Cross border, disintermediation and decentralization

1. According to Hou Jietai: the so-called centralization refers to subtracting the mean value of a variable from its expected value. For sample data, each observation value of a variable is subtracted from the sample average value of the variable, and the transformed variable is centralized
for your question, subtract the mean from each measurement.

2. Decentralization is a phenomenon or structure, which can only appear in a system with many users or nodes, and each user can connect and influence other nodes. Generally speaking, everyone is the center, and everyone can connect and influence other nodes. This flat, open-source and equal phenomenon or structure is called "decentralization"< Br > at the same time, "decentralization" is one of the typical features of blockchain, which uses distributed storage and computing power. The rights and obligations of the whole network nodes are the same, and the data in the system is jointly maintained by the whole network nodes, so that the blockchain no longer relies on the central processing node to realize the distributed storage, recording and updating of data. Each blockchain follows a unified rule, which is based on a cryptographic algorithm rather than a credit certificate, and the data update process needs to be approved by the user, so that the blockchain does not need the endorsement of intermediaries and trust institutions< The characteristics of br> de centralization:
centralization is first reflected in diversification. In the Internet world, there are no more than several portals has the final say. Various websites have begun to voice their own voice, express different choices and different hobbies, and these websites are distributed in every corner of the Internet world. Br > decentralisation is followed by the centralization of people, and decentralisation of content has become a trend, and people have become the key force to determine the survival of websites. It's a great change to build a website with indivials who lack interaction to gather talents and contribute their wisdom in the form of a circle. That is user-oriented, humanized< < br > decentralized content: < br > decentralization is the form of social relationship and content generation formed in the development of the Internet, which is a new network content proction process relative to "centralization"< Br > compared with the early Internet (Web1.0) era, today's Web (Web2.0) content is no longer proced by professional websites or specific groups of people, but is created by all Internet users with equal rights. Anyone can express their views or create original content on the Internet to proce information together< Br > with the diversification of network service forms, the decentralized network model is becoming clearer and more possible. After the rise of Web2.0, the services provided by Wikipedia, Flickr, blogger and other network service providers are decentralized. Any participant can submit content, and Internet users can create or contribute content together< After that, with the emergence of more simple and easy-to-use decentralized network services, the characteristics of Web2.0 became more and more obvious. For example, the birth of services more suitable for ordinary Internet users, such as twitter and Facebook, made it easier and more diversified to proce or contribute content to the Internet, thus enhancing the enthusiasm of Internet users to participate in the contribution and recing the threshold of procing content. Eventually, every netizen becomes a tiny and independent information provider, making the Internet more flat and content proction more diversified.

3. Chongqing jinwowo analysis is based on distributed bookkeeping, collective agreement and intelligent consensus mechanism. The information characteristics of blockchain technology, such as decentralization, open sharing, authenticity and reliability, once attracted great attention. Among them, the characteristics of decentralization are particularly popular, and the attention to decentralization has existed since the birth of blockchain.

4. Chongqing jinwowo network: decentralization, which is different from the traditional way of centralization. There is no center, or everyone is the center; Distributed ledger database means that the recording method is not only to store the ledger data in each node, but also to share and the data of the whole ledger synchronously. At the same time, blockchain also has the characteristics of disintermediation and information transparency.

5. Hello, it's a great honor to be here to answer your question. The following are some of my views on this issue. If there are any mistakes, please point them out. Start all
and enter the column
almost every supporter of encryption start-ups has a trend, that is, to use the decentralized value of blockchain technology to sell their business fundamentals

in this paper, we will explain the differences between decentralized financial agreement business and traditional business:

we will mainly discuss two aspects:

1) what is the real meaning of defi

2) what are the types and main differences of defi platforms< Users of traditional financial systems often want to build a system that is easier to access, more transparent, lower transaction costs and less dependent on intermediaries. To build such a more equitable financial system, banks, loans and derivatives must undergo fundamental changes. In addition, a decentralized ecosystem, such as defi, is needed. It promotes P2P lending, eliminates centralized control, and provides users with financial freedom

recently, in the field of cryptocurrency, there are many discussions about defi. It provides financial services to the world: loans, derivatives and other procts. Moreover, the role of traditional financial intermediaries has weakened, or even failed to play a role. Proponents of a decentralized financial system see defi as a good alternative to traditional lending. Some have called it the future of borrowing

defi is built on public blockchains such as bitcoin network and Ethereum. It has become one of the "core drivers" on the Ethereum network. By using unlicensed distributed networks, the defi platform converts financial procts into untrusted protocols that can be accessed by anyone anywhere in the world. People who don't have an account in the bank can also use the defi solution to loan and borrow assets, as well as to trade with financial instruments

