Decentralized service mode of banking and financial system

1. Gongxinbao's decentralized data exchange provides enterprises with a completely different solution from the previous centralized data transaction (such as data middleman and data black market). Based on the blockchain technology, both sides of data transaction can directly carry out point-to-point data transaction and exchange, which has the advantages of no caching data, protecting privacy and data right, and preventing counterfeiting. The typical customers are enterprises such as Internet loans, auto finance, consumer finance and banks in the field of Internet finance, as well as government departments, insurance, medical care, logistics and other government and enterprise departments with data exchange needs. With decentralized thinking, many core problems that have not been solved in the data security exchange and circulation of various instries have been solved. And can be used by the whole society, widely used in citizens' study, work, life and other application scenarios, thank you for your support, I hope my answer can be helpful, welcome to ask, thank you again!

2. From the perspective of Internet development, decentralization is the form of social relationship and content generation formed in the process of Internet development, and is a new network content proction process relative to "centralization"
with the diversification of network service forms, the decentralized network model becomes more and more clear and possible. After the rise of Web2.0, the services provided by Wikipedia, Flickr, blogger and other network service providers are decentralized. Any participant can submit content, and Internet users can create or contribute content together
decentralization is a phenomenon or structure, which can only appear or exist in a system with many nodes or in a group with many indivials-- Cloud financial services for you

3. Compared with the traditional centralized financial system, the decentralized financial platform has three advantages:
A. indivials with asset management needs do not need to trust any intermediaries, and the new trust is rebuilt on the machine and code
B. everyone has access, no one has central control
C. all protocols are open source, so anyone can cooperate on the protocols to build new financial procts and accelerate financial innovation under the network effect
defi is a relatively broad concept, including currency issuance, currency transaction, loan, asset transaction, investment and financing, etc
we regard the birth of BTC and other cryptocurrencies as the first stage of decentralized finance. However, the decentralization of currency issuance and storage only provides a point-to-point settlement solution, which is not enough to support the rich financial business. The rapid development of decentralized lending agreements in the past two years will have the opportunity to further open the financial system of the blockchain world and bring decentralized finance into the second stage<

the Xueshuo innovation blockchain Technology Workstation of Lianqiao ecation online is the only approved "blockchain Technology Specialty" pilot workstation of "smart learning workshop 2020 Xueshuo innovation workstation" launched by the school planning, construction and development center of the Ministry of ecation of China. Based on providing diversified growth paths for students, the professional station promotes the reform of the training mode of the combination of professional degree research, proction, learning and research, and constructs the applied and compound talent training system.

5.

According to the complexity of business and the degree of dependence on outlets, banking business can be divided into two parts: one is traditional business, including general loans, simple foreign exchange trading, trade financing, etc., which is mainly supported by a large number of branch networks and business volume. In addition, there are complex businesses, such as derivatives, structured financing, leasing, introcing strategic investors, mergers and acquisitions, etc. these businesses are not very dependent on the branch network, but are high-tech and high profit business areas

according to the composition of its balance sheet, banking business is mainly divided into three categories: liability business, asset business and intermediate business. Liability business is the business of commercial banks to form the source of funds, and is an important basis for intermediate business and assets of commercial banks. The liability business of commercial banks is mainly composed of deposit business, loan business and interbank business

liabilities are the debts which can be measured in currency and will be paid by assets or capital e to the bank's trust. Deposits and derivative deposits are the main liabilities of banks, accounting for more than 80% of the sources of funds. In addition, inter-bank deposits, inter-bank deposits, borrowed or borrowed funds or bonds also constitute the liabilities of banks

asset business refers to the business in which commercial banks use funds, including loan business, securities investment business and cash asset business. Intermediate business refers to the business that does not constitute on balance sheet assets and on balance sheet liabilities of commercial banks, and forms non interest income of banks, including transaction business, clearing business, payment and settlement business, bank card business, agency business, custody business, guarantee business Commitment business, financial management business and e-banking business

extended data:

payment and settlement business

payment and settlement business refers to the charging business related to currency payment and fund transfer that commercial banks handle for customers e to creditor's rights and debts

(1) settlement tools. The main settlement tools used in settlement business include bank draft, commercial draft, bank promissory note and check

Bank draft is a kind of bill issued by the issuing bank and paid unconditionally to the payee or holder according to the actual settlement amount at sight

