Decentralization of museums in the 30's

1. Museum catalogue
[historical development]
[Museum types]
[International Museum Day]
[Museum top]
[Museum Society of China]
[Museum related books]

from a certain point of view, understanding the past and present of a place starts from the museum. A museum is a history of materialization. Through the dialogue between cultural relics and history, through the barrier of time and space, people can overlook the ups and downs of history. From a young age, this is an important witness of the long history of the region; From the perspective of Dali, it is the spiritual link to maintain the unity and unity of the Chinese nation. The museum is not only a place for citizens to study their culture, but also one of the main places for citizens to have leisure. It is secondary to how much knowledge they can acquire. The main purpose of coming to the museum is to enjoy the rare quiet and elegant atmosphere and relax their tight heart strings in work and study. The cultural relics of the museum are displayed, exhibited, publicized and served to achieve the dialogue between history and present people. It has become an important part of urban cultural facilities. Museums play a very important role in the management of human cultural relics and natural relics
[edit this paragraph] [historical development]
Museum phenomenon first sprouted from people's collection consciousness. More than 4000 years ago, the rulers of Egypt and Mesopotamia paid attention to the search for treasures
in the 4th century B.C., Alexander the great of Macedon handed over many precious works of art and rare antiquities collected and plundered to his teacher Aristotle ring his military operations across Eurasia and Africa. Aristotle used these cultural heritages to teach and disseminate knowledge. After Alexander's death, his subordinate Ptolemy Soto established a new dynasty, continued to fight south and North, and collected more works of art. In the third century B.C., Ptolemy Soto built a muse temple in Alexandria, Egypt to collect cultural treasures. This "Muse Temple" is recognized as the earliest "Museum" in human history. The word "Museum" evolved from the Greek "Muse"
different from the museum we see today, the temple of Muse is actually a special research institution with a hall and a research room to display astronomical, medical, cultural and artistic collections. Scholars gather here to engage in research. It is said that Archimedes, the famous physicist who discovered the law of buoyancy in his bath, and Euclid, the famous mathematician, are all engaged in research work here
The Muse temple, the earliest Museum in human history, was destroyed by war in the 5th century
museums in modern sense appeared in the late 17th century. In the 18th century, there was a physician in England, Hans Sloan, who was a collector with a wide range of interests. In order to make his collection "integral and inseparable" forever, he decided to donate nearly 80000 pieces of his collection to the British royal family. The royal family decided to set up a national museum. In 1753, the British Museum was established. It became the first large museum open to the public in the world< In 1946, the International Association of museums was founded in Paris, France. In 1974, the association made a clear definition of Museum, and public welfare became its primary responsibility
since 1977, the International Association of museums has designated May 18 as "International Museum Day" every year, and a theme will be determined every year. This year is the 22nd International Museum Day with the theme of "Museum: a bridge between cultures"
no matter how brilliant civilization people had in the past, all of them will be obliterated by the st of history. Human beings are constantly creating civilization, but civilization cannot live forever - this is the eternal law. However, we can still find traces of these civilizations through a certain way, which is the museum
there is another saying: "Museum", as a word, first appeared in the book of mountains and seas, which means that it can identify many things The book of history calls the knowledgeable man "the gentleman of natural history" In the book of Han Dynasty, chuanzan of the king of Chu and Yuan Dynasty, there is also the meaning of "having a wide range of knowledge and understanding of the past and the present". In the latter half of the 19th century, China imitated Japan and began to take the word "natural history" as the name of a discipline. The content of "natural history" includes animals, plants, minerals, physiology and other knowledge
"Museum" and "Museum" as a name of cultural and ecational institutions appeared relatively late in China, only a hundred years ago. The word "Museum" in Japanese comes from the common word "Museum" in English, French and German, and the word "Museum" in Latin comes from the Greek word "meusion". It means a place dedicated to the nine goddesses meusin who are in charge of poetry, dance, music, art, science and other activities in Greek mythology
in ancient Greece, there was another institution which was close to modern museum in nature and was specially designed for the preservation of treasures, such as prints, jewelry, Royal flags, scepters and other precious ornaments. This treasure house is also found in other European countries. Until the Renaissance, with the expansion of the collection content, some of the original treasures graally used the popular Latin Museum at that time. In Munich, Germany, two museums with different names have existed for a long time. With the change of the times and the development of social ecation, the museum, which has changed its name and expanded its scale, has graally replaced the original treasure house and finally become a popular museum open to the masses< With the development of social culture, science and technology, the number and types of museums are increasing. The main basis for classifying Museum types is the nature and characteristics of museum collections, exhibitions and ecational activities. Secondly, it is the source of funds and service objects
■ foreign museums
foreign museums, mainly Western museums, are generally divided into four categories: Art Museum, history museum, science museum and special museum
art museums, including museums of painting, sculpture, decorative art, practical art and instrial art. There are also museums that include antiquities, folklore and primitive art. Some art museums also display modern art, such as film, drama and music. The world famous art museums include the Louvre Museum, the Metropolitan Museum of art and the national Hermitage Museum
historical museums include museums of national history and cultural history, as well as museums built on archaeological sites, historical sites or ancient battlefields. The National Museum of Anthropology of Mexico and the National Museum of human Archaeology of Peru are famous historical museums
science museums, including natural history museums. Museums involving celestial bodies, plants, animals, minerals, natural sciences, practical sciences and Technological Sciences also belong to this category. The British Museum of natural history, the American Museum of natural history, the palace of discovery in Paris and so on all belong to this category< Special museums include open-air museum, children's Museum and local museum. The latter covers the nature, history and art of the area. The famous ones are Brooklyn children's Museum, skanson open air museum, etc< The International Association of museums classifies zoos, botanical gardens, aquariums, nature reserves, science centers and planetariums, as well as long-term custodial institutions and exhibition halls in libraries and Archives into museums<
■ Museum of China
before 1988, the Great Wall Museum of Shanhaiguan was divided into three categories: specialized museum, Memorial Museum and comprehensive museum. The National Bureau of statistics also made statistics and released development figures according to these three categories of museums< The authorities and experts in charge of China's museum instry believe that at this stage, referring to the classification commonly used in the world and according to the actual situation in China, it is appropriate to divide China's museums into four categories: history, art, science and technology, and comprehensive categories:
historical museums display their collections from a historical point of view, such as the China History Museum, science and Technology Museum and comprehensive museum The museum includes Chinese Revolution Museum, Xi'an Banpo site museum, Qin Shihuang terracotta warriors and Horses Museum, Quanzhou Overseas traffic history museum, Jingdezhen Ceramic History Museum, Beijing Lu Xun Museum, Shaoshan Comrade Mao Zedong Memorial Hall, and the memorial hall of the site of the first National Congress of the Communist Party of China
Art Museums mainly display the artistic and aesthetic value of collections, such as the Palace Museum, Nanyang Han painting Museum, Guangdong folk arts and Crafts Museum, Beijing Dazhong Temple Ancient Bell Museum, Xu Beihong Memorial Hall, Tianjin drama Museum, etc
museums of nature and science display nature by classification, development or ecology, and display scientific achievements from macro or micro aspects by three-dimensional methods, such as China Geological Museum, Beijing nature museum, Zigong Dinosaur Museum, Taiwan Insect Science Museum, China Science and Technology Museum, Liuzhou Bailian cave Science Museum, etc
comprehensive museums display local natural, historical, revolutionary and artistic collections, such as Nantong Museum, Shandong Provincial Museum, Hunan Provincial Museum, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Museum, Heilongjiang Provincial Museum, Gansu Provincial Museum, etc< May 18 is the international museum day“ The word "Museum" comes from the Greek "Muse Temple", which originally means "the place where muses are sacrificed". Muse is the general name of the nine goddesses who are in charge of science and art in Greek mythology. They are in charge of history, astronomy, epic, love poem, lyric poem, tragedy, comedy, hymn and dance respectively. They represent all the humanistic activities in Greece at that time< In 1971, the International Association of museums held a conference in France to discuss the relationship between the cultural and ecational functions of museums and the future of human beings. In 1977, in order to promote the healthy development of the global museum cause and attract the public's understanding, participation and attention to the museum cause, the International Association of museums has designated May 18 as the international museum day since 1977, and determined the theme for the International Museum Day every year< The theme of 518 international museum day over the years:
the theme of 1992 is "museums and environment"
the theme of 1993 was "museums and indigenous people"
the theme of 1994 is "behind the scenes in museums"
the theme of 1995 is "response and responsibility"
the theme of 1996 is: collecting today for tomorrow< The theme of 1997 is "the fight against illegal traffic of cultural property"< The theme of 1998 is "fighting against the illegal trafficking and trading of cultural relics"
the theme of 1999 is "happiness of discovery"< The theme of 2000 is "museums for peace and harmony in society"< br />2001