open source platforms provide users with great benefits, including transparency, cheap cross-border transactions, no credit checks and less censorship. Anyone can carry out financial activities because there is no geographical restriction<

the degree of decentralization of defi

in recent months, the introction of defi solutions has proliferated. They have different models and their degree of decentralization is also different. Compared with other models, some defi models have poor dispersion. This is because only a few of their components are decentralized, while the rest are still centrally controlled by the company

the establishment of agreement, non trust, price supply, determination of interest rate, provision of liquidity of margin call and start-up of margin call are the key components of defi agreement. They determine the degree of decentralization

if there are a large number of decentralized components, then the defi protocol is more decentralized than other models. Such a protocol will give users complete control over their digital assets and get rid of centralized control. So far, there is no single defi protocol that disperses all components

each defi protocol is assigned a category according to the number of distributed components:

centralized finance (cefi)

defi solutions are usually unmanaged, which means that users can control their funds and be responsible for their security. Instead, cefi is hosted. The central system is responsible for keeping the assets of users and ensuring the safety of users' funds

when it comes to loans or loans, users can't control any aspect of funds. The interest rate is determined by the central government, and the liquidity of margin call is provided by the central system or authorities. Cefi procts use centralized price supply, and it is also permitted to issue margin call. Thank you very much for your patience. If you have any help, please accept it. I wish you a happy life! thank you!

6. In a system with many nodes, each node has a high degree of autonomy. Nodes can be freely connected with each other, any node may become the stage center, but it does not have the mandatory central control function. This open, flat and equal system phenomenon or structure is called decentralization. In the decentralized economy, users trade through P2P, which greatly reces the cost and is convenient.

7.

David Su, founder of Columbus cat project and core developer. Geek genius, Hefei University of technology, postgraate suspension, blockchain bottom developer, participation in Neo HPB and other community development work

8. About the understanding of financial robots:
let's first talk about the financial robots of Deloitte's big four firms. It's very cool and sci-fi. The outside world thinks that financial robots will be replaced by financial robots. This kind of linear thinking can be understood by people who do not understand finance. Indeed, bookkeeping is a simple and standardized work“ The idea that finance is it is also widely accepted. But calm down and think about it, the functions of these financial robots are more cool than their real value. The financial robot is nothing more than to make the recording of value more efficient, and also to free the financial personnel from the bottom of the business to do more valuable business finance and Strategic Finance. This is worthy of affirmation. Then think about it. When we are in the transition from it (Information Technology) era to DT (data technology) era, it is not only enough to improve the efficiency of recording value. Saving low-end financial personnel is not the focus of enterprises, but how to integrate instry and finance and maximize data value is the focus of enterprises in DT era. While doing a good job in the integration of instry and finance, it is a natural thing to cut off the low-end financial personnel. Never put the cart before the horse
the real intention of the four robots lies in the full quantification rather than sampling of audit, so as to rece their audit cost for large enterprises and realize the value of data. Therefore, from the perspective of auditing, people cut in the things that enterprises can't do well or can't do from this simple point. But this position is still different. Enterprises still need to pay attention to their core problem, which is the accounting efficiency or the imperfect and inadequate integration of instry and finance. Please refer to the author's "core issues of financial work in the era of Intelligent Finance"
we are willing to do things that are easy to understand and can achieve immediate results, and such things generally only solve the appearance problems. Just like many SaaS software for reimbursement on the market, they don't know why there are reimbursement problems. They only improve the efficiency of post processing, and they don't de reimbursement, and they don't control the financial black hole of enterprises. The solutions are mere formality
about the understanding of Financial Sharing Center:
first of all, Financial Sharing Center is the proct of instrial era and PC era. At that time, centralization and intensification are the most suitable procts for the development of that era. Financial Sharing Center has also developed for more than 10 years in China, and few enterprises really do well in it. However, in the past 10 years, science and technology has been iterating for several rounds. It has transited from the PC era to the mobile Internet era. As soon as it enters the era of Internet of things or DT era, several inadaptable problems of Financial Sharing Center will be highlighted
1. The mismatch between centralized thinking and mobile Internet Era:
the symbol of mobile Internet era is sharing, win-win, decentralization and disintermediation. Note that the sharing here refers to the sharing of data and information, not the function sharing and business processing capacity sharing in the Financial Sharing Center. Decentralization is the change of organizational form. It needs to be cross functional and amoebic. Instead of meeting the requirements of new organizational form, centralized thinking has become a bottleneck. Decision making should be left to a team that can "hear the guns."
2. Whether the unified and standardized financial data processing must be centralized:
in the instrial era and PC era, when the Internet technology and data automatic processing capacity are not as developed as they are now, the practice of Financial Sharing Center is in line with the technical environment and the needs of the times. Now the technology has been able to do the centralized processing of the financial sharing center according to the combination of scene and technology, intelligent real-time according to the preset rules, it does not seem to be integrated with the technology of the current era. At present, enterprises need to standardize and unify the financial accounting and processing. The focus is to sort out the rules and processes, and make the scene preset and judgment. Then the intelligent integrated system of instry and finance can automatically process and record according to the scene and preset rules. Then the above problems that the financial robot and the Financial Sharing Center want to solve are solved together. Instead, the solution of existing enterprises is estimated to be the last financial sharing center and financial robot. It looks very good and practical. After comparing the understanding of intelligent finance, we can have a clear judgment
about the understanding of Intelligent Finance:
the key element of intelligent finance is to combine the professional ability of management accounting with the big data and Internet technology in DT era, so as to help enterprise managers and financial workers realize the transformation from recording value to creating value in real time. Then the most critical step is to help enterprises achieve the integration of instry and finance. Without this foundation, the theory and method of management accounting still stay on the plan and paper
the successful operation and management of an enterprise must be from the beginning to the end, and from the beginning to the end; Intelligent finance is to realize the boundless definition of management accounting with the unlimited expansion of technology. Because there are many kinds of enterprise management problems, from cost to performance, from personnel to incentive, the final reflection of the final operation data is the financial data. The ex post value of financial data is far less than the planning value, prediction value and analysis value of process management
therefore, the focus of intelligent finance to solve the problem must be integrated with the business, and the risks that may need to be controlled and the financial support that need to be provided at the source of the business; The efficiency that needs to be improved, the data multi-dimensional labels that need to be left, and the scenarios that need to be set are planned and designed in advance, and then the technology can track, judge, control, analyze and record according to these plans. The advantage of this is that the original enterprise is floating with all kinds of superficial problems. Through the solution of intelligent finance, we can grasp the source and root, pull up the way to maximize the performance and efficiency of the enterprise. Please refer to the author's "how can en + Intelligent Finance improve the market value management level of listed enterprises"
finally, the iteration from intelligent finance to Intelligent Finance:
the development of artificial intelligence will make intelligent finance move towards intelligent finance. Wisdom covers data processing, natural semantic judgment, artificial intelligence thinking and scheme recommendation, but the ultimate goal is to provide valuable business decision support data for enterprises. Technology and the times are constantly changing, but the nature of finance has not changed
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- we are the only fintech (Financial Technology) Company in China with highly configurable and professional financial management solutions built with modeling thinking as the core
- we are a cross-border integration of professional financial management and Internet technology, through SaaS (software as a service) mode to enhance the profitability, internal control ability and financing ability of the company
this article is reproced by Zeng Liang

