Decentralization of industrial organization

1.

please focus on the bold part:

Internet thinking, in the mobile Internet plus big data, cloud computing and other technology development background, the market, users, procts, enterprise value chain and even the whole business ecosystem to reconsider the way of thinking. P>

first put forward the Internet thinking is the founder of network company Robin Li. In a large-scale activity on the Internet, Robin Li first discussed the word "Internet thinking" when Robin Li explored the development issues with the boss and entrepreneur of traditional instries. He said that we entrepreneurs should have Internet thinking in the future. Maybe what you do is not Internet, but your way of thinking should graally think from the perspective of Internet. Now a few years later, this concept has been graally recognized by more and more entrepreneurs, even people from all walks of life and fields outside the enterprise. But the word "Internet thinking" has evolved into a number of different interpretations

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the way of thinking in the Internet era is not limited to Internet procts and Internet enterprises. The Internet here refers not only to desktop Internet or mobile Internet, but also pan Internet, because the future network form must span all kinds of terminal devices, such as desktop, notebook, tablet, mobile phone, watch, glasses, etc. Internet thinking is to rece the dimension, let the Internet instry take the initiative to integrate the real instry

How does Internet thinking come into being? Proctivity determines the relationship of proction. To a certain extent, the technical characteristics of the Internet will affect its logic at the commercial level. The unit of instrial society is tangible atom, while the basic medium of Internet world is intangible bit. This means that economics in the era of instrial civilization is a kind of scarcity economics, while economics in the era of Internet is a kind of abundance economics. According to Moore's law and other theories, the three basic elements of the Internet bandwidth, storage and server will be unlimited free. In the Internet economy, monopoly of proction, sales and communication will no longer be possible

Moreover, a network Internet has no central node, it is not a hierarchical structure. Although different points have different weights, no point is absolutely authoritative. So the technical structure of the Internet determines its inner spirit, which is decentralized, distributed and equal. Equality is a very important basic principle of the Internet

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in a network society, the value of an "indivial" and an "enterprise" is determined by the breadth and thickness of the connecting point. The wider and thicker your connection, the greater your value. This is also the basic feature of the pure information society. Your information content determines your value. So opening becomes a necessary means of survival. If you don't open up, you can't get more connections

Therefore, the Internet business model must be built on the basis of equality and openness, and Internet thinking must reflect the characteristics of equality and openness. Equality and openness mean democracy and humanization. In this sense, the Internet economy is a real people-oriented economy

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in the era of agricultural civilization, the most important assets are land and farmers. In the instrial era, the most important assets are capital, machinery (machinery is solidified capital) and alienated people on the assembly line. In the early instrial age, the most important consideration was the alienated man, because man was also treated as a machine. People are just screws in the assembly line

in the era of knowledge economy, the core resources are data and knowledge workers, which Drucker said at the end of last century. Enterprise management will also move from the traditional multi-level to a more flat, more network, more ecological way. Let knowledgeworker truly create value and become the most important and needed breakthrough place for any organization and the whole society