2.

The museum is formally divided into three parts. The central part is the entrance, hall and museum garden; The west is the exhibition area; In the East, there are modern art galleries, ecational facilities, tea service and administrative functions. This part will also become the actual channel connecting with Zhongwang mansion

permanent exhibition hall: Exhibition Hall of Neolithic and Wu cultural relics, film and television hall and multi-function hall are arranged in the basement of the courtyard

special exhibition hall, modern art exhibition hall: the modern art exhibition hall is located on the first floor of East Road, and the special exhibition hall is located on the first floor. The special exhibition hall and modern art exhibition hall hold exhibitions of modern art at home and abroad from time to time, so as to enrich the cultural life of citizens

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Suzhou Museum focuses on visitors' space experience. Pei designed a main courtyard and a number of small inner courtyards with exquisite layout

among them, the most unique one is the north courtyard on the central axis, which not only enables visitors to see the features of Jiangnan waterscape through the glass in the lobby, but also connects the supplement garden of Humble Administrator's garden directly across the north wall, integrating the old and new landscape

3.

1. The first unit of exhibition hall No.1 -

farewell to the ape, with the remains of Lantian ape man, Dali Man, Xi'an Banpo, Lintong Jiangzhai and other ancestors 1.15 million years ago, represents the vigorous childhood of the Chinese nation and the dawn of civilization

The second unit, Fengming Qishan, takes Shaanxi Province as the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty, which is rich in relics and relics, and shows the political system, economic form, especially the ethical spirit and bronze casting technology of the early state of China

The third unit, Oriental Empire, focuses on the Qin cultural relics represented by terracotta warriors and horses. With its majestic momentum and distinctive military features, it shows the Qin Empire's system civilization, which sets an example for later generations, and the spirit of the times of being aggressive and unifying rivers and mountains

2. The fourth unit of exhibition hall No.2 is "the great wind of the Han Dynasty", which is composed of the Han capital Chang'an, the Han tombs and typical Han Dynasty cultural relics, such as Han gold cake, jade seal of "empress's seal" of the Western Han Dynasty, gold and Silver gilded bamboo section copper fumigation furnace of the Western Han Dynasty, painted bronze lamp of wild goose and fish of the Western Han Dynasty, painted pottery bell of the Western Han Dynasty, glazed pottery box with green cloud pattern of Han sauce, painted terracotta warriors of the Western Han Dynasty, and bronze mirror of Shanglin of the western Han Dynasty, It shows the prosperous economy, culture, opening up and communication of Han Dynasty, the first peak of social development in ancient China, and highlights its opening up and enterprising, pioneering and prosperous style of the times

The fifth unit, conflict and fusion, is based on the rich and exquisite cultural relics and religious relics of agricultural and grassland nationalities in Shaanxi Province, such as Han Jin monsters, Jin Gui Yi Qiang King's gold seal, Western Wei Dynasty Duguxin polyhedral coal essence seal, Sixteen Kingdoms Linghua Zige clothing Chengjin cuoni, Northern Wei Dynasty painted horse riding and horn blowing figurines, northern and Southern Dynasties painted shield Hu warrior figurines The three bronze statues of the gilded Buddhas and Bodhisattvas in the Northern Wei Dynasty show the characteristics of national integration, the eastward spread of Buddhism and the prosperity of culture and art