9. In terms of new consumption, Jiufu Digital Technology Co., Ltd. has 100 million + high-quality users, carries a rich financial instry ecosystem, enables multi terminal demand, and continuously gives its own financial procts more powerful vitality from the joint innovation of procts, member exchange, and rights and interests co construction.

10. The ten major trends of the Internet instry in 2016
1, from service oriented to manufacturing and entity, will continue to be a dividend of Internet plus policy in

2016. As all walks of life have become Internet-based, the Internet and the real economy have found a complementary point of convergence, and triggered a wide range of innovation and change in the instry. The Internet instry will move from service-oriented to integrated development with the real economy such as manufacturing instry, and realize the optimization and comprehensive upgrading of instrial structure through innovation< It is undeniable that with the rapid development of China's economy, it is also facing severe problems and challenges. The bitter fruit of pursuing the high-speed growth of GDP has been put in front of us realistically. The basis of human survival, such as resources and environment, has issued the most natural warning, trying to wake up the society from ignorance. Sustainable development has become a problem that the whole society and the whole instry are considering. Enterprises need to adjust the proction structure and improve the development mode through scientific and technological innovation, mode innovation, management innovation, organization innovation and proct innovation, so as to realize the coordinated and harmonious development of economic and social benefits from the two aspects of material civilization and spiritual civilization. At the same time, consumer demand is more personalized and humanized, and the development of customized and intelligent procts and services has become a new profit growth point for enterprises. But this kind of indiviation is based on different deep or essential needs

3. So far, large-scale companies seek diversified development to promote the Internet of rural economy

after long-term development of Internet in China, a number of large companies have emerged. Under the fierce competition, more and more instrial and even comprehensive large-scale companies begin to seek diversified development, and focus on the rural market with more growth potential, radiate from the city to the surrounding towns and villages, or promote the interconnection of rural e-commerce, finance and other instries