Commercial bill is a kind of bill issued by the drawer, which entrusts the payer to unconditionally pay a certain amount to the payee or the holder on a specified date. Commercial bills are divided into bank acceptance bills and commercial acceptance bills

A bank promissory note is a bill issued by a bank that promises to pay a certain amount to the payee or the holder unconditionally at sight

A check is a bill issued by the drawer and entrusted by the bank handling the check deposit business to unconditionally pay a certain amount to the payee or holder at sight

(2) settlement methods, mainly including settlement in the same city and settlement in other places

Remittance business is a settlement business in which the payer entrusts the bank to remit money to a foreign payee. Remittance settlement is divided into three forms: telegraphic transfer, letter transfer and bill transfer

2. Collection business refers to a settlement method in which the creditor or the Seller issues a bill of exchange to the debtor or buyer in order to collect money from them and entrusts the bank to collect it on his behalf

L / C business is a written guarantee document issued by the bank to the beneficiary according to the requirements and instructions of the applicant, which contains a certain amount of money and pays at the designated place with the specified documents within a certain period of time

(3) other payment and settlement business, including fund transfer and clearing realized by modern payment system, transfer realized by internal and external network of bank, etc

6. Self service bank, also known as "unmanned bank" and "e-bank", belongs to the part of electronic and automatic banking business processing, and is a modern banking service mode rising abroad in recent years. It makes use of modern communication and computer technology to provide customers with 24-hour financial services with high degree of intelligence and free from bank business hours. All business processes are completed by customers themselves without the assistance of bank personnel
after years of construction, foreign commercial banks have established advanced computer network systems. The starting point of self-service bank construction is relatively high, and the use of modern scientific and technological means to provide customers with highly automated, convenient, safe, thoughtful and all day financial services is also relatively comprehensive. At present, China's self-service bank has changed from theoretical research and technical preparation stage to application implementation stage.

7.

There are two modes of operation of commercial banks. One is the British model, commercial banks mainly finance short-term commercial funds, with the characteristics of short term loans and high liquidity. That is to say, borrowing at a lower interest rate and lending at a higher interest rate are the main profits of commercial banks. This business model is relatively safe and reliable for banks

the other is German style, whose business is comprehensive. Commercial banks not only finance short-term commercial funds, but also finance long-term fixed capital, that is, they are engaged in investment banking business

extended data:

China implements a separate business model. In order to adapt to the current characteristics of China's separate operation and the development trend of mixed operation, the sixth meeting of the Standing Committee of the Tenth National People's Congress passed the "on Amending the; Commercial Bank Law of the people's Republic of China; The decision of the government

the new commercial bank law has revised the relevant provisions of the original commercial bank law that mixed operation is not allowed. On August 29, 2015, the 16th session of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress deliberated and passed the "amendment to the commercial bank law of the people's Republic of China (Draft)", which came into force on October 1, 2015

The amendment makes two amendments to the original commercial bank law of the people's Republic of China: one is to delete the second item of the first paragraph of Article 39; Second, delete the "deposit loan ratio" in Item 3 of Article 75. In particular, in the second place, the provision that the ratio of loan balance to deposit balance should not exceed 75% was deleted, and the deposit loan ratio was changed from a statutory regulatory indicator to a liquidity monitoring indicator< strong>