2. Q: What is blockchain technology? A: Blockchain technology can be understood as a public accounting mechanism. It is a technical solution rather than a specific proct. The basic idea is to establish a set of public account books on the Internet, in which all users in the network keep accounts and check accounts together, so as to ensure the authenticity and non tamperability of information. The reason why it is called "blockchain" is that the structure of blockchain storage data is composed of a chain of "storage blocks" on the network. Each block contains all the information exchange data in the network within a certain period of time, and the chain continues to grow over time. Q: What is the relationship between blockchain and bitcoin? A: Bitcoin used to be one of the most successful applications of blockchain technology. Specifically, the blockchain is a series of data blocks generated by the use of cryptography Association, and each data block contains the information of effective confirmation of multiple bitcoin network transactions. It can be said that bitcoin is a "killer application" of blockchain idea. Blockchain is the underlying technology of bitcoin, but its role is not limited to bitcoin. Q: What are the technical features of blockchain? A: Based on open source software and peer-to-peer network, blockchain can bring more advantages than traditional network in currency related fields such as transaction payment. These advantages include: decentralization, no need to trust the system, disintermediation, tamper proof, encryption security. Q: How does blockchain technology improve the authenticity and non tamperability of data? A: The newly added data blocks are linearly added to the end of the original block in chronological order, which constitutes the blockchain. In this process, the data is distributed in each computer. This decentralized storage method improves the authenticity and non tamperability of the data. When a transaction occurs, users all over the world can act as regulators. If we do not recognize the legitimacy of the transaction, the transaction cannot be concluded, and the data on the blockchain is maintained by us collectively. Q: Is there any potential defect in such a brain burning "blockchain"? A: Blockchain also has some defects to be solved, such as security risks, work efficiency and resource consumption. Since the supervision of blockchain depends on all nodes in the network, theoretically speaking, if you master more than 50% of the computing power of the whole network, you will be able to successfully tamper with and forge blockchain data. Secondly, e to the distributed storage, each node in the blockchain needs to keep a database, and any transaction in the network needs to be authenticated and recorded by other nodes, so the efficiency of the system is low. Finally, because the operation of the blockchain relies on the computing power contributed by the network nodes, these computing power do not proce actual social value, so it is generally considered that these computing power resources are "wasted". Application of blockchain in various fields when blockchain technology is published, many people think it is possible to realize DAC. DAC (full name) can be translated into distributed autonomous system, which refers to an organization system that runs autonomously without intervention and management through a series of open and fair rules. DAC has many forms. It may be a digital currency, a system or an entity, or even a driverless car. This kind of organization system can provide valuable services for customers in the form of currency transfer (such as bitcoin), asset transaction, domain name service, or any other business model. Therefore, through the idea of information sharing, blockchain technology is likely to bring profound changes in cost rection and security improvement to various instries. Application scenarios that existing blockchain technology can achieve: proof of existence can be used to confirm rights in the field of Internet finance, that is, blockchain can really realize "proving your mother is your mother". The smart contract guarantees the validity of the contract, such as the generation required by the electronic signature law; Reliability of methods for storing or transmitting data messages; The reliability of the method of maintaining content integrity; The reliability of the method used to identify the sender. The blockchain of the Internet of things can solve the problem of the coding standard interaction interface of the Internet of things. When an e-signature is signed by identity verification, the signature data is only under the exclusive control of the signer. Any changes to the e-signature after signing can be found, and any changes to the content and form of the data message after signing can also be found. The market forecasting community, August, is an example. Anyone can access and use August anywhere in the world, which may bring unprecedented liquidity and trading volume to the market. Asset trading NASDAQ OMX Group Inc is testing blockchain technology, which NASDAQ believes has the opportunity to transform traditional financial trading methods into bitcoin like ones. The