How to get to the Sino Tibetan cultural exchange center of Aqing
Publish: 2021-04-14 17:44:29
1. No1. Bird island of Qinghai Lake:
features: Qinghai Lake is the largest inland saline lake in China. The topography, geomorphology and ecological environment here deeply reflect the natural landscape and biodiversity of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Bird island is the core scenic spot of Qinghai Lake. Every year, millions of migratory birds in spring and summer make it full of vitality
bird island of Qinghai Lake is located in the west of Qinghai Lake, about 290 km away from Xining City, the provincial capital<
Qinghai Lake is not only a National Nature Reserve, but also a national 4A tourist scenic spot. At the same time, it is also a national key scenic spot approved by the State Council, which has been a fascinating treasure since ancient times. At the end of 2005, Qinghai Lake was named "the most beautiful lake in China" by National Geographic of China
bird island is the general name of Haixi mountain and haixipi, which is named for the hundreds of thousands of migratory birds on the island. From the last ten days of April to the middle of June every year, millions of various kinds of migratory birds live and breed here, making it the most densely populated area in the world<
NO2. Riyue mountain pass:
features: Riyue mountain is famous for the story of Princess Wencheng's entering Tibet. In fact, the sun moon mountain is also a very important coordinate point in Chinese geography. It is the watershed between the agricultural region in the East and the animal husbandry region in the west of Qinghai. It is also the watershed between the Tibetan culture and the Han culture, between the outflow River and the inland river, between the continental climate and the monsoon climate, and between the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the Loess Plateau<
Riyue mountain is located at the junction of Southern Huangyuan county and Gonghe County in Qinghai Province, with an altitude of 4389 meters. It is the only way to enter the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, so it is called "Xihai screen" and "grassland gateway"
from the northern and Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, Riyue mountain was called Chiling. It was the boundary mountain between the Northern Wei Dynasty and Tuyuhun, Tang Dynasty and Tubo. It was named after the red sand on the top of the mountain. It belongs to the western end of the Laji mountain range. It starts from Erhai in the east of Qinghai Lake in the north and connects Qunjia in Huangzhong in the south, stretching for tens of miles. There are unlating mountains, towering peaks, cold climate, abundant rain and beautiful water and grass. There is a milk peak in the north and south of Riyue mountain pass, which looks like the sun and moon. It is called "nimadawa" in Tibetan and "narasara" in Mongolian, which means the sun and the moon<
the sun moon mountain is a fortress with a dangerous situation and an important strategic position. For a long time, it has been an important traffic route from the mainland of China to the southwest border, and also a link of friendly exchanges and trade between the Han and Tibetan people. As early as the Han Dynasty, Riyue mountain has become a major post of "Silk Road" in China. In the Tang Dynasty, the sun moon mountain was the only way for the ancient road of Tang and Tibet< Characteristics: Kunlun mountain pass is the root of all mountains and the vein of the earth. The vast Kunlun Mountains, like a giant dragon, extend to the vast and powerful western territory of China. It not only gave birth to the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, but also supported the spiritual backbone of Chinese civilization for 5000 years; It is not only a cultural symbol, but also a totem of national power
Kunlun mountain pass is located in the middle of Kunlun mountain. With an altitude of 4772 meters, it is the only way for Qinghai and Gansu provinces to lead to Tibet, and it is also a major pass on the Qinghai Tibet highway. Kunlun mountain pass has a high terrain, cold and humid climate, thin air, unique ecological environment and spectacular natural scenery. There is a large area of plateau permafrost near the Kunlun Pass, which does not melt all the year round, but there are green grass growing on the meadow on the surface of the permafrost. Every midsummer season, the grass in full bloom with a variety of bright and dazzling wild flowers, is really good-looking
on the south side of Kunlun Pass, there are Kunlun Pass Monument and Jason sonandajie monument, and the Qinghai Tibet railway passes through the west side of the pass< Characteristics: as the largest no man's land in China, the most concentrated place of plateau lakes, the home of plateau spirit Tibetan antelope and the most charming section of Qinghai Tibet railway, Kekexili has attracted countless tourists. Thanks to the stories of sonan Dajie, Yang Xin and the wild yak team, it has become a banner of China's environmental protection
the total area of Hoh Xil is 83000 square kilometers. It is called "green (or green) ridge" in Mongolian and "beautiful girl" in Tibetan. This is the most densely populated Lake area in China, and because it is a self flowing area, it is mostly salty lakes with different colors and deep mysteries. In addition, e to the sparsely populated area, there are many wild animals, such as yellow goat, antelope and crane. If you are lucky, you can also see Tibetan wild donkey and yak
when you enter Hoh Xil, you will see patches of grassland and endless Gobi. After experiencing the emptiness and loneliness, you will cheer when you see a sparrow. You will find that human and nature, human and animals can be so close. When you finish your journey, the Gobi is far away, the snow mountain is dreaming, and you are back to the world. It seems that you are no longer you. You have become the son of the snow plateau< Characteristics: the Yellow River is the second largest river in China and the mother river of the Chinese nation. Although niutoubei is a distance from the real source of the Yellow River, it is the nearest place that ordinary tourists can reach. Standing in front of the niutoubei, you can have a panoramic view of the endless Eling Lake and cuorigaze peak
the Niutou stele is located on the hillside of cuorigaze mountain between Zaling lake and Eling Lake in Mao County, Qinghai Province, with an altitude of 4610 meters, a height of 3 meters and a height of 2 meters. All the steles are inlaid with copper mold. The unique stele style and bold font symbolize the long history and hardworking and simple character of the Chinese nation<
the total weight of the monument is 5.1 tons. It is made of pure copper. The late 10th Panchen Lama and Comrade Hu Yaobang inscribed the inscription "the source of the Yellow River" in Tibetan and Chinese respectively. Cattle, the sacred worship of primitive totem, is chosen in the monument. With its rough, tough and powerful shape, it summarizes our great and strong national spirit and makes people have an incomparable strong cohesion and centripetal force
No6. Chaerhan Salt Lake
features: Chaerhan Salt Lake is the most typical and characteristic natural landscape in Qaidam Basin, the largest salt lake in China and one of the most famous inland salt lakes in the world. The world's rare wanzhang salt bridge built on the salt lake is a wonder of the Qaidam Basin
Chaerhan Salt Lake is located in the central and southern Qaidam Basin, with an altitude of 2670 meters and a total area of more than 5800 square kilometers. It is the largest natural salt lake in China, ranking second in the world, and has graally developed into a potash fertilizer instrial base in China. Due to the long-term wind and sun exposure, the evaporation of the salt lake is much higher than the precipitation, and the high concentration brine in the lake is graally crystallized into highly ornamental salt flowers. When the wind and the sun are beautiful, the lake surface with thousands of hectares of blue waves will sometimes appear unpredictable "mirage"
in Qarhan Salt Lake, there are several unique sets of lakes in the lake, which form a rare "Lake in the lake" in the world. The wonder of the salt lake, wanzhang salt bridge is a smooth and wide road built on the salt lake. This bridge is unique and unique in shape. It has neither piers nor railings. All of them are made of salt, known as "wanzhang salt bridge", with a total length of 33 kilometers< Characteristics: golden hills, golden gullies and golden fields, all of which are masterpieces of rape flower. Menyuan, located in Haibei Prefecture, Qinghai Province, is the most widely planted area of rape flowers in summer, with the longest flowering cycle and the most magnificent landscape. Together with Wuyuan in Jiangxi Province, Luoping in Yunnan Province and Qinghai Lake, it becomes the best scenic spot to watch rape flowers
