How to calculate the braking force
Publish: 2021-04-14 14:07:07
1. We should know the maximum pressure of the brake cylinder to calculate it. Use p = fs to calculate the braking force (s is the area of the piston). 10 is the amplified total force, 0.9 is the effective total force, and 16 is the pressure of each brake shoe. According to your opinion, the highest pressure of Shaoshan series brake cylinder made in China does not exceed 450kpa. I don't know about the locomotive you're talking about.
2. 1. Summary of braking terms
1) braking: artificially decelerate or prevent moving objects (trains) from accelerating
2) braking device: a system composed of a whole set of parts and components installed on the train for braking
3) braking device consists of two parts: brake: the part that generates braking motive force and performs operation and control
Basic braking device: the part that transmits braking motive force and generates braking force
4) train braking device includes "locomotive braking device" and "vehicle braking device" (for high-speed trains with distributed power
, It can be divided into "EMU braking device" and "trailer braking device")
5) transmission efficiency of basic braking device: the ratio of actual brake shoe pressure to theoretical brake shoe pressure
6) braking control system: the part of the braking device controlled by the driver or automatic driving device, which generates and transmits the braking signal, and distributes and coordinates the braking force of each
braking mode
7) braking system: a device or system that can generate controllable deceleration force to realize and control energy conversion. It is composed of brake
machine, hand brake and basic brake device
8) brake actuator: the part of the brake actuator that applies the corresponding brake according to the brake actuator signal
9) braking distance: the distance that the train passes from the moment when the driver or automatic driving device gives the braking command to the moment when the train stops
10) service brake: normally, it is used to adjust or control the train speed, including the brake applied to stop at the station
11) emergency braking: it is applied to stop the train as soon as possible in case of emergency
12) emergency braking: braking applied to stop the train as soon as possible under abnormal conditions
13) braking essence: transfer of kinetic energy
I. from the point of view of energy: change the kinetic energy of the train into other energy or transfer it away
II. From the point of view of force: let the braking device proce the opposite reaction (braking force) in the train running direction
make the train decelerate greatly, decelerate or stop as soon as possible
14) braking mode: what method is adopted to convert or transfer the kinetic energy, How to generate braking force
15) braking power: train kinetic energy transferred by braking device in unit time
16) braking force: artificial external force to slow down or prevent the train from accelerating
17) braking rate: brake shoe pressure per unit vehicle weight. The ratio of brake shoe pressure of locomotive, vehicle or train to its weight
force indicates the braking capacity of the vehicle or train per unit gravity If the braking rate is greater than the ratio of wheel rail adhesion coefficient and brake shoe friction coefficient, sliding and abrasion will occur, so the brake shoe pressure should not be too large; If the braking ratio is too small, the braking force will not be enough and the braking distance will be extended)
18) braking ratio n: the magnification of braking force. When the action of the piston rod of the brake cylinder is transmitted to the brake shoe, it is expanded by an ideal multiple of
e to the leverage effect
(the ratio of the sum of ideal brake shoe pressure proced by a brake cylinder to the thrust of the brake cylinder)
[when the braking ratio is too large, the impact of brake shoe wear on the piston stroke and air pressure of the brake cylinder is too large; if the braking ratio is too small, the braking force is insufficient, so the braking ratio must be moderate, generally between 6 and 9]
1) braking: artificially decelerate or prevent moving objects (trains) from accelerating
2) braking device: a system composed of a whole set of parts and components installed on the train for braking
3) braking device consists of two parts: brake: the part that generates braking motive force and performs operation and control
Basic braking device: the part that transmits braking motive force and generates braking force
4) train braking device includes "locomotive braking device" and "vehicle braking device" (for high-speed trains with distributed power
, It can be divided into "EMU braking device" and "trailer braking device")
5) transmission efficiency of basic braking device: the ratio of actual brake shoe pressure to theoretical brake shoe pressure
6) braking control system: the part of the braking device controlled by the driver or automatic driving device, which generates and transmits the braking signal, and distributes and coordinates the braking force of each
braking mode
7) braking system: a device or system that can generate controllable deceleration force to realize and control energy conversion. It is composed of brake
machine, hand brake and basic brake device
8) brake actuator: the part of the brake actuator that applies the corresponding brake according to the brake actuator signal
9) braking distance: the distance that the train passes from the moment when the driver or automatic driving device gives the braking command to the moment when the train stops
10) service brake: normally, it is used to adjust or control the train speed, including the brake applied to stop at the station
