culture, to explore the historical juncture of traditional culture and modernization from the enlightenment trend of thought that germinated independently ring the Ming and Qing Dynasties, to get rid of the shackles of western centralism, and to reconstruct the "subject of Chinese culture".

5. Logocentrism is another name of Western metaphysics, which is Derrida's general ruling on western philosophy by inheriting Heidegger's ideas. As the name suggests, logos centrism is a kind of structure with logos as the center; Logos & quot; What does it mean.

6. Objective: the rise of the United States and the multipolarization of the world, economic globalization and the general improvement of proctivity
subjective: the decline of Europe and the destruction of Europe by World War I and World War II
the complete collapse of Eurocentrism is the inevitable result of the development of proctive forces
1. The development of proctive forces will inevitably lead to the progress of science and culture, the further development of human cognition, and the progress of natural science will inevitably defeat Eurocentrism
2. The development of proctive forces will inevitably promote the spread of proctive forces. The spread of proctive forces will lead to the development of other continents in the world, which will naturally lead to the multipolarization of the world. The multipolarization of the world is the direct factor to defeat Eurocentrism.

7. In fact, it is a sense of self superiority
western centralism is an implicit belief in viewing the whole world from the perspective of Europe, consciously or subconsciously feeling Europe's superiority to the world.

8. It is necessary to destroy western centralism and Eurocentrism, so that China is no longer on the edge of Eurocentrism, but it can not be & quot; Chinese centralism & quot;. What he hoped was that philosophy would establish a new world; Human sex & quot; Concept The social trend of nationalism

9. The cultural centralism in the field of comparative literature, especially the western centralism represented by the concept of "Eurocentrism", has its background, causes, forms and harms. With the increase of cultural exchange, communication and dialogue among different nationalities, this kind of Western centrism, which is deeply rooted in Western comparative literature, has deviated more and more from the cross-cultural perspective to seek cultural interaction and literary commonness, resulting in the limitations of the research. Therefore, the concept of "cultural relativism" was introced. However, for a long time, in order to highlight their own advantages and particularity, European academic circles still used the banner of "cultural relativism" in the study of comparative literature and culture. With the diversity of culture, the connotation of cultural relativism has evolved from arrogance to tolerance and respect.

10. "Eurocentrism" holds that Europe has its own advantages and particularities different from other regions. It is by relying on this internal force that Europe rises and forms a world centered on Europe. At the same time, "Eurocentrism" perpetuates the victory of Europe, absolutizes and universalizes the road and model of Europe, It holds that any country must follow the European road if it wants to develop, and concludes that the history of human society will end in the European model. The historical view of "Eurocentrism" distorts history and leads to the lack of understanding and understanding of the world outside Europe, thus failing to correctly understand the whole world and world history, Gund Frank reversed the history reversed by "Eurocentrism" by using the new "historical view of world economic system", and completely g out the historical foundation of "Eurocentrism", declaring the real end of "Eurocentrism"