Menyuan County of Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture is the main oil procing area in Northwest China, where rape flowers are also prosperous and magnificent. The annual output of rape flowers in Menyuan is 30000 tons, and the oil proction rate is as high as 40%. It is known as "Menyuan oil, flowing all over the street". High quality rape flowers can also proce high-quality honey, attracting a large number of beekeepers to raise bees in the hundred mile flower sea every year
the mid June of every year is the flowering season, starting from qingshizui in the west, yulongtan in the East, Lenglongling in the north and Daban mountain in the south. Rape flowers stretch for tens of kilometers, like a golden sea. As the fields incline towards the river, when you stand on the Bank of the river and look at them from both sides, you can see that the sky is covered with golden yellow, and the Datong River flows in the middle. This kind of scenery is like a silver ribbon with two golden edges< Characteristics: nianbaoyu is the birthplace of sanguoluo and the legendary world of King Gesar. It is an important wetland core area of Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve in Qinghai Province. Its main peak is 5396 meters above sea level. It is covered with snow all the year round and looks like petals. Glacier melt water gathers to form 360 glacier lake groups. Snow mountain and Mirror Lake complement each other, forming a multi-level natural ecosystem of glacier landscape and high mountains
the top of Nianbaoyuze is composed of three mountains covered with snow all the year round, and the mountain body is composed of several ridges and corresponding canyons, which look down like petals. Valley glaciers and suspended glaciers are the main glaciers in the canyon, with an area of about 8 square kilometers. After the melting of ice and snow, more than 160 lakes, large and small, were formed in the valleys around the snow peak, forming a scene of snow mountain, mirror lake and thousands of natural landscapes
local herdsmen regard it as a "holy mountain", which is said to be the birthplace of Guoluo Tibetan. It is said that a long time ago, there was a hunter who saved the only son of Nian Bao Yuze Mountain God who was transformed into a little white snake. Later, Nian Bao Mountain God was transformed into a white yak fighting with the devil, and the hunter was invited to shoot the devil. In order to thank the hunter, Nian Baoyu betrothed his youngest daughter to the hunter. After their marriage, they gave birth to three sons, namely angqiben, ashqiangben and bamaben. The upper, middle and lower Guoluo tribes are their descendants. Therefore, nianbao Yuze Shenshan became the ancestor of Guoluo Tibetan<
the mountain is beautiful and peculiar, high and straight, and the peaks around the main peak and the towering rocks also add to the attraction of this mountain which is not very eye-catching at altitude< Kanbula Forest Park features: Kanbula National Forest Park, Tibetan Buddhist temples, Lijiaxia dam, reservoir and surrounding scenic spots. The beautiful Danxia landform and the rippling Yellow River dam together form a magnificent landscape of "blue water carrying Danshan, and the dam locking the Yellow River"
kambla Forest Park is located on the South Bank of the Yellow River in the northwest of Jianzha County, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, with a total area of 152 square kilometers and an altitude of 2100-4000 meters. It is adjacent to the Yellow River in the north and the famous Lijiaxia Hydropower Station
the scenic spot is a branch of Laji mountain, which is composed of mountains, wind eroded hills and small basins between mountains. The stratum is mainly composed of red glutenite. The highest peak is Shenbao mountain, with an altitude of 4614 meters. There are more than 50 scenic spots, with Danxia landform and Buddhist temples as the main landscape. It also has a grand Lijiaxia hydropower project, which is based on sightseeing, leisure and vacation In 1992, it was approved as a national forest park by the Ministry of forestry. In 2004, it was announced as the third batch of national geoparks by the Ministry of land and resources< Characteristics: the landform of Qianfo cliff has both wind erosion and water erosion, forming a special landscape combining Danxia landform and Yadan landform. In a dry climate,
features: Qinghai Lake is the largest inland saline lake in China. The topography, geomorphology and ecological environment here deeply reflect the natural landscape and biodiversity of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. Bird island is the core scenic spot of Qinghai Lake. Every year, millions of migratory birds in spring and summer make it full of vitality
bird island of Qinghai Lake is located in the west of Qinghai Lake, about 290 km away from Xining City, the provincial capital<
Qinghai Lake is not only a National Nature Reserve, but also a national 4A tourist scenic spot. At the same time, it is also a national key scenic spot approved by the State Council, which has been a fascinating treasure since ancient times. At the end of 2005, Qinghai Lake was named "the most beautiful lake in China" by National Geographic of China
bird island is the general name of Haixi mountain and haixipi, which is named for the hundreds of thousands of migratory birds on the island. From the last ten days of April to the middle of June every year, millions of various kinds of migratory birds live and breed here, making it the most densely populated area in the world<
NO2. Riyue mountain pass:
features: Riyue mountain is famous for the story of Princess Wencheng's entering Tibet. In fact, the sun moon mountain is also a very important coordinate point in Chinese geography. It is the watershed between the agricultural region in the East and the animal husbandry region in the west of Qinghai. It is also the watershed between the Tibetan culture and the Han culture, between the outflow River and the inland river, between the continental climate and the monsoon climate, and between the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the Loess Plateau<
Riyue mountain is located at the junction of Southern Huangyuan county and Gonghe County in Qinghai Province, with an altitude of 4389 meters. It is the only way to enter the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, so it is called "Xihai screen" and "grassland gateway"
from the northern and Southern Dynasties to the Tang Dynasty, Riyue mountain was called Chiling. It was the boundary mountain between the Northern Wei Dynasty and Tuyuhun, Tang Dynasty and Tubo. It was named after the red sand on the top of the mountain. It belongs to the western end of the Laji mountain range. It starts from Erhai in the east of Qinghai Lake in the north and connects Qunjia in Huangzhong in the south, stretching for tens of miles. There are unlating mountains, towering peaks, cold climate, abundant rain and beautiful water and grass. There is a milk peak in the north and south of Riyue mountain pass, which looks like the sun and moon. It is called "nimadawa" in Tibetan and "narasara" in Mongolian, which means the sun and the moon<
the sun moon mountain is a fortress with a dangerous situation and an important strategic position. For a long time, it has been an important traffic route from the mainland of China to the southwest border, and also a link of friendly exchanges and trade between the Han and Tibetan people. As early as the Han Dynasty, Riyue mountain has become a major post of "Silk Road" in China. In the Tang Dynasty, the sun moon mountain was the only way for the ancient road of Tang and Tibet< Characteristics: Kunlun mountain pass is the root of all mountains and the vein of the earth. The vast Kunlun Mountains, like a giant dragon, extend to the vast and powerful western territory of China. It not only gave birth to the Yellow River and the Yangtze River, but also supported the spiritual backbone of Chinese civilization for 5000 years; It is not only a cultural symbol, but also a totem of national power
Kunlun mountain pass is located in the middle of Kunlun mountain. With an altitude of 4772 meters, it is the only way for Qinghai and Gansu provinces to lead to Tibet, and it is also a major pass on the Qinghai Tibet highway. Kunlun mountain pass has a high terrain, cold and humid climate, thin air, unique ecological environment and spectacular natural scenery. There is a large area of plateau permafrost near the Kunlun Pass, which does not melt all the year round, but there are green grass growing on the meadow on the surface of the permafrost. Every midsummer season, the grass in full bloom with a variety of bright and dazzling wild flowers, is really good-looking
