Calculating rudder force with Atlas method

1. Calculation method of steering gear power:
steering gear power = speed × Torque

steering gear is a kind of large deck machinery on ships. The size of the steering gear is decided by the outfitting according to the classification society's specifications, and the torque is mainly considered when selecting the type. The steering gear is mainly composed of shell, circuit board, coreless motor, gear and position detector. Its working principle is that the receiver sends a signal to the steering gear, the IC on the circuit board judges the direction of rotation, and then drives the coreless motor to start to rotate. The power is transmitted to the swing arm through the rection gear, and the signal is sent back by the position detector to judge whether the positioning has been reached.

2. I am familiar with the rudder, so explain the torque of the rudder:
the hydraulic rudder turns the rudder stock through the rudder stock, so as to turn the rudder blade to change the ship's course. The torque of the rudder is the most important parameter of the rudder, which means the torque required to drive the rudder stock. For the hydraulic rudder:
the torque of the rudder = P * r * s, p-system pressure; S-sectional area of plunger cylinder; R-tiller radius

3.

This paper analyzes the performance constants of Bismarck warship, such as protection, firepower and mobility, including all the known advantages and disadvantages. The conclusions are as follows:

1. Bismarck's side protection can not be penetrated by any enemy warship firepower under normal combat conditions. Its main and auxiliary ammunition storehouse, engine room and boiler room will not be shot into the shell, which is superior to the battleships of all other countries in this performance

Bismarck's horizontal protection can resist all the shells falling within the effective range, and its defense ability against conventional aerial bombs is also very outstanding. The horizontal protection capability of the ammunition depot section is at the same level as that of the Yamato class and liserev class battleships, and the horizontal protection capability of the power cabin section is at the same level as that of the Iowa class and South Dakota class battleships

The Bismarck warship has excellent lightning protection performance and anti sinking performance, which can be immune to the damage of medium and light (below 300kg hexanite charge) torpedoes to the inner cabin and withstand a large number of heavy torpedo attacks without sinking

The structure strength of Bismarck's main body is very high, even when the warship is destroyed, it is difficult to fracture and twist greatly

British and German shipboard metallurgical material technology is at the top of the world. The vertical arrangement of the side armor of the new main ships of the two countries is the proct of their superior armor quality, not because the British and German designers are inferior to the designers of other countries

The Bismarck warship has excellent stability and strong anti overturning ability. Under the normal condition of damage control system, it is not feasible to overturn by breaking through the water in the main side armor belt

The Bismarck warship is a stable and ideal shooting platform, and its artillery is easy to take advantage of its precision

Bismarck's main and auxiliary ammunition storehouse not only has excellent bulletproof performance, but also has absolute management safety. Even if the warship capsizes or sinks, it will not be killed, which is much better than most warships of other countries in the world

Taking the battleship Tirpitz as an example, Bismarck's air defense capability is basically equivalent to that of the British and Japanese battleships in the later stage

There is no filter chamber between Bismarck's main lightning protection armor and the power cabin. Although the shells fired into the absorption cabin can be resisted by 45mm main lightning protection armor, the shock wave generated by the explosion inside the ship will tear the 8mm watertight back plate at the joint of 45mm main lightning protection armor and let the power cabin near the side enter the water

11. In the middle and long range, the 180mm inclined wh armor plate above the Bismarck turret is easier to be broken down than the 360mm KCN / a armor plate in front, which causes the weakness of turret protection

If Bismarck's turret is hit by the same level shells and not broken down, it may also fail. This is the common feature of most main ship turrets, but there are still some differences among countries. The German main ship turret is better than the British 4-joint 356mm turret and 3-joint 406mm turret, which are not hit by the shell and may break down e to their own volley vibration. The situation of the German main ship turret is basically the same as that of the Japanese main ship turret. The best is the turret of the French main ship. If there is no operational error, the other half can work normally even if it is destroyed

The performance of ST42 shipbuilding steel used in Bismarck's stern hull is worse than that of ST52 shipbuilding steel used in the middle and the bow. In addition, the weight of the stern structure is too saving, which leads to easy damage. At the same time, all large German warships have this problem

Bismarck's two rudders are arranged side by side and close to each other. A torpedo hitting this position can cause the warship to lose control. Only the Veneto class warship with single rudder and double rudders and the Yamato class warship with single rudder and double rudders can overcome this problem to some extent