4. The trend of cross-border integration reflects the sense of crisis, and it is imperative to build a new platform system

ten years ahead, cross-border cooperation may be a rare phenomenon, and now it has become a trend for enterprises to seek cooperation, develop markets and build a new ecology. More and more Internet enterprises cooperate with traditional enterprises with complementary genes, such as the cooperation between Jingdong and Yonghui supermarket, the fresh e-commerce, the joint establishment of the direct bank "Baixin bank" by China CITIC Bank and the Internet, and the strategic shareholding of didi Kuai. Cross border cooperation between Internet and Internet enterprises is more common, especially in the field of Internet finance. The natural consumption attribute of finance promotes its cooperation with tourism, shopping and other consumption fields. On the one hand, it shows enterprising consciousness, on the other hand, it also reflects crisis consciousness

5. Explore emerging markets with a new attitude

since the beginning of this year, M & A transactions have reached a new high all over the world, covering travel, local life, tourism, group buying and other aspects, becoming a beautiful scenery this year. With the graal maturity of emerging markets, it is expected that there will be more mergers and acquisitions in 2016. The connotation of accelerating the process of instry integration and optimization is that enterprises must explore emerging markets with a new attitude< 6. The trend of decentralization and disintermediation has intensified

with the emergence of innovation (actually the need for innovation), the instry structure has been redefined, a dominant monopoly situation can no longer withstand the impact of emerging forces, and the complex and rendant intermediary links can no longer adapt to the pursuit of efficient market environment, Decentralization and disintermediation have become the choice of the times and the market, especially in the Internet fields such as e-commerce, social networking, catering, tourism, media, Internet Finance and local life services

7. The platform economy is close to the ceiling, and the ecological strategy may become the mainstream

looking at the global market, the platform economy is weak at the beginning, and the overall development is close to the ceiling, and the construction of a perfect and strong ecological system has become the long-term strategy of enterprises. No matter bat, Jingdong, Xiaomi, LETV, Didi kuaidi, Haier or apple, Amazon, Facebook, etc., they are all forced to spare no effort to build a diversified ecosystem, innovate with an open and inclusive attitude, and create a system with more value and influence. Scale economy or diseconomy is not measured by the size of the platform. In the complex market environment and fierce competition, we can not blindly expect too
big to
fail. It is a good strategy to enhance competitiveness to carry out diversified ecological layout from a strategic perspective. Similar to the package trading strategy in investment, it can disperse risks in a diversified way and enhance the ability to resist risks

8 and Internet plus finance will generate more new forms of

over the past year, the financial and economic sectors are mixed. The Internet plus policy play fast and loose downtown pressure on the economy, and there are also worries about the overheated investment market, overflowing assets, downward pressure on the economy and asset bubbles. At the same time, the central bank's monetary policy of lowering reserve requirements and interest rates several times this year has obviously stimulated economic recovery and development. As the lifeblood of national economic development, finance is responsible for providing blood and asset vitality for economic development. With the encouragement of Internet plus policy, Internet financial innovation and entrepreneurship blossom everywhere. In 2016, the reform of Internet finance will continue to deepen, and the traditional and emerging financial instries will take innovation as the fulcrum to move towards balance. With the inclusion of RMB into the IMF's special drawing rights (SDR) as a component of the supplementary international reserve assets, the consumption, investment, trade, stock market, bond market, foreign exchange market, commodity trading and other fields will change accordingly, and the impact of China's economy on the world will also increase. Based on the existing third-party payment, P2P, crowdfunding, Internet banking, direct banking, virtual currency and other formats, more emerging formats may be generated in the future to provide more convenient and high-quality assets for all walks of life< 9. O2o innovation has evolved from a seemingly united to a substantialized one.

as one of the models of entrepreneurship and innovation, o2o, after several years of development, is returning from blind obedience to rationality. The combination of online and offline has become an irresistible trend, from the formalism which seems to be in harmony with each other to the substantive counter evolution. More and more enterprises understand that any mode is not omnipotent on the road of exploring o2o, and begin to explore and innovate according to the specific situation of enterprises, and realize breakthrough innovation with the help of o2o

10. The market atmosphere of emerging countries is active, and China may take a further step to lead the world in the future.

in recent years, the wave of Internet innovation has swept the world, and the markets of emerging countries such as China and India are becoming more and more influential in the international market. Under the new economic normal, China's active innovation atmosphere has attracted the world's attention. Innovation in the fields of science and technology, retail, finance, investment, instry, manufacturing and so on is graally in line with international standards. With the advent of instry 4.0, China may take another step forward to lead the world in the future. In the process of this opportunity, more excellent and more keen Chinese enterprises will have a series of special strategic opportunities, which are exciting
related information: analysis report on China's Internet instry market outlook and investment strategic planning from 2016 to 2021