The sixth unit of the third exhibition hall, the weather of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, shows the cultural features of the most prosperous period of ancient China through the typical remains of the Sui and Tang Dynasties. Chang'an, the most prosperous international metropolis in the world at that time, the silk road connecting the East and the west, and the unprecedented height of the inclusive and innovative development of Sui and Tang cultures

The seventh unit, farewell to the capital, shows the unique cultural creation and spiritual inheritance of Shaanxi, as an important town in the West and the regional center in the Northwest after the Tang Dynasty

4. Mural Museum of Tang Dynasty

murals of Tang tombs are unique and precious collections of Shaanxi History Museum. There are nearly 600 murals of more than 20 Tang tombs, with an area of more than 1000 square meters

among them, 18 pieces of 5 pieces (Group) were classified as national treasure by the state, and 82 pieces of 69 pieces (Group) were classified as first-class procts

More than 30 pieces of jade, gems and other utensils were unearthed in Hejia village, including the animal head agate Cup "treasure of the town hall" of Shaanxi History Museum

6. Horse culture exhibition

Shaanxi History Museum also launches 6-7 large temporary exhibitions every year, such as "Xiao Teng Wan Li: Ancient Chinese horse culture exhibition"

the exhibition is hosted by Shaanxi History Museum and co sponsored by Xinjiang Museum, Gansu Museum, Shanxi Museum, Qinghai Provincial Museum and other 14 cultural and Museum institutions in China. The most distinctive cultural relics about horses are selected

7. Cultural preservation and restoration exhibition

"skillful hands and good doctors: cultural relics protection and restoration work exhibition of Shaanxi History Museum" is a special exhibition with the theme of cultural relics protection and restoration work. It mainly shows the measures of cultural relics protection and restoration work over the years, and shows the concepts, methods and technologies of cultural relics protection and restoration

extended materials:

some cultural relics in the collection:

1. More than 3900 bronzes have been registered. The collection began in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and ended in the Qin and Han Dynasties. There are ritual instruments, musical instruments, weapons, chariots and horses, daily necessities and proction tools. Among them, the most typical bronzes of the Shang and Zhou dynasties, many of which (such as Duoyou Ding, Shixian Ding, etc.) have inscriptions of high historical value. The most typical shapes are the pre Zhou Fengzhu vase, the Western Zhou niuzun vase, the Tashi vase, the bird covered bottle gourd vase in the Warring States period, and the Han painted wild goose and fish lantern

2. More than 400 murals of Tang Dynasty have been collected, covering an area of more than 1000 square meters. It was unearthed from 25 Tang tombs in Guanzhong, Shaanxi Province from 1952 to 1989. The owners of the tombs were all imperial relatives and important officials of the Tang Dynasty. The contents of the picture include four gods, Yi Wei, architecture, hunting, life and the friendship between Tang Dynasty and its neighbors

More than 2000 pottery figurines have been registered. The collection period includes Qin, Han, Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang and song, yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. Texture of pottery, painted pottery, glazed pottery and tricolor. The artistic images include civil and military officials, bodyguards, servants and maids, Hu people in the western regions, as well as the king of heaven, tomb beasts, horses, camels and other animals

e to its unique advantages, Shaanxi History Museum has many kinds of ancient pottery figurines, large quantity, high grade, and complete evolution sequence, which are rare in Chinese museums, especially the naive and clumsy pottery figurines of Han Dynasty and the graceful pottery figurines of Tang Dynasty