Although Bismarck's engine room and boiler room will not be directly shot by the shell, some parts of the whole power system can not be protected by heavy armor, such as the propeller, part of the transmission shaft, boiler intake and exhaust passage. These parts will also cause damage to the power system, which can not be overcome by any warship

the final sinking of Bismarck and tilpitz does not mean that it is meaningless for German warships to emphasize defense, but the role of a single warship is not so great that it can overwhelm the whole Royal Navy and air force. Technically speaking, Bismarck is a warship with excellent performance. Although there are still some shortcomings, it does not prevent it from becoming a warship with excellent performance that can overcome or compete with any new battleships except Daiwa. People praise Bismarck because its strength is shown at the right time, which is in line with most people's aesthetics

the long river of time has washed away the hatred, but can not erase the name of the brave. The great battleship lies deep in the waves, and the story of heroes is sung by the former enemies and comrades in arms like the simultaneous interpreting of the song of the new one. The mottled warship condenses the glory and sorrow and joy of the German nation, as a loyal soldier and soldier, and the soul of the dead is pure and innocent. p>

therefore, it is a terror warship of World War II, and even the Japanese Yamato warship (the armor is thicker than the German warship, and the gun caliber is larger) can not be compared with it.

the perfect design and fine workmanship of the German, and its superior performance. The most important thing is that its skilled and experienced sailors and excellent commanding captain have created a generation of legends. Even today's warships may not have a single warship More than 10 warships of the same class + cruisers + other mixed fleets of the United Fleet are fearless in the face of danger

the tactics are correct and the artillery fire is accurate and fierce. In the eyes of the allied fleet, it is a fierce tiger that pours into a group of wolves. In the end, although it is shot several times, the enemy is still killed and retreated calmly, which makes the huge allied fleet dare only follow and dare not exchange fire

the allied fleet has been scared

4. The plane climbs with a rod and descends with a top rod. Looking at this picture, I think it may be e to the angle. Such a large attitude must be with a rod, but the amount of rod may not be much, because if you look carefully, the aircraft has flaps and uses afterburner, which means that the rod does not move. If you only increase the throttle, the aircraft will raise its head, and the increase of lift on the wing is relatively large, It causes the aircraft to have a pitching moment.

5. Steering gear
is mainly divided into standard steering gear and 14g
9g
7g steering gear, and each weight of steering gear
has 180 degree stroke and 360 degree stroke
there are also
digital steering gear
digital steering gear
ordinary steering gear,
Digital
digital steering gear has narrow frequency
broadband and other types
for example: Futaba
s9257 is broadband
bsl257 is narrowband
wideband and narrowband are designed to distinguish gyroscopes
the built-in 3-axis gyroscope can be used in narrow frequency range automatically
so the efficiency is higher
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6. I think you are a layman
1. The rudder and propeller of a ship are two systems. Although they are very close to each other, they are two different systems. There is no one who controls them. Their previous relationship is the hydrodynamic relationship, which is related to the stern half flow coefficient. A good design can improve the propulsion efficiency of the ship and rece the EEDI index< br />2 The functions of rudder and propeller are different. Rudder controls the ship's forward direction and propeller propels the ship forward. But at present, there are full rotation propellers, which can not only propel the ship forward, but also test their own rotation to control the ship's direction. But this is only used for ships with high maneuverability and maneuverability requirements, such as marine engineering support ship. It is unnecessary to install rudder device on such engineering ships
3. The steering gear in the engine room controls the movement of the rudder through linkage device and rudder stock; The main engine in the main engine cabin controls the movement of the propeller through the transmission of the shafting.

7. The empty steering gear can return to the center.. But installation doesn't work.. I tried.. There is always resistance in the steering assembly. Plus ground friction. It might be bigger.. Tested a pass... It should be that the torque of the steering gear is not enough