11) emergency braking: it is applied to stop the train as soon as possible in case of emergency
12) emergency braking: braking applied to stop the train as soon as possible under abnormal conditions
13) braking essence: transfer of kinetic energy
I. from the point of view of energy: change the kinetic energy of the train into other energy or transfer it away
II. From the point of view of force: let the braking device proce the opposite reaction (braking force) in the train running direction
make the train decelerate greatly, decelerate or stop as soon as possible
14) braking mode: what method is adopted to convert or transfer the kinetic energy, How to generate braking force
15) braking power: train kinetic energy transferred by braking device in unit time
16) braking force: artificial external force to slow down or prevent the train from accelerating
17) braking rate: brake shoe pressure per unit vehicle weight. The ratio of brake shoe pressure of locomotive, vehicle or train to its weight
force indicates the braking capacity of the vehicle or train per unit gravity If the braking rate is greater than the ratio of wheel rail adhesion coefficient and brake shoe friction coefficient, sliding and abrasion will occur, so the brake shoe pressure should not be too large; If the braking ratio is too small, the braking force will not be enough and the braking distance will be extended)
18) braking ratio n: the magnification of braking force. When the action of the piston rod of the brake cylinder is transmitted to the brake shoe, it is expanded by an ideal multiple of
e to the leverage effect
(the ratio of the sum of ideal brake shoe pressure proced by a brake cylinder to the thrust of the brake cylinder)
[when the braking ratio is too large, the impact of brake shoe wear on the piston stroke and air pressure of the brake cylinder is too large; if the braking ratio is too small, the braking force is insufficient, so the braking ratio must be moderate, generally between 6 and 9]
3. Shunting locomotives, such as Dongfeng 7C, Dongfeng 7g, Dongfeng 12, we all use these models, JZ-7 brake, so it's impossible to say a few words clearly in a thick book, especially the specific path of six positions of self valve (overcharge position, operation position, braking area, over deceleration position, neutral position, emergency position) and two positions of single valve (operation position, braking position), It's hard to tell. You'd better go to the ecation room of locomotive depot to buy books and study.
4. The force is a kind of natural energy in the Milky way. It flows in all living bodies and has two "sides": the good light side and the bad dark side. However, it still oversimplifies the existence of the force. Jedi Knights believed that the force had multiple aspects, including biological and oneness elements, which combined all things into a vast network of existence. The Jedi came to an end in this view. The Sith sect in modern times was thought to learn the dark side force through the way of the ancient Sith, and only focused on the unique power of the force, which led them to a dead end
the Jedi have found that the force is proced from the MIDI chlorians in all living cells. The more MIDI chlorians a person has in his cells, the stronger his ability to contact the force. However, it is not guaranteed that humans can control the force if they have a high concentration of metazoans. Only through close learning and focused training can they skillfully guide the force. The Jedi Council found that it was easier for younger people to learn the skills needed to contact and control the force, so it developed a system to actively find and identify people with a high number of zombies at birth, and then with the permission of their parents [or without permission], the Jedi took children under one year old for training. Children and older people who have established mental and behavioral habits often fail to complete the necessary training, and are considered a serious waste of Jedi resources
once the most powerful force user in history, the Jedi received training and learning in three basic skills: control [for the inner force of the indivial], perception [detecting the external force] and transformation [controlling objects through the force]. These techniques, indivially or in combination, allow the Jedi to perform in many different ways with the force. Sith, on the other hand, used his emotional energy to build strength - especially emotions as strong as anger and hatred - so that they didn't have to follow too many of the same rules to get out<
about 25 years after the battle of andor, ring the invasion of the galaxy by Yuzhan Vong, the Jedi's knowledge of the force had been shaken for a long time. Several biotypes on Myrkr, mainly ysalamiri, can push the force away, but are thought to survive in some way. However, Yuuzhan Vong shows that there is no force in them, neither procing nor absorbing or pushing it away. Most of the Jedi of the new Jedi creed find it difficult for a race to seem to lack any concept of force contact, because previously the force was believed to exist in any living being, even to the slightest degree. Jason; Jacen Solo was the first person to discover that the force was expressed in many ways. There was no real light or dark side, and there was a way to at least recognize the alien invader. Vergere, a former Jedi who had been in contact with Yuuzhan Vong for more than 30 years, guided Jason to understand