4. As a rapidly rising instry, science and ecation tourism is increasingly concerned by the instry. On December 2, this newspaper held a small forum to exchange views on the development significance, exploration and practice, experience and future prospects of science and ecation tourism< Mr. Wang Yue, deputy director of Beijing Tourism Development Committee, Mr. Huang Yihong and Mr. Feng Jun, directors of Haidian District Tourism Development Committee, Mr. Liu Deqian, academic consultant of China Social Science Tourism Research Center, and Mr. Wang Zhongjun, associate professor of Beijing Forestry University were invited to the dialogue. Gao Shunli, President of our newspaper, presided over the forum<
topic 1:
break through the cocoon and become a butterfly
GAO Shunli: please talk about why there is science and ecation tourism and what is the significance of developing science and ecation tourism.
Wang Zhongjun: Science and ecation tourism refers to scientific research, technological development, academic ecation, science and technology exhibition, science and technology tourism, science and technology tourism, science and technology tourism, science and technology tourism, science and technology tourism, science and technology tourism, science and technology tourism, science and technology tourism, science and technology It is a kind of special tourism activity, which is based on popular science amusement and other places and activities, as well as high-tech instries and natural environment with great scientific value, aiming at popularizing scientific knowledge, publicizing scientific spirit and experiencing the charm of science and technology. Through the participation, observation and experience of the unique knowledge, culture, teaching, scientific research and proction mode of the science and ecation tourism reception unit, tourists can obtain the cognition and understanding of the contemporary activated scientific and cultural form under the special professional background of the place, so as to realize the process of their aesthetic and intellectual needs. In this process, its essence is embodied as a kind of learning exchange or cultural observation and experience
Science and ecation tourism in Haidian District starts from its own resources: from schools, scientific research institutes and popular science venues, setting standards, and then to the recognition of local governments. From the results of investment and social repercussions, science and ecation tourism has been concerned by the public, especially since 2012, Zhongguancun Science and ecation tourism has become one of the top ten festival tourism brands in China. People have a certain degree of awareness of science and ecation tourism. The continuous holding of Haidian Zhongguancun Science and ecation tourism festival has also improved the scientific literacy of the public. It has become a new driving force to promote the development of science and technology by transferring scientific and technological knowledge, scientific ideas and exploration spirit to people in the form of tourism. Especially in 2015, Zhongguancun Science and ecation tourism fully reflects the characteristics of Haidian District's multi instry integration development. Tourism and technology, ecation, culture and other instries are closely linked and integrated, and different instries penetrate and cross each other, resulting in new market-oriented development momentum< Gao Shunli: I think the development of science and ecation tourism in China is of great significance
first, science popularization. For students, science and ecation tourism is a lively, lively, intuitive and friendly popular science. Once you participate in the process of science and ecation tourism, it will have a very positive impact on the growth of a person's life. Just like planting a seed of science and ecation in everyone's heart, it may have a great impact on a person's learning, career choice and even the choice of life path< Second, patriotism, or self-esteem. Among these science and ecation tourism projects we visited, many are national instries and national science and technology. These projects are first-class in China, and some are also leading in the world. Visiting these places and seeing that many of China's science and technology projects are leading the world is a kind of patriotic ecation in itself. Two days ago, I visited Yueda Kia's automobile proction line in Yancheng. Their workshop can proce a complete vehicle in one minute, 68 vehicles in one hour, with a profit of 4 billion yuan a year and 7 billion tax revenue. If you visit such places, you will feel the strength of China's manufacturing instry
thirdly, research. Science and ecation tourism can be said to be the modern practice of ancient sages to read thousands of books and travel thousands of miles. It allows people not to read books, but to have a wide range of knowledge. Science and technology tourism is a good extension of their own learning and knowledge. In this process, we can also cultivate people's interest in learning
fourthly, publicity. For enterprises and colleges, opening to the public is equivalent to opening a channel of public praise. This kind of publicity way that lets people watch and listen to the explanation on the spot can leave an indelible deep impression on visitors
fifth, expand. For traditional tourism, science and ecation tourism is an expansion of tourism resources and tourism procts, as well as a perfection of tourism proct structure
sixth, sharing. Through the visit, we can understand each other, and these things are very important to the integration and development<
topic 2:
rich formats
GAO Shunli: all along, all over the country, especially Beijing, has been relying on rich science and ecation tourism resources to promote the development of science and ecation tourism. What are the specific forms and proct formats of science and ecation tourism? What are the advantages of Haidian District as a representative of the national development of science and ecation tourism?
Liu Deqian: the most prominent core elements of science and ecation tourism should be five, namely, pioneering concept, scientific knowledge, participatory experience, interesting content and innovative frontier
if science and ecation tourism is compared to a person, its pioneering concept is the origin of modern science and ecation tourism life; Its scientific knowledge is its soul; Its participatory experience is its sincere and enthusiastic communication with people; Its interesting content is its lively, humorous and lovely expression; Its cutting-edge innovation means that it will keep its youth forever
if we compare the scientific and ecational tourism destination to a fruit forest, then the pioneering idea of tourism destination is the land where the fruit forest grows; The scientific nature of knowledge is the fruit of thousands of fruit trees; The interesting content is the colorful color and fragrance of flowers; The participatory experience ground is the interesting exploration for nature lovers to carry out cultivation experiments; And its frontier innovation is the continuous cultivation of new varieties while retaining excellent varieties< Wang Yue: there are several favorable conditions for the development of science and ecation tourism in Haidian District:
first, the environment is favorable. The development of science and ecation tourism in Haidian District has foundation, characteristics and innovation in environment. First of all, Haidian District has a wide range of science and ecation resources. Haidian District talent team is also very strong. Institutions with large units and brands can play a leading role. Secondly, Haidian District's science and ecation tourism starts from university tourism, develops to science and technology tourism, and then goes deep into science and ecation tourism. These three steps can integrate more university resources and more cultural resources with tourism experience. Thirdly, innovation is the combination of technology, ecation and tourism. Only when science and ecation get on the train of tourism, can they realize rapid instrialization, or really promote consumption and economic growth< Second, resources are favorable. Most of the colleges and universities in Beijing are in Haidian District, any school can carry out campus study tour
thirdly, agents are advantageous. These agents are not only travel agencies, but also ecational and training institutions, such as New Oriental. In New Oriental, teachers can answer questions to students 24 hours at any time. What teachers invest in is service, which should be recognized by the society and should be of value and price. If you think the service purchased after class is valuable, it is an instry, and the instry should encourage its healthy development<
topic 3:
government responsibility
GAO Shunli: in recent years, inbound and outbound tourism, represented by study tours and parent-child tours, has developed rapidly, reflecting the huge market demand. Please make some suggestions on how government departments should promote the development of science and ecation tourism.
Wang Yue: in my opinion, science and ecation tourism is still lacking in policy, mechanism and training, More government leadership is needed
first, we lack a legal definition of study tours in terms of policy. In Japan and South Korea, children travel to school with credits, policy support, and even government subsidies. However, our country lacks national policies on study tours. In the future, study tour can be included in the curriculum system. In addition, the Ecation Commission, the foreign affairs office and the Tourism Commission at all levels can jointly issue some documents to optimize the study tour norms. For example, travel agents need to have certain qualifications, which can not only ensure their healthy competition, but also monitor the travel procts
Second, there is a lack of mechanism. Science and ecation tourism procts contain a lot of mental work, a lot of talent training and a lot of brand value, which has great instry driving. If the science and ecation tourism system is built and perfected, it can at least drive ecation, culture, science and technology, and tourism
thirdly, establish a stable training mechanism. In the process of advancing the instry, there should be a stable training mechanism. First of all, agents should cultivate the sense of responsibility, risk and complete proct awareness. The so-called complete proct awareness is to consider the proct design, proct insurance, proct follow-up evaluation, such a complete proct system. As a competent department, the government must have the awareness of training to bring the active agents together. The tourism department can take some instry support reward funds as the reward for travel agencies, and the reward should be turned into prior guidance
Feng Jun: 2010 is an important node for Haidian Science and ecation tourism to start again. This year, Haidian District Tourism Bureau built a platform to promote the construction of science and ecation tourism brand, douzhongguancun science and ecation tourism festival, and achieved success, which received attention and praise from all walks of life and the majority of participants. But at the same time, it also exposed some prominent problems, such as the obvious Festival effect, the difficulty of normalization of proct line reception after the festival and so on
the reasons are mainly related to the operation mode of holding Zhongguancun Science and ecation tourism festival. The festival activities focus on publicity and promotion, which are led by the government and jointly undertaken by the government and the reception units. The interest demands of the government departments and the reception units are not completely consistent, and the development ideas and wishes are not completely consistent, which leads to the low enthusiasm of many units to participate in the tourism festival The degree of marketization is low, the coordination of reception units is difficult, and the market power is insufficient
since 2012, Haidian District Tourism Commission has made great efforts to mobilize the enthusiasm of market players, and adopted a number of measures to promote normalization by marketization, and ensure marketization by normalization: on the one hand, it encourages and guides market players to actively participate in science and ecation tourism by introcing relevant policies and measures, including setting up special promotion funds, expanding publicity, and strengthening marketing promotion; On the other hand, efforts should be made to cultivate and support technology companies, travel agencies and travel agencies with comparative advantages in the reception and organization of science and ecation tourism to become the leading enterprises of science and ecation tourism, improve the professional level, enrich science and ecation tourism procts, improve standardized services, meet the social needs of science and ecation tourism, and attract social capital, technology, talents and services into science and ecation tourism. At this point, the market began to divide. Enterprises saw a broad market prospect and had a strong driving force to develop the market. At the same time, they guided enterprises to develop healthily according to the market-oriented, normalized, standardized and intelligent standards
topic 4:

5.

Materials of Beijing Palace Museum:

Beijing Palace Museum is a comprehensive museum of China, which was established on October 10, 1925 and is located in the Forbidden City of Beijing Palace Museum. Its collection includes but is not limited to the imperial palaces of Ming and Qing Dynasties and their collections

The Palace Museum is 753 meters wide from east to west and 961 meters long from north to south, covering an area of more than 723600 square meters, surrounded by a 10 meter high city wall and a 52 meter wide moat. There are two gates on each side of the city wall: Meridian Gate in the south, Shenwu gate in the north, Donghua gate and Xihua gate on the left and right. Meridian Gate is the entrance and Shenwu gate is the exit

the total area of ancient buildings in the city is about 160000 square meters. The layout of the whole group of palaces is strict and orderly. The layout and shape are designed and built in strict accordance with the feudal etiquette and the theory of Yin Yang and five elements, reflecting the supreme authority of the emperor

extended data:

in July 2019, the Palace Museum collected and enriched cultural relics information by using advanced methods in various periods, leaving valuable digital resources. How to activate the new value of digital cultural relics with the help of more advanced technology, so that more, better and more digital resources can be displayed in front of the audience, is a problem that the "digital Palace Museum" has been thinking about

"digital Palace Museum" is to use advanced digital technology to transform cultural heritage into digital resources, and manage digital resources through scientific information concept and system tools

and around these digital resources to carry out protection, research and utilization, it is not only closely related to the physical Palace Museum and its collection of cultural relics, but also can be separated from the physical, in any time and space by the public perception, become a museum beyond time and space