8. Specification for rudder system installation process
preface
1 Scope
this specification specifies the pre construction preparation, personnel, process requirements, process and inspection of rudder system installation
this specification is applicable to the installation of semi suspended rudder system of large steel sea going ships. Other types of rudder system installation can be referred to
2 terms and definitions
2.1 rudder horn
refers to the semi suspended rudder horn like component
2.2 semi suspended rudder
refers to the upper part of the rudder, which is supported on the rudder button (PIN) at the rudder arm, and the rudder suspended at the lower part
2.3 rudder blade
refers to the main part of rudder which proces rudder pressure
2.4 rudder button
refers to the projecting part of the trailing edge of the rudder arm for installing the rudder pin
2.5 rudder pin
refers to the pin or bolt used to connect the rudder to the rudder horn. Generally, it is made into conical body, which is called upper rudder pin and lower rudder pin respectively according to its position and function
2.6 connecting flange of rudder stock
refers to the mounting surface at the bottom of rudder stock which is perpendicular to rudder stock and used to connect with rudder blade
2.7 rudder stock
refers to the rotating rod connecting the rudder blade with the rudder or tiller to transfer the pitch of the rudder knob
2.8 upper rudder bearing
refers to the rudder bearing located at the rudder head to support the weight of rudder and its radial and axial forces
2.9 upper rudder bearing base
components supporting the upper rudder bearing
2.10 center line of rudder system
refers to the center line of rudder stock and its extension line
2.11 shafting center line
refers to the shafting center line and its extension line of the propeller< 1 Drawing
A) rudder system layout
b) rudder stock
C) upper and lower rudder button bushing
d) d) upper rudder bearing seat
e) e) upper rudder bearing
F) f) bolts and nuts on rudder stock
G) g) tiller installation drawing and steering gear installation drawing
H) H) others
3.2 site
remove the debris around the rudder blade installation at the stern of the ship. Near the track of the hydraulic trolley, all the scaffolds that hinder the operation of the hydraulic trolley should be removed. There should be enough lighting near the workplace. Besides the fixed lighting equipment, there should also be enough movable lighting equipment
4 personnel
4.1 installation personnel and inspection personnel should have professional knowledge, professional training and pass the examination before taking up their posts
4.2 the installation personnel and inspection personnel should read the drawings related to the system in advance, and if there is any problem, they should put forward it to the relevant department in advance for solution
4.3 the installation and inspection personnel should be familiar with the requirements of this specification and strictly abide by the process discipline and safe operation proceres
5 process requirements
5.1 rudder system installation should be carried out after the completion of hull tail structure welding, pyrotechnics and tightness test
5.2 the actual dimensions of rudder stock and rudder blade after completion shall be mastered for construction basis The acceptance report of quality inspection department can be used)
5.3 the pulling of rudder system center line and shafting center line should be carried out at the same time, and the construction should be carried out under the condition that the hull is not exposed to sunlight. Generally in the early morning, evening is appropriate. All operations that may cause vibration shall be stopped when pulling wires
5.4 the datum point of the rudder system shall be inspected and approved when pulling wires
5.5 after adjustment, the intersection deviation between rudder system and shafting is generally no more than 3mm, and the allowable limit is no more than 8mm
5.6 the deviation between the center of each hole and the center line of the rudder system shall not be more than 0.3mm after machining the rudder holes on the slipway or in the dock. The allowable limit is not more than 0.5mm
5.7 the center deviation of rudder and rudder stock is not more than 0.25 mm, and the allowable limit is not more than 0.5 mm
5.8 the interference of connecting reaming bolt between rudder and rudder stock is 0.005 ~ 0.015mm, and the limit should be greater than 0. The assembly can be carried out by freezing or pressing in
5.9 the roundness of bolt hole at the joint of rudder and rudder stock shall not be greater than 0.01, the cylindricity of bolt hole shall not be greater than 0.02, the roundness of bolt shall not be greater than 0.01, and the cylindricity of bolt shall not be greater than 0.02
5.10 when the bushing installed at the rudder button is made of synthetic material, its interference should be determined according to the manufacturer's calculation. The calculation of pressing force, freezing requirements and other process requirements are determined by the manufacturer. If stainless steel or bronze is used, the interference d1-d2 is 0-0.05mm, D1 is the outer diameter of bushing and D2 is the inner diameter of rudder button. When the above bushing is installed on the rudder button, e to interference, the hydraulic pressing method is generally adopted, and the pressing force shall meet the requirements provided by the technical department
5.11 the interference of the upper rudder bearing reaming stud is 0 ~ 0.02mm
5.12 the contact area between the upper rudder bearing and the deck base should be sealed with sealant
5.13 the center line of the upper rudder bearing base should coincide with the center line of the rudder stock. There is allowance at the lower end of the upper rudder bearing base, and the machining allowance of the panel is also organic. When installing the upper rudder bearing base, the dimensions of the rudder platform deck to the lower rudder pin and the lower end face should be measured first, so as to grasp the deformation of the deck, According to the actual situation, the allowance of the lower end of the upper rudder bearing base should be cut. At this time, whether the upper rudder bearing base panel has enough machining allowance should also be considered. The allowance should be processed together with the rudder arm
5.14 the bolt holes in the base of the upper rudder bearing should be drilled together with the upper rudder bearing
5.15 there are some bolts connecting the upper rudder bearing body and the base, and the surface roughness and interference of these bolts are good

9. It is calculated according to the automatic flight system. It can provide guidance for the aircraft ring the whole flight process, from take-off to automatic approach, landing and taxiing.

10. Labor saving