on the south side of Kunlun Pass, there are Kunlun Pass Monument and Jason sonandajie monument, and the Qinghai Tibet railway passes through the west side of the pass< Characteristics: as the largest no man's land in China, the most concentrated place of plateau lakes, the home of plateau spirit Tibetan antelope and the most charming section of Qinghai Tibet railway, Kekexili has attracted countless tourists. Thanks to the stories of sonan Dajie, Yang Xin and the wild yak team, it has become a banner of China's environmental protection
the total area of Hoh Xil is 83000 square kilometers. It is called "green (or green) ridge" in Mongolian and "beautiful girl" in Tibetan. This is the most densely populated Lake area in China, and because it is a self flowing area, it is mostly salty lakes with different colors and deep mysteries. In addition, e to the sparsely populated area, there are many wild animals, such as yellow goat, antelope and crane. If you are lucky, you can also see Tibetan wild donkey and yak
when you enter Hoh Xil, you will see patches of grassland and endless Gobi. After experiencing the emptiness and loneliness, you will cheer when you see a sparrow. You will find that human and nature, human and animals can be so close. When you finish your journey, the Gobi is far away, the snow mountain is dreaming, and you are back to the world. It seems that you are no longer you. You have become the son of the snow plateau< Characteristics: the Yellow River is the second largest river in China and the mother river of the Chinese nation. Although niutoubei is a distance from the real source of the Yellow River, it is the nearest place that ordinary tourists can reach. Standing in front of the niutoubei, you can have a panoramic view of the endless Eling Lake and cuorigaze peak
the Niutou stele is located on the hillside of cuorigaze mountain between Zaling lake and Eling Lake in Mao County, Qinghai Province, with an altitude of 4610 meters, a height of 3 meters and a height of 2 meters. All the steles are inlaid with copper mold. The unique stele style and bold font symbolize the long history and hardworking and simple character of the Chinese nation<
the total weight of the monument is 5.1 tons. It is made of pure copper. The late 10th Panchen Lama and Comrade Hu Yaobang inscribed the inscription "the source of the Yellow River" in Tibetan and Chinese respectively. Cattle, the sacred worship of primitive totem, is chosen in the monument. With its rough, tough and powerful shape, it summarizes our great and strong national spirit and makes people have an incomparable strong cohesion and centripetal force
No6. Chaerhan Salt Lake
features: Chaerhan Salt Lake is the most typical and characteristic natural landscape in Qaidam Basin, the largest salt lake in China and one of the most famous inland salt lakes in the world. The world's rare wanzhang salt bridge built on the salt lake is a wonder of the Qaidam Basin
Chaerhan Salt Lake is located in the central and southern Qaidam Basin, with an altitude of 2670 meters and a total area of more than 5800 square kilometers. It is the largest natural salt lake in China, ranking second in the world, and has graally developed into a potash fertilizer instrial base in China. Due to the long-term wind and sun exposure, the evaporation of the salt lake is much higher than the precipitation, and the high concentration brine in the lake is graally crystallized into highly ornamental salt flowers. When the wind and the sun are beautiful, the lake surface with thousands of hectares of blue waves will sometimes appear unpredictable "mirage"
in Qarhan Salt Lake, there are several unique sets of lakes in the lake, which form a rare "Lake in the lake" in the world. The wonder of the salt lake, wanzhang salt bridge is a smooth and wide road built on the salt lake. This bridge is unique and unique in shape. It has neither piers nor railings. All of them are made of salt, known as "wanzhang salt bridge", with a total length of 33 kilometers< Characteristics: golden hills, golden gullies and golden fields, all of which are masterpieces of rape flower. Menyuan, located in Haibei Prefecture, Qinghai Province, is the most widely planted area of rape flowers in summer, with the longest flowering cycle and the most magnificent landscape. Together with Wuyuan in Jiangxi Province, Luoping in Yunnan Province and Qinghai Lake, it becomes the best scenic spot to watch rape flowers
Menyuan County of Haibei Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture is the main oil procing area in Northwest China, where rape flowers are also prosperous and magnificent. The annual output of rape flowers in Menyuan is 30000 tons, and the oil proction rate is as high as 40%. It is known as "Menyuan oil, flowing all over the street". High quality rape flowers can also proce high-quality honey, attracting a large number of beekeepers to raise bees in the hundred mile flower sea every year
the mid June of every year is the flowering season, starting from qingshizui in the west, yulongtan in the East, Lenglongling in the north and Daban mountain in the south. Rape flowers stretch for tens of kilometers, like a golden sea. As the fields incline towards the river, when you stand on the Bank of the river and look at them from both sides, you can see that the sky is covered with golden yellow, and the Datong River flows in the middle. This kind of scenery is like a silver ribbon with two golden edges< Characteristics: nianbaoyu is the birthplace of sanguoluo and the legendary world of King Gesar. It is an important wetland core area of Sanjiangyuan Nature Reserve in Qinghai Province. Its main peak is 5396 meters above sea level. It is covered with snow all the year round and looks like petals. Glacier melt water gathers to form 360 glacier lake groups. Snow mountain and Mirror Lake complement each other, forming a multi-level natural ecosystem of glacier landscape and high mountains
the top of Nianbaoyuze is composed of three mountains covered with snow all the year round, and the mountain body is composed of several ridges and corresponding canyons, which look down like petals. Valley glaciers and suspended glaciers are the main glaciers in the canyon, with an area of about 8 square kilometers. After the melting of ice and snow, more than 160 lakes, large and small, were formed in the valleys around the snow peak, forming a scene of snow mountain, mirror lake and thousands of natural landscapes
local herdsmen regard it as a "holy mountain", which is said to be the birthplace of Guoluo Tibetan. It is said that a long time ago, there was a hunter who saved the only son of Nian Bao Yuze Mountain God who was transformed into a little white snake. Later, Nian Bao Mountain God was transformed into a white yak fighting with the devil, and the hunter was invited to shoot the devil. In order to thank the hunter, Nian Baoyu betrothed his youngest daughter to the hunter. After their marriage, they gave birth to three sons, namely angqiben, ashqiangben and bamaben. The upper, middle and lower Guoluo tribes are their descendants. Therefore, nianbao Yuze Shenshan became the ancestor of Guoluo Tibetan<
the mountain is beautiful and peculiar, high and straight, and the peaks around the main peak and the towering rocks also add to the attraction of this mountain which is not very eye-catching at altitude< Kanbula Forest Park features: Kanbula National Forest Park, Tibetan Buddhist temples, Lijiaxia dam, reservoir and surrounding scenic spots. The beautiful Danxia landform and the rippling Yellow River dam together form a magnificent landscape of "blue water carrying Danshan, and the dam locking the Yellow River"
kambla Forest Park is located on the South Bank of the Yellow River in the northwest of Jianzha County, Huangnan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, with a total area of 152 square kilometers and an altitude of 2100-4000 meters. It is adjacent to the Yellow River in the north and the famous Lijiaxia Hydropower Station
the scenic spot is a branch of Laji mountain, which is composed of mountains, wind eroded hills and small basins between mountains. The stratum is mainly composed of red glutenite. The highest peak is Shenbao mountain, with an altitude of 4614 meters. There are more than 50 scenic spots, with Danxia landform and Buddhist temples as the main landscape. It also has a grand Lijiaxia hydropower project, which is based on sightseeing, leisure and vacation In 1992, it was approved as a national forest park by the Ministry of forestry. In 2004, it was announced as the third batch of national geoparks by the Ministry of land and resources< Characteristics: the landform of Qianfo cliff has both wind erosion and water erosion, forming a special landscape combining Danxia landform and Yadan landform. In a dry climate,
2.