6. Only 20 years ago, digital museum seems to be the "patent" of large art institutions in developed countries in Europe and America. Many developing countries have established digital museums with their own characteristics
after more than three years of preparation, the Digital Museum of Shanghai Chinese Academy of painting was officially launched recently. In today's digital era, the virtual digitization of museums and art galleries is no longer news. The Digital Museum of Shanghai Chinese Academy of painting not only displays a large number of collections in its own series through high-definition pictures with special high-tech means, but also allows users to upload their works through the function of "registration", and then invite experts of Shanghai Chinese Academy of painting to comment on them and carry out interactive communication, which really makes people shine in front of their eyes
with the development of digital museum, its significance for human society is also changing significantly, from just digitizing the collection to increasing the function of interaction and communication
digital museums are blooming all over the world
only 20 years ago, digital museums seemed to be the "patent" of large art institutions in developed countries in Europe and America. Nowadays, digital museums are blooming all over the world. Many developing countries have established digital museums with their own characteristics
the construction of digital museums in the United States leads the world. Relevant information shows that in 1990, the library of Congress launched the "American Memory" program, which systematically digitized and stored the library's collections of documents, manuscripts, photos, audio and video recordings, and edited them into a series of special topics. In 1995, the museum Internet system was officially established in the United States, which incorporated the collection information databases of many museums in the United States into the network communication system, making the information of museum collections break through the limitation of time and space
Digital Museum technology in Europe basically began to originate at the same time. According to the disclosed public information, as early as 1994, the British Museum started to establish a multimedia collection database. In 1997, a multimedia collection access system was launched. From June 2000, visitors can access the relevant information of 5000 important collections from the British Museum website. The Louvre, another major museum in Europe, started to open its official website in 1995. By 2004, the audience could see 35000 collections on display and 130000 paintings in the library. The level of digital museums in Japan, India, Hong Kong, Taiwan and other countries and regions in Asia is also very high
judging from the situation in mainland China, in August 1998, the website of Henan Museum appeared on the Internet for the first time. In May 1999, the State Administration of cultural relics held a seminar on the standardization of Museum Cultural Relics information in Henan Museum. Since then, the construction of China's Digital Museum has accelerated. More and more museums, such as Beijing Palace Museum, National Museum, Shanghai Museum and Cheng Museum, have opened online museums. Visitors can visit museums through the Internet
Museum digitization is one thing, and digital museum is another.
Museum digitization is one thing, and digital museum is another. As more and more museums have their own websites, how to make digital museums more attractive? It has become one of the focuses of major museums to let more people know about museum collections through the website, and then be able to enter the physical museum
in fact, the development of digital museum is closely related to the development of digital technology, especially the emergence of virtual 3D technology, which has enabled the museum to enter the virtual user experience stage from the traditional field viewing. The combination of online and offline browsing and high-tech interactive applications make it more convenient for people to visit museums. The two-dimensional code wechat guide function enables the audience to have an experienced "guide" as long as they use their mobile phones. For example, the official wechat public platform of the National Museum was opened on December 21, 2012. In less than a year, the number of official wechat subscribers of the National Museum has exceeded 13000, and the number of wechat voice guided information queries has exceeded 163000. At present, the National Museum has also opened a "micro website" to provide visitors with information about visits, exhibitions and various activities
judging from the development of Shanghai, the Digital Museum of China Art Palace is the first official museum website in China to realize and provide full scene virtual browsing. According to the relevant people of the Chinese Art Palace, ring the shooting process, the relevant institutions have made in-depth research on the accuracy and quality of data acquisition. In case of the technical problem that the image acquisition in the low illumination area is blurred and the details of the exhibits can not be displayed, the data acquisition of the exhibition scene is specially combined according to the different illumination in the area, so as to optimize the high contrast image, As far as possible to ensure that the image is clear and delicate. In addition, the museum also linked up all the spaces within the scope of the museum according to the tour route, and almost moved all the physical Chinese art palace to the Internet. The audience can follow the tour route to simulate the on-site observation in the Chinese art palace. China Art Palace brings high-precision images, full scene virtual browsing and big data capacity into the framework of art history, which has the basic elements of becoming a real "Digital Museum"
from the perspective of foreign technology, the Petrie Egyptian Heritage Museum in London, UK is in the forefront of the world in creating 3D images of collections and developing interactive 3D technology. With about 80000 collections, the Petrie Museum of Egyptian heritage is one of the museums with the largest number of Egyptian cultural relics in the world. In order to attract tourists and enhance their experience, Petrie Egyptian Heritage Museum cooperated with University College London to proce high-quality 3D collection images with the help of 3D laser scanning technology. The museum also combines the stereoscopic visual effects brought by 3D images with action recognition technology, trying to make tourists realize the double experience of "not only seeing, but also touching". As long as the audience wears special equipment on their hands, they can not only see 3D images through the headgear, but also feel the texture of the object on their hands< Many Internet giants are not art institutions, but relying on strong technical resources and financial strength, through cooperation, digital museum has become an important part of itself. For example, Google announced a series of data in April 2012, showing the development process of Google's "art plan". The art institutions participating in the project are located in more than 40 countries and regions; The art category has expanded from a single painting to a variety of categories such as textiles, glass procts and ceramic procts. According to Google, you can enjoy world-class works of art in detail here, learn Van Gogh's writing in sunflower, study the traces of years on simuWe square cauldron, explore the patterns of jade cabbage in Taipei Palace Museum, and even enter the White House, Enjoy the portraits of Washington and Lincoln... The virtual museum in the Internet era allows more people who love art to enjoy works of art no longer limited by time and space
in fact, the core of Google's "art project" is not to widely present works of art, but to generate valuable big data resources by analyzing the data accessed. For example, when you count the average time that users spend viewing the paintings collected by a museum on the "art plan" page, you can compare it with other data and find out which kinds of art works the audience is more interested in under the current environment. This will be of great reference value for Museum curation or the introction of related exhibitions. Although in the traditional sense, museums only hold exhibits, they also store a lot of information and data related to these items to attract the public
according to the data monitoring of Domestic Museums after joining Google's "art plan", the number of visits from overseas audiences has increased significantly, which will also make the museum collections known to more people to a certain extent and attract more visitors to visit. This is very attractive for museums. For example, after Hunan Provincial Museum joined Google's "art plan", the number of visits to the website increased by 175%, and the average number of visits and ration of visits increased to varying degrees. The number of non Chinese visitors has been significantly increased, with English users four times and Japanese users six times, and nearly half of the visitors come from overseas< At present, there are 4165 museums in China, with a collection of 35.05 million cultural relics. More than 20000 exhibitions are held every year, and 600 million visitors are received. If we look at the current situation of museums in China, it is very considerable. However, if we look at the world, this figure still has considerable development potential. When digitization leads museums around the world to be interconnected and understand the same kind of art in different museums, it will bring revolutionary changes to the visitors. For museums, it will bring about epoch-making changes in their management and exhibition arrangement< In fact, this kind of change has begun to appear in some overseas museums. For example, with the help of digital means, the National Museum of Wales has begun to try "guerrilla Exhibition" to prove that it does not take them so long to prepare a special exhibition. Digitalization provides a two-way multi information interaction channel among "things, people and data". With the help of Internet of things, cloud computing and big data, it realizes a people-centered information transmission mode, so as to realize the intelligent automatic control and optimization of museum service, protection and management
physical museum is irreplaceable by digital museum
for the development of digital museum, many people are worried about whether it will lead to the replacement of physical museum? In this regard, the director of a domestic museum said that the physical museum can not be replaced by the digital museum. First of all, physical museum contains personal memory and collective memory. Secondly, the physical museum provides the source and power of creation for people to explore the unknown. From the perspective of memory, museum is a kind of "material evidence", which contains a lot of human experience, feelings and human desire to be close to nature. On the other hand, museums have creative functions, which are undertaken by some scientific research institutions and ecational institutions. These are irreplaceable by digital museums
it should be said that the public is attracted to experience the physical museum by learning about the collection through the digital museum, and the interaction between the two has become an irresistible trend. From this point of view, digital museum is not only a simple "" of physical objects to the virtual world, but also an important source of resonance, inspiration and innovation. Through the digital museum, people can not only understand the rich collections, but also have a deeper understanding of their daily life and hobbies. From this point of view, the audience designed by the Digital Museum of Shanghai Chinese painting academy can upload their own works and ask the experts of Shanghai Chinese painting academy to comment on this interaction