about five years after the invasion, when Yuuzhan Vong surrendered from Coruscant, the Jedi Master Luke & Chen 8231; Luke Skywalker pondered his new understanding of the force: the force can not be simply divided into light and dark, but determines good and evil in a more profound way of personal inner control. Finally, Luke decided not to return the Jedi to the role of just defense force. He pointed out that the Jedi creed of the Old Republic meditation had graally fallen into the conspiracy of the Republic. The speaker would ask them to mediate the dispute, and finally expanded into a clone war. The Jedi lost their attention to the essence of the force, and instead focused on dividing good and evil into the light and dark sides of the force. According to Skywalker, the Jedi of the Old Republic did not recognize that the force was in the indivial, not in the crowd
from other aspects, the significance of the force is
in the "dawn", Obi Wan only briefly mentioned to Luke that the force is the source of the Jedi's power, which seems like a kind of super power at first sight In "empire counterattack", Yoda explained in depth that the force is a force that exists in all things in the universe, as well as the factors that lead to the dark side mentioned in "threat lurking", such as aggression, fear, hatred and anger. We can find that the so-called force is actually a force from nature. People with the ability of the force can feel and manipulate it, move and change the objects around them, affect the attention of people with weak mind, let the body surpass the normal performance, and have a certain ability of prediction to improve the speed of lightsaber fighting... Even between Jedi who have a certain relationship with each other, It can be sensed by the force. The setting of the pheromone comes from "threat lurking", but it seems controversial, so it can only be used as a reference at present. Generally speaking, the force comes naturally from life, which is why the Jedi can detect the existence of other beings
as far as the film is concerned, the light and dark sides of the force, in addition to the setting of the story, are also symbolic of human nature; However, from the current history of star wars, there will be some differences: with the rise of the Old Republic, the Jedi class originally represented the force researchers. Later, after a hundred years of research, it was found that the so-called dark side and the attacks launched by those who fell into the dark side, the Jedi became an organization against the dark side; The expelled dark Jedi ruled Sith, founded the ancient Sith Empire, and perished in the great hyperspace war with the Republic about 5000 years ago. However, the name of Sith still remained and became the name of a dark side sect
the purpose of consolidating the Jedi creed, which regards itself as the bright side, is also to fight against the Sith representing the dark side. In order to eliminate the temptation of the dark side, the Jedi creed isolated the Jedi from their childhood and trained them in the Jedi Academy with Brainwashing dogma, which can be seen in the game "Old Republic warrior", As a result, the idea of the separation between the light side and the dark side has been deeply rooted in the Jedi for thousands of years. Generally speaking, the light side emphasizes compassion, protection and good deeds by the force, while the dark side pursues the destructive power and distortion of the force, supplemented by inner corruption. There will be many people who think that the dark side is more powerful, but it is a fact that those who pursue power and degenerate will be engulfed by the force. As Yoda said, the dark side is not necessarily stronger than the light side, but the dark side is faster and more tempting<
the greatest battle between light and darkness is the Sith war, about 4000 years ago, when a republic fell into the Sith sect of the Jedi Issa; When Exar Kun launched the war, many Jedi wandered between light and darkness, which can be said to be the most heroic Jedi war in the history of star wars, but the Republic still won. After several ranaan battles about a thousand years ago, the Jedi wiped out the Sith, and there was only one man, Darth; When Darth bane survived in secret, he created a secret system to inherit the Sith sect
after believing that the threat no longer existed, the Jedi creed of the Republic turned to act as the mediator of various disputes in the Republic, and its overall strength graally declined. The result is in the last Sistas; In the hands of Darth Sidious, he destroyed the whole Republic and all the Jedi with unparalleled conspiracy, established an empire to rule the galaxy, and won over a Jedi who was believed to bring balance to the force; Anakin Skywalker became his man
with the help of Luke, Anakin's son, Anakin finally returned to the light and killed Sidi, completing this long-standing prophecy. After entering the New Republic, Luke became the first Jedi in the new era, and his sister Leia was the second. Later, Luke used the Old Republic panoramic records he found to study the training methods of the Jedi, rebuild the new Jedi creed, and cultivate a group of new generation Jedi warriors. However, the new Jedi creed allows marriage, In order to see the bright side clearly, the Jedi must have experienced the darkness. In a way, it can be attributed to the symbol of the dark side seen by Luke in the cave when he was trained by Yoda
the invasion of Yuuzhan Vong brought a new shock to the definition of the force, because the Jedi finally realized that the force could exist in different ways, and the difference between good and evil came from their inner choices: the force itself had no so-called light or dark. Even though this view is controversial, at least for the Jedi in the past, it is a great innovation in thinking that they just chose the side of the force.