The marriage of Princess Wencheng is an important event in history. Because at that time, the Tang Dynasty was rich and the people were rich, and although Tubo was remote and the land was poor, the Tubo Songzanganbu was really a man with brains. Although he did not win in the war with the Tang Dynasty, he was not willing to be a minister of the Tang Dynasty. He made two requests for marriage. As a result, there was the famous Princess Wencheng
Nowadays, the Potala Palace has become the most famous place in Tibet and has attracted many tourists. And until now, there are statues of Princess Wencheng and Songzanganbu in Potala Palace3. What is the Han Tibetan Buddhism of Yuan Dynasty? Experts and scholars tell you that on December 3, the seminar on the study of Han and Tibetan Buddhism in Beijing of the Yuan Dynasty was solemnly held in Beijing Shichahai Academy. Buddhism in the Yuan Dynasty refers to the Buddhism of the Yuan Dynasty, which was established by the Mongols in the whole of China ring the hundred years (1260-1368) from the accession of the emperor to the throne to the end of Emperor Shun. The Yuan Dynasty adopted a pluralistic and open policy in culture and religion, and Buddhism got new development. The imperial court set up a "imperial teacher" who was in charge of the "xuanzhengyuan" and was responsible for Buddhism and military and political affairs in Tibet; At the same time, he appointed eminent monks of Han nationality to manage Buddhist affairs and participate in the construction of political system, culture and ecation. Buddhist cultural exchanges between China, Japan and South Korea have been further developed. Beijing is the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, known as Da. It is not only the political, economic and cultural center, but also the Buddhist cultural center of East Asia. Many famous Tibetan and Chinese Buddhist monks and residents live here. Famous figures in the Buddhist circles of the Yuan Dynasty, such as basiba, Danba, Wansong Xingxiu, Haiyun Yinjian, Xueting Fuyu, Yelu Chucai and Liu Bingzhong, were respected by the imperial court or held important positions in the government, which played an important role in promoting the exchange and development of Sino Tibetan Buddhist culture at that time. The spread and exchange of Han and Tibetan Buddhism in Da of Yuan Dynasty made great contributions to national unity, national integration and cultural prosperity
in view of the weak research on Han Tibetan Buddhism in Beijing ring the Yuan Dynasty, in order to promote the innovation and development of Buddhism, the paper discusses the dissemination, exchange and characteristics of Han Tibetan Buddhism in Beijing ring the Yuan Dynasty, as well as the representative figures and their deeds, writings and contributions The seminar was jointly held by the annual journal of Buddhist studies to further promote the construction and prosperity of the capital culture
the seminar was attended by nearly 100 guests from the State Bureau of religious affairs, China religious society, China Buddhist Association, Beijing Municipal Bureau of religious affairs and Beijing Buddhist Association, as well as experts and scholars in Buddhist history, Yuan Dynasty history, Tibetan studies and master Dade at home and abroad. The opening ceremony of the seminar was presided over by Master Sheng Kai, vice president of Institute of ethics and religion of Tsinghua University, deputy director of China Buddhist Culture Research Institute and executive deputy director of Beijing Buddhist Culture Research Institute. Hu Xuefeng, vice president of the Chinese Buddhist Association, President of the Beijing Buddhist Association, director of the Beijing Institute of Buddhist culture and chair of the Yonghe temple, Mr. Cao Zhongjian, vice president of the Chinese religious association and former Secretary of the Party committee of the Institute of world religions of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and Chen Yanbao, director of the Beijing Municipal Bureau of religion, Professor Yang Zengwen, member of the honorary Department of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, delivered a passionate speech at the opening ceremony
more than 700 years of space dialogue
this seminar is divided into four topics, each seminar is a combination of experts' speeches and comments
in the first discussion with the theme of "Han and Tibetan Buddhist figures in Yuanda", Mr. Chen Gaohua, librarian of the Central Library of culture and history and member of the academic department of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, discussed yuanrenzong and Buddhism, and suggested that experts and scholars should pay attention to the decrees and documents of the Yuan Dynasty and search for some important policies and measures of Buddhism at that time in the historical materials. Yang Zengwen, member of the honorary Department of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and researcher of the Institute of world religions, made a research on Yelu Chucai and Buddhism. Gazangjia, a researcher in the Institute of world religions, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, gives an overview of one or two events in the life of basiba, the imperial teacher of the Yuan Dynasty. Wuliji Bayar, a professor in the College of minority languages and arts of Central University for nationalities, has made his own thoughts on the communication between Yuan court and Tibetan Buddhist monks. Fukushima chongze, a researcher at the Shinto Institute of comprehensive studies at otaku University in Japan, expressed his own views on the policy of worshiping ecation and restraining Zen of Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty
in the second discussion with the theme of "a comprehensive review of Han and Tibetan Buddhism in Yuanda", Ban Ban ojie, Dean of the Institute of Tibetan studies, Central University for nationalities, made a keynote speech on "a brief discussion of Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan culture". Sun Wuhu, the vice president of the school of philosophy and religion of the Central University for nationalities, put forward his own views on a brief examination of the Sino Tibetan Buddhist exchange in Yuanda. Jia Muyang, researcher of Institute of world religions, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences? Kaichao made an overview of "thinking of Han, Tibetan and Mongolian Buddhism in Beijing in Yuan Dynasty". Zhao liming, Professor of Chinese Department of Tsinghua University and director of Southwest endangered culture research center of Tsinghua University, shared with her students the field investigation results of rescuing and investigating endangered languages on the article "the influence of Buddhism in Sichuan and Yunnan from the perspective of Mongolian in Sichuan", which aroused great interest and enthusiasm of experts and scholars present
in the Third Discussion on "Han and Tibetan Buddhist rituals in Yuanda", Professor Shen Weirong from the Institute of Humanities and social sciences of Tsinghua University talked about the main point of view on the importance of Buddhist "Philology" research in "saving history from" great joy "and" Yan'er ". An Haiyan, an associate professor of the Institute of Qing history of Renmin University of China, made the book "Qing & lt; Palace Yoga The textual research of "Dao Guo Ji Lun" in Xixia and "Yan Er Fa" in Yuan Dynasty. Compared with the former two, Professor Chen Nan, from the school of history and culture of Central University for nationalities, made a speech on the miscellaneous examination of the great white umbrella cover of the Yuan Dynasty to study the development of Buddhist rituals among the people Yin Bang, a researcher in the editorial department of Journal of Southwest University for nationalities, expressed his views from the perspective of great perfection and Zen
in the Fourth Symposium on the theme of "literature and art of Han and Tibetan Buddhism in Yuanda", Professor Suo Luoning of the Institute of western region history and language, National College of Renmin University of China published "Xixia literature & lt; Suiyuan collection & gt; And the spread of Chinese Buddhism in Xixia. Xie Jisheng, director of the Han Tibetan Buddhist art research center of Zhejiang University and researcher of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, put forward "a re examination of the origin of the multi body six character Zhenyan cliff inscriptions seen in Beijing". Liu Xiao, vice president of China Yuan History Research Association and researcher of Institute of history, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; Bin Wang Lu & gt; Jianfu temple in Yanjing is also described in the book "Xing Ying of mu'an and Dao Qian of Na'an". Liu Jun, deputy director of the Administration Office of Yonghe temple in Beijing, made a statement on Liu Yuan's contribution to the development and prosperity of Buddhist statue art in Yuan
"the window contains the snow of the west ridge, and the door berths the ship of ten thousand miles behind the sea." More than 700 years ago, Shichahai was prosperous because of the water transportation in Yuan Dynasty, and since then there have been four times of prosperity. More than 700 years later, scholars from all walks of life have made their own examination and Reflection on the development and characteristics of Han and Tibetan Buddhism in Yuan Dynasty Beijing from various perspectives. In the space-time interval of more than 700 years, they have had a historical dialogue....
primitive observation, seeing the prosperity and decline, and moving forward ceaselessly
"today, it is necessary for us to study the spread and development of Han and Tibetan Buddhism in Yuan Dynasty in Beijing We should conct in-depth research on exchanges, mutual influence and the important role they play, fully tap this valuable historical wealth, and apply it to the current socialist cause and the great unity of all ethnic groups. " Hu Xuefeng, President of the Beijing Buddhist Association and Abbot of the Yonghe temple, said that the seminar will not only expand the field of Buddhist academic research in Beijing in the Yuan Dynasty, but also play a positive role in promoting the comprehensive research of the whole Han Tibetan Buddhism
"it is hoped that the guests will fully display their latest discoveries, further enrich the research achievements of Buddhism in the Yuan Dynasty, and take this opportunity to promote mutual reference and learning between the two sides through the exchange and interaction of Han and Tibetan Buddhism, so as to inject new vitality into the theory and Research of Han and Tibetan Buddhism, create a new situation, and make the development of Chinese Buddhism to a new level." President Hu Xuefeng said
Yixue monk, vice president of Beijing Buddhist Association, executive deputy director of Beijing Buddhist Culture Research Institute and Abbot of Guanghua temple, said, "as the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, Beijing was not only the political and cultural center, but also the Buddhist Center at that time. Many Han, Tibetan and Mongolian eminent monks were active in the then Yuan Dynasty. Their activities not only promoted the development of Buddhism to a certain extent, It has made great contributions to national unity, national integration and cultural prosperity. Up to now, the study of Han Tibetan Buddhism in Beijing in Yuan Dynasty is still very important. Through historical carding and research, we can provide some reflection and reference for our future development. "
"we should adhere to the tenet of" primitive observation of the end, seeing prosperity and decline ", and grasp the future in familiar or unfamiliar landscapes." As the great monk Yixue said, historical research bears the mission of "studying the relationship between man and nature, understanding the changes of the past and the present". Attaching importance to history, studying history and learning from history can bring us wisdom to understand yesterday, grasp today and create tomorrow. Undoubtedly, this seminar has taken a forward-looking and solid step on the road of excavating the historical treasures of Han Buddhism in Beijing in Yuan Dynasty!