8. Since the 1990s, China's financial instry has experienced a series of reform and innovation movements. Especially in recent years, after China's accession to the WTO, the financial instry will graally open to the outside world and give equal national treatment to foreign banks. The extensive involvement of foreign financial institutions, the intensification of competition and the relaxation of financial regulation will make China's financial innovation enter a new period of development< The rapid development of economy: since the reform and opening up, China's economy has shown an unprecedented trend of rapid development. According to the data provided by the National Bureau of statistics, ring 1978-2003, China's GDP achieved an average annual growth rate of more than 9%; In 2003, the total GDP has exceeded 11 trillion yuan, becoming the sixth largest economy in the world. The growth of per capita national income in the past 25 years is about 6-7% per year; According to the current exchange rate, the per capita GDP level has increased from less than $100 in 1978 to more than $1000. In 2004, the annual GDP was 13651.5 billion yuan, an increase of 9.5% over the previous year; The total investment in fixed assets was 7007.3 billion yuan, an increase of 25.8% over the previous year; The total retail sales of consumer goods reached 5395 billion yuan, an increase of 13.3% over the previous year; The total import and export volume of the whole year reached 1154.8 billion US dollars, an increase of 35.7% over the previous year; At the end of the year, China's foreign exchange reserves reached 609.9 billion US dollars, an increase of 206.7 billion US dollars over the end of the previous year. According to green and Heywood, the growth of wealth is the main factor determining the demand for financial assets and financial innovation. The rapid development of economy has brought great changes in the way of life and consumption, which leads to the emergence of new financial demand, which must be met through financial innovation< The development of capital market: China's capital market has become an important part of the socialist market economy system after more than ten years of development. By the end of 2004, there were 1377 listed companies in China. The market value of the securities market was 3705.557 billion yuan, and the circulation market value was 1168.864 billion yuan. The development of capital market provides an important financing channel for listed companies and provides investors with stocks, bonds, funds, futures and other investment varieties. Compared with developed countries, China's capital market is still in its infancy. The problems of small market scale, imperfect structure, single proct and non tradable shares have not been solved. However, with the graal implementation of the "nine articles", the continuous improvement of laws and regulations, and the expansion of the total economy, there is no doubt that the capital market will usher in great development
the development of the capital market not only brings about the diversion of funds and shares part of the financing functions undertaken by banks, but also, in a deep sense, it is a place to share and allocate risks. With the increase of the share of the capital market, banks will be inextricably linked with it. The listing of commercial banks, the issuance of financial bonds and the implementation of asset securitization are all accomplished through the capital market. According to the view of institutional school, financial innovation must adapt to this kind of economic system. They are mutually influential and causal< The goal of interest rate marketization in China is to establish an interest rate formation mechanism in which the deposit and loan interest rates of financial institutions are determined by market supply and demand. The central bank regulates and guides the market interest rates through the use of monetary policy tools to make the market mechanism play a leading role in the allocation of financial resources. For commercial banks, the marketization of interest rate means that they must operate in accordance with the principles of modern commercial finance. Deposit cost and loan risk have become important factors for bank activities. On the one hand, the sensitivity of deposit to interest rate increases, which leads to the change of deposit structure; On the other hand: banks will not be able to maintain the existing situation of short-term deposits and long-term loans. It is bound to compress the medium and long-term loans. Moreover, most of the existing financial procts of commercial banks come from the period of interest rate control, with the same interest rate and single proct, which can neither reflect the market supply and demand of funds, nor consider the matching of term and risk. Therefore, with the graal advancement of interest rate marketization, commercial banks must carry out corresponding innovation, strengthen asset liability ratio management and risk management, so as to achieve the purpose of safety, liquidity and profitability
4. The graal liberalization of the financial market: China's capital account management policies that are being studied and will be introced in the near future mainly focus on capital outflow; With the introction of new measures, China's capital account will be further opened. Capital account convertibility is an inevitable problem when a country's economy develops to a certain stage and further integrates with the world economy and trade. It is also an inevitable requirement for all-round participation in world competition. The liberalization of capital account will make the influence of international capital on our country more and more stronger. The linkage between China's financial market and foreign financial market will be strengthened. In addition, it is not far away that the financial market will be fully liberalized in 2006. At that time, the currency restrictions and geographical restrictions of financial institutions will be completely abolished. Domestic and foreign financial institutions will compete on the same starting line. Based on the demand of risk aversion and risk investment, it is necessary for Chinese financial institutions, especially commercial banks, to consider how to use innovative financial instruments to avoid exchange rate and market risks, and make full use of the resources of the international market to raise low-cost funds and enhance the ability to create profits< The prospect of mixed operation is increasingly clear: since the reform and opening up, China's state-owned banks have been engaged in securities, trust, leasing and other businesses, in essence, all-round operation. Due to the lack of proper self-discipline and risk constraint mechanism, omnipotent operation accelerates the accumulation of risk and catalyzes the formation of bubbles in the securities market and real estate market. Therefore, the State Council chose the mode of separate operation while managing the financial instry. In recent years, e to the rapid development of China's securities market, the intensified competition among financial institutions, the influence of the trend of international mixed operation, and the basic establishment of the socialist market economic system, the transition from separate operation to mixed operation has become an inevitable trend