bitcoin mode of e-commerce can be applied directly. Is it possible for e-commerce to become a "harmonious" market without supervision? Social news magmavc has invested $400000 in getgems (formerly known as gems), a start-up project for decentralized social communications applications. File storage directly impacts and even subverts the traditional cloud computing architecture. Chain, a data API blockchain API service provider, has received a $9.5 million investment led by Khosla ventures. Wall Street's financial companies are investing in blockchain and seizing the beach. Visa, NASDAQ and Citigroup also invested in chain, an old Jinshan blockchain start-up, with a financing amount of US $30 million. In the financial field, what can blockchain do? Specifically, in the financial field, in addition to providing a trading platform for bitcoin, Jiuding investment believes that blockchain technology can also greatly improve various asset trading systems other than the existing digital currency. For example, it plays an important role in the post transaction market proceres such as the liquidation and settlement of financial derivatives, foreign exchange, private equity, energy credit linked investment procts and other assets. In terms of speed, the time required for settlement audit in the U.S. securities market is 2 to 3 days. The application of blockchain technology is expected to rece the settlement audit time from hour level to minute level or even second level, thus recing the settlement risk by 99%, and recing the capital cost and system risk. In the blockchain, transaction confirmation and settlement are carried out at the same time. After the node transaction is confirmed by the system, it is automatically written into the distributed ledger, and the corresponding distributed ledgers of all other nodes are updated at the same time. The automatic operation mechanism can greatly shorten the settlement cycle. In terms of expenses, under the current settlement mechanism, in order to achieve a shorter settlement cycle, it is necessary to increase the settlement cost and initial investment expenses significantly. The emergence of blockchain technology makes it possible to rece the settlement cycle more efficiently and quickly, and rece the transaction intermediate proceres, so as to save a lot of money, which is the market space of the related blockchain instry. In terms of security, the integration of blockchain technology into smart contract technology can process complex derivatives transactions programmatically, making clearing more standardized and automated. The time linear stacking feature of the block itself can help the regulators identify and discover illegal operations. At the same time, the smart contract can change the compliance inspection into automation and minimize the possibility of violation from the beginning of liquidation. The 24-hour uninterrupted operation of blockchain technology can also make the data exchange processing of Pan state exchange more stable and reliable. In addition to securities transaction settlement, blockchain can also be used to register and issue digital asset ownership. Blockchain technology can greatly enhance program automation, while smart contract can write many complex derivatives trading terms into the registration and issuance program supported by blockchain technology. When a transaction occurs, blockchain network can quickly and correctly execute. In November 2015, LINQ, a new blockchain technology project cooperated by Nasdaq and chain, has completed the first private equity transaction using the blockchain based issuance and trading platform. The application prospect of blockchain in the field of accounting has also attracted the attention of a large number of people in the instry. Accounting, auditing and compilation cost a lot for global enterprises and the four accounting firms. Automatic accounting based on blockchain technology can greatly rece the relevant costs. The company does not need to recruit special auditors to audit the account book, and all transactions can be stored in the internal blockchain. Due to the irreversibility and time stamp function of the blockchain, the external auditors and regulators of the four major accounting firms can monitor the company's account books in real time by tracking these blockchains. At the same time, the institutions can greatly rece the dependence on the auditors to audit financial transactions and make the audit business more efficient. With the increasing maturity and application expansion of blockchain technology, blockchain start-ups in developed countries have sprung up. At present, the world's leading blockchain companies generally focus on transaction, payment, clearing, Internet of things and other pain point businesses. Some companies have achieved a certain scale, and have developed a relatively clear business model. At the same time, many companies have extended their business in the blockchain instrial chain, covering payment, transaction, risk control, etc., making full use of the multi-point coordination effect. At present, Jiuding investment is also focusing on the projects and applications of various blockchain technologies.