in view of the weak research on Han Tibetan Buddhism in Beijing ring the Yuan Dynasty, in order to promote the innovation and development of Buddhism, the paper discusses the dissemination, exchange and characteristics of Han Tibetan Buddhism in Beijing ring the Yuan Dynasty, as well as the representative figures and their deeds, writings and contributions The seminar was jointly held by the annual journal of Buddhist studies to further promote the construction and prosperity of the capital culture
the seminar was attended by nearly 100 guests from the State Bureau of religious affairs, China religious society, China Buddhist Association, Beijing Municipal Bureau of religious affairs and Beijing Buddhist Association, as well as experts and scholars in Buddhist history, Yuan Dynasty history, Tibetan studies and master Dade at home and abroad. The opening ceremony of the seminar was presided over by Master Sheng Kai, vice president of Institute of ethics and religion of Tsinghua University, deputy director of China Buddhist Culture Research Institute and executive deputy director of Beijing Buddhist Culture Research Institute. Hu Xuefeng, vice president of the Chinese Buddhist Association, President of the Beijing Buddhist Association, director of the Beijing Institute of Buddhist culture and chair of the Yonghe temple, Mr. Cao Zhongjian, vice president of the Chinese religious association and former Secretary of the Party committee of the Institute of world religions of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, and Chen Yanbao, director of the Beijing Municipal Bureau of religion, Professor Yang Zengwen, member of the honorary Department of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, delivered a passionate speech at the opening ceremony
more than 700 years of space dialogue
this seminar is divided into four topics, each seminar is a combination of experts' speeches and comments
in the first discussion with the theme of "Han and Tibetan Buddhist figures in Yuanda", Mr. Chen Gaohua, librarian of the Central Library of culture and history and member of the academic department of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, discussed yuanrenzong and Buddhism, and suggested that experts and scholars should pay attention to the decrees and documents of the Yuan Dynasty and search for some important policies and measures of Buddhism at that time in the historical materials. Yang Zengwen, member of the honorary Department of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and researcher of the Institute of world religions, made a research on Yelu Chucai and Buddhism. Gazangjia, a researcher in the Institute of world religions, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, gives an overview of one or two events in the life of basiba, the imperial teacher of the Yuan Dynasty. Wuliji Bayar, a professor in the College of minority languages and arts of Central University for nationalities, has made his own thoughts on the communication between Yuan court and Tibetan Buddhist monks. Fukushima chongze, a researcher at the Shinto Institute of comprehensive studies at otaku University in Japan, expressed his own views on the policy of worshiping ecation and restraining Zen of Kublai Khan, the emperor of the Yuan Dynasty
in the second discussion with the theme of "a comprehensive review of Han and Tibetan Buddhism in Yuanda", Ban Ban ojie, Dean of the Institute of Tibetan studies, Central University for nationalities, made a keynote speech on "a brief discussion of Tibetan Buddhism and Tibetan culture". Sun Wuhu, the vice president of the school of philosophy and religion of the Central University for nationalities, put forward his own views on a brief examination of the Sino Tibetan Buddhist exchange in Yuanda. Jia Muyang, researcher of Institute of world religions, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences? Kaichao made an overview of "thinking of Han, Tibetan and Mongolian Buddhism in Beijing in Yuan Dynasty". Zhao liming, Professor of Chinese Department of Tsinghua University and director of Southwest endangered culture research center of Tsinghua University, shared with her students the field investigation results of rescuing and investigating endangered languages on the article "the influence of Buddhism in Sichuan and Yunnan from the perspective of Mongolian in Sichuan", which aroused great interest and enthusiasm of experts and scholars present
in the Third Discussion on "Han and Tibetan Buddhist rituals in Yuanda", Professor Shen Weirong from the Institute of Humanities and social sciences of Tsinghua University talked about the main point of view on the importance of Buddhist "Philology" research in "saving history from" great joy "and" Yan'er ". An Haiyan, an associate professor of the Institute of Qing history of Renmin University of China, made the book "Qing & lt; Palace Yoga The textual research of "Dao Guo Ji Lun" in Xixia and "Yan Er Fa" in Yuan Dynasty. Compared with the former two, Professor Chen Nan, from the school of history and culture of Central University for nationalities, made a speech on the miscellaneous examination of the great white umbrella cover of the Yuan Dynasty to study the development of Buddhist rituals among the people Yin Bang, a researcher in the editorial department of Journal of Southwest University for nationalities, expressed his views from the perspective of great perfection and Zen
in the Fourth Symposium on the theme of "literature and art of Han and Tibetan Buddhism in Yuanda", Professor Suo Luoning of the Institute of western region history and language, National College of Renmin University of China published "Xixia literature & lt; Suiyuan collection & gt; And the spread of Chinese Buddhism in Xixia. Xie Jisheng, director of the Han Tibetan Buddhist art research center of Zhejiang University and researcher of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, put forward "a re examination of the origin of the multi body six character Zhenyan cliff inscriptions seen in Beijing". Liu Xiao, vice president of China Yuan History Research Association and researcher of Institute of history, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; Bin Wang Lu & gt; Jianfu temple in Yanjing is also described in the book "Xing Ying of mu'an and Dao Qian of Na'an". Liu Jun, deputy director of the Administration Office of Yonghe temple in Beijing, made a statement on Liu Yuan's contribution to the development and prosperity of Buddhist statue art in Yuan
"the window contains the snow of the west ridge, and the door berths the ship of ten thousand miles behind the sea." More than 700 years ago, Shichahai was prosperous because of the water transportation in Yuan Dynasty, and since then there have been four times of prosperity. More than 700 years later, scholars from all walks of life have made their own examination and Reflection on the development and characteristics of Han and Tibetan Buddhism in Yuan Dynasty Beijing from various perspectives. In the space-time interval of more than 700 years, they have had a historical dialogue....
primitive observation, seeing the prosperity and decline, and moving forward ceaselessly
"today, it is necessary for us to study the spread and development of Han and Tibetan Buddhism in Yuan Dynasty in Beijing We should conct in-depth research on exchanges, mutual influence and the important role they play, fully tap this valuable historical wealth, and apply it to the current socialist cause and the great unity of all ethnic groups. " Hu Xuefeng, President of the Beijing Buddhist Association and Abbot of the Yonghe temple, said that the seminar will not only expand the field of Buddhist academic research in Beijing in the Yuan Dynasty, but also play a positive role in promoting the comprehensive research of the whole Han Tibetan Buddhism
"it is hoped that the guests will fully display their latest discoveries, further enrich the research achievements of Buddhism in the Yuan Dynasty, and take this opportunity to promote mutual reference and learning between the two sides through the exchange and interaction of Han and Tibetan Buddhism, so as to inject new vitality into the theory and Research of Han and Tibetan Buddhism, create a new situation, and make the development of Chinese Buddhism to a new level." President Hu Xuefeng said
Yixue monk, vice president of Beijing Buddhist Association, executive deputy director of Beijing Buddhist Culture Research Institute and Abbot of Guanghua temple, said, "as the capital of the Yuan Dynasty, Beijing was not only the political and cultural center, but also the Buddhist Center at that time. Many Han, Tibetan and Mongolian eminent monks were active in the then Yuan Dynasty. Their activities not only promoted the development of Buddhism to a certain extent, It has made great contributions to national unity, national integration and cultural prosperity. Up to now, the study of Han Tibetan Buddhism in Beijing in Yuan Dynasty is still very important. Through historical carding and research, we can provide some reflection and reference for our future development. "
"we should adhere to the tenet of" primitive observation of the end, seeing prosperity and decline ", and grasp the future in familiar or unfamiliar landscapes." As the great monk Yixue said, historical research bears the mission of "studying the relationship between man and nature, understanding the changes of the past and the present". Attaching importance to history, studying history and learning from history can bring us wisdom to understand yesterday, grasp today and create tomorrow. Undoubtedly, this seminar has taken a forward-looking and solid step on the road of excavating the historical treasures of Han Buddhism in Beijing in Yuan Dynasty!