the Jedi have found that the force is proced from the MIDI chlorians in all living cells. The more MIDI chlorians a person has in his cells, the stronger his ability to contact the force. However, it is not guaranteed that humans can control the force if they have a high concentration of metazoans. Only through close learning and focused training can they skillfully guide the force. The Jedi Council found that it was easier for younger people to learn the skills needed to contact and control the force, so it developed a system to actively find and identify people with a high number of zombies at birth, and then with the permission of their parents [or without permission], the Jedi took children under one year old for training. Children and older people who have established mental and behavioral habits often fail to complete the necessary training, and are considered a serious waste of Jedi resources
once the most powerful force user in history, the Jedi received training and learning in three basic skills: control [for the inner force of the indivial], perception [detecting the external force] and transformation [controlling objects through the force]. These techniques, indivially or in combination, allow the Jedi to perform in many different ways with the force. Sith, on the other hand, used his emotional energy to build strength - especially emotions as strong as anger and hatred - so that they didn't have to follow too many of the same rules to get out<
about 25 years after the battle of andor, ring the invasion of the galaxy by Yuzhan Vong, the Jedi's knowledge of the force had been shaken for a long time. Several biotypes on Myrkr, mainly ysalamiri, can push the force away, but are thought to survive in some way. However, Yuuzhan Vong shows that there is no force in them, neither procing nor absorbing or pushing it away. Most of the Jedi of the new Jedi creed find it difficult for a race to seem to lack any concept of force contact, because previously the force was believed to exist in any living being, even to the slightest degree. Jason; Jacen Solo was the first person to discover that the force was expressed in many ways. There was no real light or dark side, and there was a way to at least recognize the alien invader. Vergere, a former Jedi who had been in contact with Yuuzhan Vong for more than 30 years, guided Jason to understand
about five years after the invasion, when Yuuzhan Vong surrendered from Coruscant, the Jedi Master Luke & Chen 8231; Luke Skywalker pondered his new understanding of the force: the force can not be simply divided into light and dark, but determines good and evil in a more profound way of personal inner control. Finally, Luke decided not to return the Jedi to the role of just defense force. He pointed out that the Jedi creed of the Old Republic meditation had graally fallen into the conspiracy of the Republic. The speaker would ask them to mediate the dispute, and finally expanded into a clone war. The Jedi lost their attention to the essence of the force, and instead focused on dividing good and evil into the light and dark sides of the force. According to Skywalker, the Jedi of the Old Republic did not recognize that the force was in the indivial, not in the crowd
from other aspects, the significance of the force is
in the "dawn", Obi Wan only briefly mentioned to Luke that the force is the source of the Jedi's power, which seems like a kind of super power at first sight In "empire counterattack", Yoda explained in depth that the force is a force that exists in all things in the universe, as well as the factors that lead to the dark side mentioned in "threat lurking", such as aggression, fear, hatred and anger. We can find that the so-called force is actually a force from nature. People with the ability of the force can feel and manipulate it, move and change the objects around them, affect the attention of people with weak mind, let the body surpass the normal performance, and have a certain ability of prediction to improve the speed of lightsaber fighting... Even between Jedi who have a certain relationship with each other, It can be sensed by the force. The setting of the pheromone comes from "threat lurking", but it seems controversial, so it can only be used as a reference at present. Generally speaking, the force comes naturally from life, which is why the Jedi can detect the existence of other beings
as far as the film is concerned, the light and dark sides of the force, in addition to the setting of the story, are also symbolic of human nature; However, from the current history of star wars, there will be some differences: with the rise of the Old Republic, the Jedi class originally represented the force researchers. Later, after a hundred years of research, it was found that the so-called dark side and the attacks launched by those who fell into the dark side, the Jedi became an organization against the dark side; The expelled dark Jedi ruled Sith, founded the ancient Sith Empire, and perished in the great hyperspace war with the Republic about 5000 years ago. However, the name of Sith still remained and became the name of a dark side sect