3. Haier is now building a borderless platform model. Decentralization and borderless is the performance of Haier's strategy. Since 2005, Haier has been innovating its organizational structure, introcing the form of "independent business entity", breaking the organizational boundary and taking the road of platform transformation. Centralize the vertical structure of the organization, abolish the bureaucracy, and establish a self driving and sharing platform mechanism among departments and processes. The significance of this improvement lies in connecting more than two supply and demand sides through the unbounded way of thinking, creating a huge potential value

management ideas and models that are worth learning

4. At present, China's economy has entered a new normal of speed shifting, structural optimization and power transformation. To promote mass entrepreneurship and innovation is to encourage mass entrepreneurs to apply new technologies, develop new procts, create new demands, cultivate new markets, create new formats, and inject a steady stream of power and vitality into economic development
first, public innovation and entrepreneurship is a new driving force to maintain "medium and high speed". From the perspective of expanding consumer demand, promoting mass innovation and entrepreneurship will accelerate the establishment of market-oriented entrepreneurial ecology, help entrepreneurs to proce high-quality niche procts that meet personalized and diversified consumer demand, tap the rich gold mine in the "long tail" of the instry, and fully stimulate and release new consumption potential; From the perspective of increasing investment demand, public innovation and entrepreneurship will guide social capital to invest in new technologies, new procts, new business forms and new business models, continuously create new investment space, innovate investment and financing methods, and maintain high-speed economic growth
secondly, innovation and Entrepreneurship of the public is a new way to move towards "middle and high end". Mass innovation and entrepreneurship can cultivate a large number of start-ups, new instrial forms and new economic growth points in the fields of Internet, intelligent manufacturing and other emerging instries as well as the cross-border integration of traditional and emerging instries. On the one hand, it will drive the transformation and upgrading of traditional instries; on the other hand, some of these start-ups are bound to stand out and grow into the "little giants" of science and technology, which will push the instrial structure towards the middle and high end
thirdly, mass innovation and entrepreneurship is a new way to organize innovative instries. With the opening and popularization of Internet and open source technology platform to mass entrepreneurs, indivials can become the organizational allocators of instrial resources, and decentralized self-organized proction begins to appear, which drives the traditional mass proction to develop towards flexibility, intelligence and specialization. On demand proction and mass customization are becoming a reality. As an important role in the instrial ecology, open social network enables users to directly participate in proct conception, design, manufacturing, improvement and other links, and fully exchange proct creativity, experience and indivial needs with entrepreneurs“ The financing mode and proction mode of crowdfunding, crowdsourcing and crowdsourcing will optimize the closed instrial resource allocation mode and make intellectual resources, instrial resources and social capital flow more freely
fourthly, mass innovation and entrepreneurship can promote social vertical mobility. China's reform and opening up has greatly improved people's living standards for more than 30 years, but social problems such as income distribution system, basic social security, urban-rural al economic structure still exist, and there are institutional obstacles of "glass ceiling" for the development of people at the bottom of society and young people. To promote public innovation and entrepreneurship is to break all institutional barriers, promote the free distribution of social resources and social wealth, let everyone who has the desire to innovate and entrepreneurship have the space to start their own businesses, let everyone who has a dream have the opportunity to make a brilliant life, and let all the people, especially the young people and children from poor families, have more upward channels
fifthly, mass innovation and entrepreneurship is concive to meeting people's highest needs. Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory regards self realization as the highest need of human beings. The rapid development of economy has basically met the needs of people's material life. More and more people need to create to meet the needs of self realization. The fundamental goal of mass entrepreneurship and innovation is to create a development channel for the people to meet the needs of life and realize the value of life, so that the spirit of independent development becomes popular among the people, and every cell of the society maintains a positive attitude and spirit of continuous pursuit of excellence
sixth, public innovation and entrepreneurship can promote social equity and justice. To realize mass innovation and entrepreneurship, we should improve the legal environment, streamline administration and delegate power, build a legal government, an innovative government, a clean government and a service-oriented government, and promote the modernization of national governance system and governance capacity. The government should constantly strengthen its own construction, enhance its executive power and credibility, remove all unfair, unreasonable policy and institutional obstacles that restrict the people's innovation and creation, let the government's power run in the sun, let the people who have the power not to be willful nor dare to be willful, and let the people feel the wind of fairness and justice.

5. Literature can neither prosper the country nor subjugate the country
we should not exaggerate the position of literature blindly, but literature itself should not belittle itself

Derrida is a French philosopher who just died. When he was young, Derrida loved literature, and literature became an important territory to build his personal spiritual boundary. He was asked, why do you love literature

he replied: because, in such a unique way, literature is associated with what is called truth, fiction, illusion, science, philosophy, law, rights and democracy.

6.

Find the English version of the answer, here can't paste link to download, you can provide an email, I'll send it to you

The screenshot of

is as follows:

7. What direction are you going to write your liberal arts thesis? Has the teacher approved the topic selection? Is there an outline for the teacher to look at the writing direction
did the teacher tell you which direction to write the paper in? Before writing a paper, you must write an outline so that the teacher can determine the framework and avoid major changes in the process of revising the paper in the future
pay attention to the format requirements and writing standards of the school, otherwise it is likely to be sent back for revision. If you still have something you don't understand or don't understand, please ask me. I hope you can graate smoothly and move towards a new life
topic selection is not only the most perplexing problem for college students, but also the key to graation thesis writing. Students must attach great importance to topic selection. Students should understand that topic selection is the decisive factor for the success of thesis. Topic selection determines the goal of research thinking, the value of research results and the success or failure of graation thesis writing
in the specific topic selection of graation thesis, we must master the steps and methods of topic selection, as well as the writing method of graation thesis opening report, if we choose topics that are realistic and meaningful, more suitable for ourselves, and easier to create new ideas
the topic selection of graation thesis is the key link to determine the quality of the thesis, the first step of research practice, and also the first step to complete the graation thesis. The establishment of the topic selection, the choice of materials, the arrangement of structure, the judgment of innovation, the choice of demonstration methods, etc., provide the basis for thesis writing. The so-called topic selection is to choose the topic of graation thesis. The topic selection of graation thesis is a creative thinking activity, which is based on students' theoretical knowledge, practical experience and information accumulation, through careful screening, comprehensive analysis, repeated deliberation and imagination refining. Therefore, the topic selection is an organic combination of extensive and concentrated. College students must grasp the latest information resources as soon as possible, accumulate rich knowledge and experience as much as possible, and form their own unique opinions as soon as possible, so as to lay a solid foundation for the topic selection of graation thesis< The significance of topic selection of graation thesis
Einstein said that in the face of science, "raising problems is often more important than solving problems". Putting forward problems is the first step to solve problems. Therefore, correct topic selection and appropriate topic selection can achieve twice the result with half the effort<
topic selection determines the goal of research and thinking
graation thesis is different from proposition thesis. Students need to think, discover and choose what topics to write. Some students choose the wrong topic, research and thinking into a dead end, can not write down, had to change the topic, start again, a waste of time and energy, some students choose the right topic, very smoothly finished. Thus, it can be seen that "half of a good paper is written", and topic selection is the decisive factor for the success of the paper, which determines the goal of the paper research and thinking. Bacon, a British scientist, said that "if the goal itself is not set right, it is impossible to run the right way." a lame person who keeps the right road will always drive a good runner who takes the wrong road. Not only that, it is obvious that if a person runs the wrong road, the more active he is, the more lost he is< In fact, topic selection is to determine what to write, that is, to determine the direction and goal of research and thinking. If "what to write" is not clear, "how to write" is out of the question. The motivation of topic selection is to find problems, because only by finding problems can we find the goal of research and thinking. In the process of topic selection, the research direction is graally clear, the research goal is more and more concentrated, and finally we can grasp the topic to carry out thesis writing
the value of research results depends on the topic selection
there are two aspects to determine the value of research results: theoretical value and practical value. The theoretical value is to make a new breakthrough in theory, which is of pioneering significance or enriches and improves the original theory; Practical value is that it has guiding significance in practical activities, promotes practical work and proces practical benefits. The theoretical and practical value of graation thesis is closely related to the topic selection. Topic selection determines the value of research results. If the selected topic has been demonstrated and successfully solved by others for a long time, it can't be supplemented and expanded from another angle. Even if a lot of effort is spent, the structure and language of the article are also good. No matter how rigorous the argument is, it has no value. If the topic is meaningful, the article will be meaningful<
topic selection determines the success or failure of graation thesis
proper topic selection directly affects the quality of graation thesis and determines the success or failure of graation thesis. Students should consider their own knowledge structure, professional expertise, research ability, the difficulty of data sources and other specific conditions. If the subject selection is far from the subjective and objective conditions that students should have, the research will be difficult to achieve success, and the paper will inevitably end in failure. Topic selection is the foundation work of writing graation thesis. Once the topic is determined, the whole process of writing should focus on it. The selection of information, the establishment of thesis points, the drafting of outline, and the selection of literature should be centered on it. If we deviate from it, the thesis will inevitably fail. Topic selection determines the direction and speed of thesis writing. When the topic selection is set, the direction of writing is clear. Students can collect relevant information as soon as possible according to the needs of research, enter the research process as soon as possible, and find solutions to problems as soon as possible. Naturally, the faster the thesis is close to success.