4. At the beginning of December 1994, the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet was listed in the world heritage list
Potala Palace is a famous palace style architectural complex in the northwest of Lhasa, Tibet. It is the essence of Tibetan ancient architectural art.
the Potala Palace was built in the 7th century. It was built by Songzanganbu, the king of Tibet, for Princess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty, who was married to Tibet. The Potala Palace, a palace with 999 houses, was built on the red mountain of Lhasa at an altitude of more than 3700 meters. Palace built by the mountain, now covers an area of 410 thousand square meters, with a floor area of 130 thousand square meters, 13 main floors of the palace building, and 115 meters high, all of which are stone wood structures. 5 palace tops are covered with gold plated copper tiles. Known as the temple of the plateau< In early December 1994, the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet was listed in the world heritage list
Potala Palace is a famous palace style architectural complex in the northwest of Lhasa, Tibet. It is the essence of Tibetan ancient architectural art.
the Potala Palace was built in the 7th century. It was built by Songzanganbu, the king of Tibet, for Princess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty, who was married to Tibet. The Potala Palace, a palace with 999 houses, was built on the red mountain of Lhasa at an altitude of more than 3700 meters. Palace built by the mountain, now covers an area of 410 thousand square meters, with a floor area of 130 thousand square meters, 13 main floors of the palace building, and 115 meters high, all of which are stone wood structures. 5 palace tops are covered with gold plated copper tiles. Known as the temple of the plateau< In early December 1994, the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet was listed in the world heritage list
Potala Palace is a famous palace style architectural complex in the northwest of Lhasa, Tibet. It is the essence of Tibetan ancient architectural art.
the Potala Palace was built in the 7th century. It was built by Songzanganbu, the king of Tibet, for Princess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty, who was married to Tibet. The Potala Palace, a palace with 999 houses, was built on the red mountain of Lhasa at an altitude of more than 3700 meters. Palace built by the mountain, now covers an area of 410 thousand square meters, with a floor area of 130 thousand square meters, 13 main floors of the palace building, and 115 meters high, all of which are stone wood structures. 5 palace tops are covered with gold plated copper tiles. Known as the temple of the plateau< In early December 1994, the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet was listed in the world heritage list
Potala Palace is a famous palace style architectural complex in the northwest of Lhasa, Tibet. It is the essence of Tibetan ancient architectural art.
the Potala Palace was built in the 7th century. It was built by Songzanganbu, the king of Tibet, for Princess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty, who was married to Tibet. The Potala Palace, a palace with 999 houses, was built on the red mountain of Lhasa at an altitude of more than 3700 meters. Palace built by the mountain, now covers an area of 410 thousand square meters, with a floor area of 130 thousand square meters, 13 main floors of the palace building, and 115 meters high, all of which are stone wood structures. 5 palace tops are covered with gold plated copper tiles. Known as the temple of the plateau.
Potala Palace is a famous palace style architectural complex in the northwest of Lhasa, Tibet. It is the essence of Tibetan ancient architectural art.
the Potala Palace was built in the 7th century. It was built by Songzanganbu, the king of Tibet, for Princess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty, who was married to Tibet. The Potala Palace, a palace with 999 houses, was built on the red mountain of Lhasa at an altitude of more than 3700 meters. Palace built by the mountain, now covers an area of 410 thousand square meters, with a floor area of 130 thousand square meters, 13 main floors of the palace building, and 115 meters high, all of which are stone wood structures. 5 palace tops are covered with gold plated copper tiles. Known as the temple of the plateau< In early December 1994, the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet was listed in the world heritage list
Potala Palace is a famous palace style architectural complex in the northwest of Lhasa, Tibet. It is the essence of Tibetan ancient architectural art.
the Potala Palace was built in the 7th century. It was built by Songzanganbu, the king of Tibet, for Princess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty, who was married to Tibet. The Potala Palace, a palace with 999 houses, was built on the red mountain of Lhasa at an altitude of more than 3700 meters. Palace built by the mountain, now covers an area of 410 thousand square meters, with a floor area of 130 thousand square meters, 13 main floors of the palace building, and 115 meters high, all of which are stone wood structures. 5 palace tops are covered with gold plated copper tiles. Known as the temple of the plateau< In early December 1994, the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet was listed in the world heritage list
Potala Palace is a famous palace style architectural complex in the northwest of Lhasa, Tibet. It is the essence of Tibetan ancient architectural art.
the Potala Palace was built in the 7th century. It was built by Songzanganbu, the king of Tibet, for Princess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty, who was married to Tibet. The Potala Palace, a palace with 999 houses, was built on the red mountain of Lhasa at an altitude of more than 3700 meters. Palace built by the mountain, now covers an area of 410 thousand square meters, with a floor area of 130 thousand square meters, 13 main floors of the palace building, and 115 meters high, all of which are stone wood structures. 5 palace tops are covered with gold plated copper tiles. Known as the temple of the plateau< In early December 1994, the Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet was listed in the world heritage list
Potala Palace is a famous palace style architectural complex in the northwest of Lhasa, Tibet. It is the essence of Tibetan ancient architectural art.
the Potala Palace was built in the 7th century. It was built by Songzanganbu, the king of Tibet, for Princess Wencheng of the Tang Dynasty, who was married to Tibet. The Potala Palace, a palace with 999 houses, was built on the red mountain of Lhasa at an altitude of more than 3700 meters. Palace built by the mountain, now covers an area of 410 thousand square meters, with a floor area of 130 thousand square meters, 13 main floors of the palace building, and 115 meters high, all of which are stone wood structures. 5 palace tops are covered with gold plated copper tiles. Known as the temple of the plateau.
5. 1 1. Envoys sent by the Japanese royal family to the Tang Dynasty, who traveled between China and Japan, were an important medium of economic and cultural exchanges between China and Japan
2. Analyze the purpose, frequency and function of Japanese sending Tang envoys with students
at that time, the Tang Dynasty was in the prosperous period of feudal society, and its economy and culture were in the advanced position in the world. At that time, Japan was in the period of collapse of slave society and establishment and consolidation of feudal system. The highly developed economy and culture of Tang Dynasty is concive to the development of Japanese society and has a strong attraction to Japan. In addition, the development of transportation at that time made it more possible for the two sides to communicate
3. Introce the historical figures of Japan who have contributed to the friendly exchanges between Japan and China: Kong Hai and Abe zhongmalu; How did Konghai become a famous monk in China? What are his important contributions to the cultural exchanges between China and Japan? The poems of Wang Wei and Li Bai are quoted to highlight their deep friendship with Chao Heng Send Secretary Chao Hengqing back to Japan. If you leave a foreign land, you can get a good news. Li Bai's poems in books
2. Analyze the purpose, frequency and function of Japanese sending Tang envoys with students
at that time, the Tang Dynasty was in the prosperous period of feudal society, and its economy and culture were in the advanced position in the world. At that time, Japan was in the period of collapse of slave society and establishment and consolidation of feudal system. The highly developed economy and culture of Tang Dynasty is concive to the development of Japanese society and has a strong attraction to Japan. In addition, the development of transportation at that time made it more possible for the two sides to communicate
3. Introce the historical figures of Japan who have contributed to the friendly exchanges between Japan and China: Kong Hai and Abe zhongmalu; How did Konghai become a famous monk in China? What are his important contributions to the cultural exchanges between China and Japan? The poems of Wang Wei and Li Bai are quoted to highlight their deep friendship with Chao Heng Send Secretary Chao Hengqing back to Japan. If you leave a foreign land, you can get a good news. Li Bai's poems in books
6. Aqing temple is located in the south of Kada Township, Bama County, Golog Prefecture, Qinghai Province. It is about 140 km away from the residence of Bama County Government and about 5 km away from the residence of township government. It is the place where cichengjiashen Rinpoche was born in the past and closed for Dharma promotion. In 2013, cichengjiashen Rinpoche began to prepare for the construction of Aqing temple. He mainly passed on the great consummation practice teaching methods inherited by Jiang Yanglong and his followers (Lama achu Rinpoche), Ningma balongqin and lunsa. In 2004, Rinpoche personally wrote in AKI Rinpoche, where he successfully opened Fu Zang. Based on this, he promoted Buddhism and benefited all sentient beings
the Aqing temple is surrounded by Mt. Dumu, Mt. Ruyi, Mt. Puba, Mt. HUFA and Mt. Azi, forming a pattern of Wutai Mountain. Located between Cheng and Xining, the transportation is convenient. It only takes three hours to go to Guoluo airport and Wuming Buddhist College.