China has carried out a series of exploration of mixed operation under the mode of separate operation. For example, qualified securities companies and fund companies are allowed to enter the interbank market for short-term fund lending, bond repurchase and cash bond trading; The qualified securities companies are allowed to borrow money from commercial banks with their own stocks and securities investment funds as collateral; Insurance funds are allowed to purchase securities investment funds in a certain proportion; Commercial banks are allowed to buy and sell open-end funds, and fund management companies that issue open-end funds can also apply for short-term loans from commercial banks; Financial groups and financial leasing companies are allowed to invest in Securities and equity of financial institutions; Recently, commercial banks have been allowed to set up fund companies. The implementation of these measures has laid a solid policy foundation for the innovation activities of commercial banks
two. How commercial banks carry out financial innovation
1. Innovation of business philosophy: Innovation of business philosophy is the foundation of financial innovation, which directly determines the success or failure of financial innovation activities and the implementation effect. And the innovation of the concept is not a matter overnight, it requires us to start from the small, from the details. According to the actual situation of our country, the innovation of business philosophy includes the following aspects: first, strengthen the awareness of innovation. Like other enterprises, commercial banks are entities that need to make profits. The difference is that banks provide financial services and financial procts. In today's era of information explosion, financial procts are easy to be imitated. Therefore, in order to maintain the competitive advantage, banks should take financial innovation as an important matter that they always pay close attention to. Second, strengthen the awareness of customer first. Although the service level of China's banking instry has been greatly improved. However, there are still some unsatisfactory aspects in the specialization and personalization of service. It may be a problem that banks should seriously consider to strengthen the research on customers' needs and carry out various financial innovation activities on this basis. Third, strengthen the awareness of marketing. Now is not the era of "wine is not afraid of deep alley", not to mention the increasingly fierce competition between banks. Good management and marketing can not only attract new customers and expand market share, but also improve their own image and customer loyalty. Therefore, the state-owned commercial banks should actively explore the introction of the advanced management mode of customer relationship management, comprehensively promote the informatization of marketing management, and establish the customer relationship management as the core, including customer relationship management system, proct management information system, marketing data analysis and decision support system, A unified marketing management information system including marketing channel management and evaluation system. Fourth, strengthen the concept of risk. As long as there is innovation, there is risk. Commercial banks should do a good job in early warning of risks; In addition, in the process of innovation, we should strengthen the risk monitoring and evaluation, and carry out comprehensive risk management
2. Innovation of operation mechanism: operation mechanism innovation is the foundation of financial innovation. Without mechanism innovation, nothing can be said. In China's financial market, state-owned commercial banks account for more than half of the share. Since the reform and opening up, the state-owned banks have undergone several major reforms. Including transferring policy business, stripping non-performing loans and so on. Until recently, it can be found that the goal of establishing and improving the corporate governance structure and transforming it into a real self financing and self-discipline commercial bank has not been achieved. Because the definition of property right relationship is not clear, the bank has no independent economic interests. The decision-making, operation and management of its credit activities are interfered by the outside world, which makes it difficult to optimize the allocation of funds and to engage in credit activities according to the principle of efficiency. In the distribution system, there is no reasonable and effective incentive and supervision mechanism between the principal and the agent of the bank, resulting in the high asymmetry of the agent in terms of power, income and responsibility, and the obvious lack of self-discipline ability, with only interests but no responsibilities. Therefore, mechanism innovation has become the most important work
in order to reform the operation and management system, boldly innovate the system, and strive to cultivate the operation mechanism that meets the requirements of modern financial enterprise operation and management, the joint-stock system reform is regarded as the future development direction of commercial banks in major countries. Experts predict that this year will be the year of bank listing. However, e to complex historical reasons, mechanism innovation is not an easy thing. In the joint-stock system reform, commercial banks must do every work well. From the disposal of non-performing assets, the proportion of state-owned shares, to the internal process reengineering and risk management of banks, so as to implement the policies and measures of mechanism innovation and avoid becoming mere formality
3. Innovation of internal management: the life cycle of financial procts is short and the upgrading is relatively fast. In order to cope with the rapidly changing market, commercial banks must reform the existing organizational structure. Because of its management mode and organization system, it has become more and more unsuitable

9. The financial system is a system concerning the flow, concentration and distribution of funds. It is an organism composed of financial intermediaries and financial markets that connect the surplus and the shortage of funds. Financial system is a set of market and intermediary institutions used by families, companies and governments to implement their financial decisions, including the market of stocks and other securities, insurance companies and other financial intermediaries