9. 1、 The research scope and development stage of instrial economics
in economics, instry is usually defined as a collection of enterprises that proce the same kind of (strictly speaking, it has strong substitutability) goods. At this time, instry and "market" are synonymous, because only enterprises that proce the same kind of procts for the same market can form the same instry, All the enterprises in the same instry play games with each other in the same market, compete and pursue the goal of maximizing profits (MA Guangqi, 2000). Of course, the market here refers to the narrow sense of the local market, rather than the broad sense of the general market. Therefore, at first, instrial economics only focused on specific instries, focusing on instrial organization, instrial scale economy and the relationship of competition and monopoly among enterprises in the instry. Later, it was graally extended to instrial structure, instrial association and instrial policy by economic theorists, and formed the corresponding theoretical framework. The theory of instrial structure studies the relationship between instries and the regularity of their evolution; ① Instrial relevance theory describes the relevance between instries from the perspective of technology and economy; Instrial policy theory studies instrial structure policy, organization policy, technology policy, layout policy and so on. From the perspective of research scope, in European and American countries, instrial economics is in essence a narrow sense of instrial economics, that is, instrial organization, which focuses on the study of instrial organization. It takes mature and perfect market economy as the prerequisite, and seldom considers the influence of institutional factors on instrial organization. Its research content mainly includes three interrelated aspects: SCP paradigm under imperfect competition, the goal, scale and organization of enterprises, and public policies related to instrial organization, such as regulation and anti-monopoly. In Japan, China and other Asian countries, instrial structure, instrial association and instrial policy are also included in instrial economics, which expands the research scope of instrial economics and is traditionally called generalized instrial economics
from the perspective of development track, the construction and development of instrial economics discipline has generally experienced three stages, namely, the embryonic stage, the formation stage and the deepening stage< In terms of the relationship between theory and practice, the research of instrial economic theory is rooted in the development of social division of labor and the continuous emergence of new instries. With the development of social division of labor and socialized commodity proction, the relationship between instries and enterprises within the instry is becoming more and more complex. It is objectively necessary for theoretical circles to study its operation law. In fact, the need of this kind of research has been strengthened with the in-depth evolution of social division of labor, and the theoretical circle has already begun its research process to meet this objective need. In this way, instrial economics has a long history, which can be traced back to the classical economist Adam Smith (A., 1776). In his research on the nature and causes of national wealth, he put forward two principles that later generations respected: one is the theory of market competition mechanism, the other is the theory of division of labor. These two principles are concerned with the market behavior of manufacturers under the market system of free competition, which has a direct impact on the later research of instrial organization theory in instrial economics. After that, Marshall (1890), the British neoclassical economist, absorbed his theoretical nutrition and put forward the concept of "instrial organization" for the first time and introced it into economics. When he discussed proction factors in the book "principles of economics", he enriched the theory of labor, capital and land proction, put forward the fourth factor, namely organization, and pointed out that the core problem of resource allocation efficiency is the problem of internal scale economy and external competitive vitality. He believes that the pursuit of economies of scale will inevitably lead to the development of monopoly, and monopoly will hinder and destroy the role of price mechanism, so that prices are controlled by human factors, thus strangling the driving force of economic development - free competition, making economic operation lose vitality, and destroying the rational distribution of social resources. Therefore, the internal contradiction between scale economy and competitive vitality is called "Marshall conflict" by later generations
Marshall lived in an era in which the market economy of free competition was still dominant and monopoly was not common. However, at the beginning of the 20th century, monopolistic economic organizations graally formed. In the 1930s, Chamberlain and Robinson put forward the theory of incomplete competition, which analyzed monopolistic competition and oligopoly market, and played an important role in promoting the development of instrial organization theory. Nevertheless, the instrial economics is still in its infancy, and the real instrial economics has not yet formed< During this period, the theory of instrial structure began to sprout. As early as the 17th century, the British classical political economist W. petty discussed the relative income gap between the three instries (that is, agriculture is less than manufacturing, manufacturing is less than commerce) in his political arithmetic, and pointed out that this gap is an important reason for the flow of labor force between instries. This laid a solid foundation for the study of inter instry relationship and intra instry structure< In the 1930s, the United States was in the stage of instrialized large-scale proction. The economy of large-scale proction and the substitution of enterprise organizations had a great impact on market competition. The instrial organization research group, represented by Mason and Bain, was established in Harvard University. They inherited the previous research results, summarized the practice of instrial organization policy in the United States for decades, and used empirical analysis, case analysis and econometric methods to analyze the price and cost under the condition of large-scale proction, the influence