7. Liangzhu civilization is known as the dawn age of Chinese civilization. Many mysteries about its origin and development are waiting for archaeologists to solve. Recently, in a place named yaojiashan in Tudian, Tongxiang, a large tomb with high specifications was discovered. More than 200 cultural relics were unearthed from the site, which also made archaeologists marvel. Yesterday, Wang Ningyuan of the Provincial Institute of cultural relics and Archaeology announced that this is the tomb of a high-level nobleman in Liangzhu, which may be the tomb of the local leader of Liangzhu kingdom. Its specification is second only to the tomb of Fanshan king in Yuhang. How many centers are there in Liangzhu? In the 1930s, Liangzhu culture was discovered. In the 1980s, the excavation of the Fanshan tombs in Yuhang was also astonishing. Fanshan tomb is considered to be the highest level "mausoleum" of Liangzhu culture. Thousands of cultural relics unearthed in Fanshan prove once again that Liangzhu site in Yuhang has been regarded as the political, economic, cultural and religious center of Liangzhu culture period, just like "the capital of a country". The ruling center has been confirmed, but where is the sub center of Liangzhu kingdom? According to Wang Ningyuan, archaeologists have found a number of Liangzhu tombs at the gaochengn site in Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province and the fuquanshan site in Shanghai, and those sites have been identified as sub centers. However, how many times there are still centers of Liangzhu culture remains to be further explored and studied by archaeologists. Wang Ningyuan said that the yaojiashan site can be said to be a sub center, filling the gap in the sub center of this area. Judging from the size of the tomb and the unearthed cultural relics, the owner of the tomb should be the leader of the Liangzhu Culture sub center in Northern Zhejiang. But the specific scope of its rule is still uncertain. According to Wang Ningyuan, the tomb is 4.3 meters long and 2 meters wide. Jade Yue, Trident shaped utensils and jade Cong were also found in the tomb. From the previous excavation, the three were unearthed at the same time, representing the higher level of Liangzhu aristocracy, indicating that the owner of the tomb was a prominent aristocrat. More than 200 cultural relics, including yuyuntian ware, jade Trident shaped ware, jade comb back, jade Cong, jade bracelet, jade Yue, jade column shaped ware and jade pearl string, were unearthed from yaojiashan site for the first time. Archaeologists said that through research, many Liangzhu Cultural mysteries will be solved. A small jade cultivator was discovered for the first time. Previously, there was also a jade cultivator, which was collected in the Palace Museum in Taipei, but has not been confirmed by archaeology, which has become an unsolved mystery. Wang Ningyuan said that this discovery can prove that the jade cultivator is real. Wang Ningyuan said that ring the Liangzhu period, agriculture was an important aspect of social proction. The jade work utensils, together with the jade sickle unearthed, are all ritual utensils and cannot be used in actual proction. Archaeologists believe that this shows that the proction tools at that time had been ritualized, and that the owner of the tomb had been divorced from the most direct agricultural proction. Yaojiashan site is about 4000 years ago, belonging to the late Liangzhu period. Its scale and unearthed cultural relics can't compare with Fanshan, but it is still very rare. The archaeologists excavated a total of six large tombs, four noble tombs all face south, while the two lower level tombs face north. Why they were placed in this way remains to be studied. Each tomb also has a number of small sacrificial pits. How about the relationship between the tomb and the sacrificial pits? Wang Ningyuan said that he had never studied them before, and he hoped to get an answer this time. It is understood that Fanshan and Yaoshan in Yuhang, which are located in Liangzhu site, have been strictly protected and will not be excavated. The discovery of yaojiashan site is more precious. The archaeological excavation of yaojiashan site is not over yet. I believe there will be more surprises waiting for us.

8.

Visiting the history museum can deeply understand the history, understand the culture of various nationalities, deepen the understanding of national unity, let us remember the history of China, inherit the spirit of national unity, start from ourselves, maintain and inherit the Chinese civilization, and be the practitioner of national unity

living in today's world, people are tired of running, wandering in the dazzling material world, looking forward to the bustling, which makes us forget that there is still a place to store memory in the city, perhaps people seldom pay attention to it, but it has been quietly waiting for the past, waiting for an unchanging revolutionary sentiment

the restaurant History Museum enables people to see the hardworking people living in China, different nationalities with colorful customs and cultures, all kinds of national costumes, loyal generals and struggling Chinese nation. From ancient times to today, the national unity has been passed down from generation to generation, and the spirit of loving home and patriotism has spread from heart to heart

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significance of the existence of historical relics. Their real value lies in their own cultural heritage, they do not move, do not speak, as a spectator witnessed the changes of one dynasty after another

for thousands of years, the glory of the Pharaons has come to an end, the rule of the emperor's Dynasty has disappeared, the flames of war of ancient Greek city-state have been settled, the fighting cry of gladiators has gone away, but the pyramids, the Forbidden City, the Acropolis of Athens, the arena of Rome are still standing in front of the world. They silently prove to the world that ancient architectural sites are the carrier of human civilization, It records the ups and downs, honor and disgrace of those time axes from ancient times to modern times

bronze tripod, three colors of Tang Dynasty, landscape painting, blue and white porcelain... The traces and patterns on their bodies represent the aesthetics of dynasties and reflect the thoughts and values of contemporary people. Cultural relics are the bridge between us and the ancients, the proof of the existence of the ancients, and a kind of historical mark