the purpose of consolidating the Jedi creed, which regards itself as the bright side, is also to fight against the Sith representing the dark side. In order to eliminate the temptation of the dark side, the Jedi creed isolated the Jedi from their childhood and trained them in the Jedi Academy with Brainwashing dogma, which can be seen in the game "Old Republic warrior", As a result, the idea of the separation between the light side and the dark side has been deeply rooted in the Jedi for thousands of years. Generally speaking, the light side emphasizes compassion, protection and good deeds by the force, while the dark side pursues the destructive power and distortion of the force, supplemented by inner corruption. There will be many people who think that the dark side is more powerful, but it is a fact that those who pursue power and degenerate will be engulfed by the force. As Yoda said, the dark side is not necessarily stronger than the light side, but the dark side is faster and more tempting<
the greatest battle between light and darkness is the Sith war, about 4000 years ago, when a republic fell into the Sith sect of the Jedi Issa; When Exar Kun launched the war, many Jedi wandered between light and darkness, which can be said to be the most heroic Jedi war in the history of star wars, but the Republic still won. After several ranaan battles about a thousand years ago, the Jedi wiped out the Sith, and there was only one man, Darth; When Darth bane survived in secret, he created a secret system to inherit the Sith sect
after believing that the threat no longer existed, the Jedi creed of the Republic turned to act as the mediator of various disputes in the Republic, and its overall strength graally declined. The result is in the last Sistas; In the hands of Darth Sidious, he destroyed the whole Republic and all the Jedi with unparalleled conspiracy, established an empire to rule the galaxy, and won over a Jedi who was believed to bring balance to the force; Anakin Skywalker became his man
with the help of Luke, Anakin's son, Anakin finally returned to the light and killed Sidi, completing this long-standing prophecy. After entering the New Republic, Luke became the first Jedi in the new era, and his sister Leia was the second. Later, Luke used the Old Republic panoramic records he found to study the training methods of the Jedi, rebuild the new Jedi creed, and cultivate a group of new generation Jedi warriors. However, the new Jedi creed allows marriage, In order to see the bright side clearly, the Jedi must have experienced the darkness. In a way, it can be attributed to the symbol of the dark side seen by Luke in the cave when he was trained by Yoda
the invasion of Yuuzhan Vong brought a new shock to the definition of the force, because the Jedi finally realized that the force could exist in different ways, and the difference between good and evil came from their inner choices: the force itself had no so-called light or dark. Even though this view is controversial, at least for the Jedi in the past, it is a great innovation in thinking that they just chose the side of the force.
5. This should be calculated by knowing the maximum pressure of the brake cylinder,
use p = fs to calculate the braking force
(s is the area of the piston) 10 is the amplified total force, multiply by 0.9 is the effective total force, divide by 16 is the pressure of each brake shoe
according to you, for locomotives, the maximum pressure of Shaoshan series brake cylinder made in China shall not exceed 450kpa. I don't know about the locomotive you're talking about.
use p = fs to calculate the braking force
(s is the area of the piston) 10 is the amplified total force, multiply by 0.9 is the effective total force, divide by 16 is the pressure of each brake shoe
according to you, for locomotives, the maximum pressure of Shaoshan series brake cylinder made in China shall not exceed 450kpa. I don't know about the locomotive you're talking about.
6. The basic brake of train is simply a device that pushes the brake piston through the brake cylinder to proce the braking force according to the pressure change of compressed air, and then amplifies the force through the lever, and finally makes the brake shoe press the wheel to proce the braking effect. I don't know if this is simple enough
120 air brake valve is a kind of freight car brake. Because of its complex structure, its pathway is also complex. It has five action positions: inflation release position, deceleration inflation release position, service braking position, pressure maintaining position and emergency braking position.
120 air brake valve is a kind of freight car brake. Because of its complex structure, its pathway is also complex. It has five action positions: inflation release position, deceleration inflation release position, service braking position, pressure maintaining position and emergency braking position.
7. The function of the brake transmission device is to increase the braking force generated by the brake cylinder by several times by using the lever principle, and transmit it to each brake shoe evenly.
8. The team of this company is relatively young, and the company will save money. It's a little cold when the air conditioner is not turned on at 0. In addition, HR is very important. When you go to an interview, you will fill in an interview form. You are told that you have to fill in the references of the previous company, and they will really call to ask some very complicated questions. It's clear that they are not state-owned enterprises, so they can really do it. In a word, the overall impression is very 2.
Hot content