of large enterprises on the market price, and the conditions of competitive market, It forms a complete system of instrial organization theory. Its landmark achievement is the publication of Bain's Book Instrial Organization (1959). In this book, Bain defined the meaning of instrial organization and summarized it as various types of market relations among different enterprises in the instry, namely, their transaction relations, resource ownership relations, interest relations and behavior relations; This paper puts forward three basic categories of market structure, market behavior and market performance, analyzes the relationship among them, and forms the "SCP" analysis paradigm focusing on the study of market structure. This is what later generations call the mainstream instrial organization theory. Since then, Scheler's book "instrial market structure and market performance" (1970) has been published, which puts forward a more complete SCP paradigm and makes the theory of instrial organization more mature< In the view of Harvard School, market structure mainly includes concentration, proct differentiation, economies of scale, barriers to entry and government regulation, corporate behavior mainly involves collusion and strategic behavior, advertising and research and development, and market performance includes resource allocation efficiency, profit margin, proctivity, etc. They believe that there is a progressive causal relationship among the three factors. The market structure determines the market behavior of enterprises, and the market behavior determines the performance of resource allocation. Therefore, in order to achieve good market performance, we must take positive anti trust policies and government regulation to improve the market structure and regulate the market behavior of enterprises. Because Harvard school attaches great importance to the decisive role of market structure on market behavior and market performance, it is also called structuralism school
with the formation of instrial organization theory, instrial structure theory has also developed rapidly. In the 1930s, the Australian Economist a.g.b. Fisher established three instrial classifications for the first time, which called the instry that directly obtained material information from nature the primary instry, namely agriculture in a broad sense; The instry that processes and reprocesses the procts from nature is called the second instry, which is the manufacturing instry in a broad sense (including mining instry); All other economic activities other than the primary and secondary instries are collectively referred to as the tertiary instry. Since then, the British economist C. G. Clark, based on the research of petty and Fisher, used the economic statistics of many countries to further reveal the regularity of the distribution and transfer of labor force among the three instries, which was later called the "petty Clark theory". At the same time, the German economist w.g.hoffmann also studied the relationship among various instries within the instry, further subdivided the instry into consumer goods instry, capital goods instry and other instries, and demonstrated that the proportion of the net output value of consumer goods instry to that of capital goods instry is declining with the process of instrialization. And through econometric analysis, it comes to the conclusion that the proportion of consumer goods instry is graally decreasing, while the proportion of capital goods instry is graally increasing, which is "Hoffman theorem". By the middle of the 20th century, S.S. Kuznets, an American economist, used the data of more than 20 countries to deeply investigate the evolution trend of the distribution structure of national income among the three instries. W. Leontief also created the input-output method, which analyzed the relationship between instries and made an important contribution to the development of instrial relevance theory< (3) deepening stage (since 1970)
since 1970, instrial economics has entered a new stage of deepening development. On the one hand, the mainstream instrial organization theory founded by Harvard School has been continuously developed and improved, on the other hand, it has been criticized and challenged. Therefore, the development of instrial organization theory is divided into two main lines:
one is the "new instrial organization" which represents the mainstream school and continues to advance along the SCP paradigm, and its representatives are cowling, Watson, Baumol and so on. They show the following characteristics in the research of instrial organization: in the research direction, they no longer emphasize the market structure, but highlight the market behavior. In terms of research methods, we mainly use mathematical methods and game theory to establish a series of theoretical models to study enterprise behavior; The analysis of economic welfare is more in-depth and has many unique features. Compared with Scheler's SCP paradigm, the new instrial organization theory pays special attention to enterprise behavior. It regards the initial conditions of the market and enterprise behavior as exogenous variables, while the market structure is regarded as endogenous variables, and there is no feedback line between them. These can be regarded as the revision and supplement to the traditional SCP paradigm< Another route is the rise of other non mainstream instrial organization theories led by Chicago school. The representatives are Stigler, Demsetz, y. brozen and others. In his book Instrial Organization (1968), Stigler put forward the following main points: (1) he explored the motivation and root of enterprise merger, and believed that the motivation of enterprise merger does not lie in the realization of scale economy, as long as there is no significant scale economy, merger will still occur 2) This paper puts forward the theory of instrial life cycle, discusses the relationship between internal division of labor and social division of labor, and explains the phenomenon of professional division and vertical integration in instry 3) The optimal scale of manufacturers is discussed. This paper holds that the optimal scale depends on many factors that are difficult to observe and measure, and creatively puts forward the viewpoint that the principle of "survivor technology" is used to determine the optimal scale of the manufacturer: that is, the scale that can survive in the long-term competition is the optimal scale 4) In depth study of the "Jin"