Network History Museum

9. 1、 Museums should play a good role in the coordinate of urban civilization
a city needs a business card. As the coordinate of urban civilization, museums symbolize the cultural and historical connotation of the city. It is true that the museum itself is an indispensable part of urban civilization. Secondly, as a platform for foreign exchange and a place for cultural output, it plays an incomparable role in the construction of a civilized city. We can't imagine what a first tier city would be like without a museum
in Suzhou, Suzhou museum contains thousands of years of historical and cultural heritage of Suzhou. The buildings designed by famous architect I.M. Pei are elegant and generous, and perfectly combined with the concept of advocating culture, integration, innovation and Zhiyuan in Suzhou city. Many Chinese and foreign tourists come to Suzhou and have to go to the Suzhou Museum. Even on Monday when the museum is closed, if they can leave a picture at the door, they will smile. The withered vine, the old tree, the crow, the small bridge, the flowing water, the family. People's memory of Suzhou is inseparable from the memory left by the museum
Suzhou Expo is an external image of Suzhou, a symbol to measure the degree of civilization of Suzhou City, and a base of historical memory of Suzhou city. Apart from the museum, Suzhou has the best gardens in the world, the poetry of Jiangnan and the slow life style, which are enough to become a scroll of paintings in memory. Why can Suzhou Museum be deeply rooted in people's minds and unforgettable for a long time. That is the power of civilization. Su Bo's exhibits bear witness to Wu culture. They lie quietly in history and travel through time and space, but they become the objects of later generations. Culture is so imperceptibly engraved on the hearts of tourists. What cultural relics bring is the accumulation of a region, the epitome of a country and the self-confidence of a nation. Such a strong cultural reflection is profound, meaningful and never fade. Museum is the coordinate of urban civilization. Suzhou Museum represents the civilization of Suzhou. It is the window of Suzhou civilization to other regional civilization, which is the starting point and source power of civilization blending. The civilization of every place is a part of the splendid treasure of Chinese civilization. As a part of civilization, Suzhou plays an active role< Second, museums should play a good role as information resource centers.
museums are a platform for collection, collection and display, and a distribution center of information resources. First of all, it is reflected in the information nature of museum work. The business work of the museum is a process of continuous accumulation, which requires the staff in the museum to keep forging ahead and learn business knowledge. Without the intake of information resources, it is impossible to transmit information in a perfect form, whether in explanation or exhibition, which is a process of mutual transmission of information
in this information chain, the information of museum staff is a very important gap, which must have a gold content, objectively and scientifically reproce the breadth and depth of cultural relics research, and must deeply understand the connotation of cultural relics. Only by establishing scientific information, can collections and historical knowledge be better fed back to the public. At the same time, the collection and protection of cultural relics is also inseparable from information, and the collection needs to establish standard
information archives. In the exchange activities, information is constantly updated and transmitted. Now is the information age, the rapid prosperity of the Internet and new instries, the work of the museum will face is to build a digital information resource center
of course, the operation of the whole museum work is an information resource center. Based on the collection, we need to have a professional understanding of the collection and form a theory. In the external exhibition, the information is constantly running. In the inter library interaction, the information is constantly debugging and revising. Finally, we need to summarize the information, constantly bring forth new ideas and forge ahead, To better transmit to the public and serve the people< Thirdly, museums should give full play to the function of social ecation.
as one of the functions of museums, ecational function plays an important role in the development of social ecation, not only for students, but also as the practice place of classroom ecation, and it covers a wide range of areas, facing the public“ The museum is not a place to come only once, but a place for our lifelong learning. Because it collects the memory of human beings, treasures the soul of the nation, and resists the erosion of time, we should enter the museum with a sense of respect for history and culture. "
the ecation of minors in the museum mainly focuses on patriotism ecation and ideological ecation. Taking Suzhou Soochow Museum as an example, our museum is a patriotism demonstration base in Suzhou. Every year, it receives a large number of students of different ages, organized by schools, communities, various associations, public welfare and social organizations, etc. Soochow museum is a special museum, mainly including three series of bronze mirrors, celadon and stone carvings, which are the advantages and characteristics of our collection. In 2014, our Museum held a series of bronze mirror activities, mainly including two moles: bronze mirror knowledge lecture hall and paper bronze mirror proction. This is a docking activity with the school, mainly for primary school students. The bronze mirror was originally displayed in our display cabinet, and students could only observe it through the glass. This sense of distance is not concive to the popularity of the collection
ecation is inseparable from vivid models and children's creativity. After a small lecture on bronze mirror knowledge, children have a basic understanding of bronze mirror, the image display of pictures and words, and a conceptual model. Everyone's hands-on drawing and making bronze mirrors are concive to giving full play to students' nature and imagination. "In the eyes of a thousand people, there are a thousand Hamlets." the spark of wisdom is generated in an instant, and children happily make their own representative works. This is a unique experience
as a new museum, we have been exploring, practicing and making progress on how to give full play to the function of social ecation. On March 29, 2015, the Japan Pavilion and the community jointly held a practice activity of social core values, combining interesting visits with collection knowledge, and launched an interactive quiz session. Through practical activities to strengthen the penetration of core values of minors, let them initially understand the integrity, friendliness, how to cooperate with others, establish effective communication, and make progress together in the interaction< On May 18, 2015, the International Association of museums defined the theme of this year as "museums are committed to a sustainable society". The implementation of the "Museum regulations" on March 20, 2015 provides direction and guidelines for the comprehensive and sustainable development of museums. Museum is an important public cultural service institution to retain cultural roots and inherit civilization. It is oriented to the society and the public
adhere to the characteristics of public welfare and strengthen social services. According to the actual situation of Soochow Museum, the public service level of our museum is relatively weak The "Regulations on museums" establishes the standards of "adhering to the direction of serving the people and socialism", "two services" and the "three approaches" of "close to reality, close to life and close to the masses". It is our sacred ty to enrich the spiritual and cultural life of the masses< At present, our library is open to the public for free, which is a part of public service. For special groups, our library has set up barrier free access and rest chairs for the disabled. There are
Special wheelchairs, baby carriages and other equipment in the rest room, and there are signs and guide illustrations for visitors. In the exhibition of the stone carving art gallery, signs were set up respectively: "protect cultural relics, do not touch.". Of course, in the next step, our library will not be perfect. We will have a well-designed, complete and eye-catching logo system to better serve the masses. Suggestion boxes and umbrellas have been set up in our service hall for tourists to use when they are in urgent need
in terms of explanation, different reception schemes will be prepared for different types of audiences; A full-time interpreter and volunteer service team with high quality and high level will be set up. At present, our exhibitions are mainly in the exhibition hall. Every year, we will establish a cooperative relationship with brother museums and jointly hold exhibitions. Our museum is also graally making use of modern social networking public platforms such as official websites and exhibitions to build a bridge between the public and museum exhibitions. Whether it is business work or security work, we should provide the best service to the masses, and carry out two-way docking, to achieve interactive service
museum is an important part of urban civilization and an effective force in the process of urban civilization; The cultural and creative instries derived from museum culture are also constantly promoting the development of economy. How to do a good job of urban civilization and how to take the museum home is a profound topic. The museum is committed to a sustainable society, which is the direction of the museum's efforts. As museum people, we will practice it with practical actions and contribute our strength to the civilized and harmonious development of the city.