the Aqing temple is surrounded by Mt. Dumu, Mt. Ruyi, Mt. Puba, Mt. HUFA and Mt. Azi, forming a pattern of Wutai Mountain. Located between Cheng and Xining, the transportation is convenient. It only takes three hours to go to Guoluo airport and Wuming Buddhist College.
7. Xuanzang traveled to the west to learn from the classics
Princess Wencheng married in Tibet
the Silk Road
in the Tang Dynasty, the external transportation was very developed. At that time, the land transportation took Chang'an as the center, and the north road went to the upper reaches of the yenisai and EBI rivers through the present Mongolia region, and to the west of the Erqis River Basin in the West. The west road passes through the Hexi Corridor and goes westward from Yumenguan in Dunhuang. There are three roads in Xinjiang that can lead to Central Asia, West Asia, Pakistan and India. This is the famous "Silk Road"
the southwest road passes through Xichuan to Tubo, reaching Nepal and India; Or through Nanzhao, Myanmar to India. East through Hebei, Liaodong to the Korean Peninsula
sea transportation
in terms of sea transportation, there are three routes to Japan: one is from Dengzhou (Penglai, Shandong Province), crossing the Bohai Sea to Japan along the east coast of Liaodong Peninsula and the west coast of Korean Peninsula; the other is from Chuzhou (Huai'an, Jiangsu Province) to the Huaihe River mouth, going north along Shandong Peninsula, crossing the Yellow Sea to Japan through Korean Peninsula; The third is to go out to sea from Yangzhou or Mingzhou, cross the East China Sea and go straight to Japan
the sea route to South Asian countries is from Guangzhou to the coast of Vietnam, through the Strait of Malacca at the southern end of the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, and then to Java, Sri Lanka and India in Indonesia. The sea route to West Asia mainly starts from Guangzhou, passes through Southeast Asia, crosses the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea to the coast of the Persian Gulf
in the Tang Dynasty, the sea transportation to Egypt and East Africa was initially opened up. These lines of communication have been constantly confirmed by the unearthed cultural relics and the salvage of sunken ships along the lines. The above facts show that China ring the Tang Dynasty was a center of economic and cultural exchanges between Asian and African countries< During the Tang Dynasty, the friendly exchanges and cultural exchanges between China and Japan reached unprecedented prosperity. At that time, Japanese society was at the stage of the collapse of slavery and the establishment and consolidation of feudalism, and highly appreciated the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, a large number of envoys, students and monks were sent to the Tang Dynasty< In 631 (the fifth year of Zhenguan), Japan sent the first "envoy to Tang Dynasty" composed of overseas students and learned monks. By 838 (the third year of Kaicheng), Japan sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty for 13 times, and sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty for three times. In the early Tang Dynasty, the number of Japanese envoys sent to the Tang Dynasty was generally no more than 200. Since the beginning of the 8th century, the number of Japanese envoys increased greatly. For example, in 717, 733 and 838, the number of Japanese envoys sent to the Tang Dynasty was more than 550
the Japanese silver coin found in Xi'an in 1970 may have been brought by the envoy to the Tang Dynasty. Some of the precious cultural relics of Tang Dynasty, such as musical instruments, screens, bronze mirrors and knives, were brought back by the envoys of Tang Dynasty. In order to absorb the cultural achievements of China, Japan sent many overseas students to study in Tang Dynasty. They were assigned to Chang'an Imperial College to study various kinds of special knowledge. For example, Abei zhongmalu (Chao Heng), who lived in China for a long time, was good at poetry. In Tang Dynasty, he successively held the posts of Guanglu doctor and Secretary Supervisor. He has a deep friendship with famous poets Li Bai, Wang Wei and others, and often writes poems to reward each other. After the Japanese students returned home, they played a very important role in the spread of Chinese culture<
Kong Hai and monk Jianzhen
there are more than 90 learned monks from Japan studying in China, the most famous of which is Kong Hai. He came to China in 804 (the 20th year of Zhenyuan) and studied Tantrism from Huiguo in Qinglong Temple of Chang'an. When he returned home, he brought back more than 180 Buddhist scriptures and established Tantrism in Japan. He also had a profound study of Chinese literature and writing, and made important contributions to the cultural exchanges between China and Japan. Chinese monks also continue to travel to Japan to communicate the cultures of China and Japan, among which monk Jianzhen has made the greatest contribution< Jianzhen, surnamed Chunyu, is from Yangzhou. He has a deep study of the law, preaching the law and preaching the precepts in Daming Temple in Yangzhou. At the invitation of emperor Shengwu of Japan, he went eastward to Japan. After six times of hard work, he went through hardships and dangers and became blind. Finally, in 754 (the 13th year of Tianbao), he arrived in Japan with his disciples. He was nearly 70 years old. At the same time, Jianzhen also taught Japan Buddhist temple architecture, sculpture, painting and other arts. The existing Tang zhaoti temple in Japan was built by Jianzhen and his disciples, which had an important influence on Japanese architecture. Jianzhen was proficient in medicine, especially in Materia Medica. Although he was blind, he could distinguish all kinds of drugs by nose and smell. He made great contribution to the development of Japanese medicine<
Master Yijing
after Xuanzang, another Chinese Buddhist master Yijing set out from Guangzhou on a Persian ship in 671 (the second year of Xianheng) and floated to India. He first studied Buddhism in nalan temple for ten years, then went to shiliver temple to collect and Buddhist scriptures (in Sumatra), and stayed in Nanyang for another year. He has traveled more than 30 countries for 25 years, and returned to China in 695, bringing back 400 scriptures. After returning to China, he translated Buddhist scriptures in Luoyang for 12 years. He translated 230 volumes of Buddhist scriptures. He also wrote two books, biography of Nanhai Jigui Neifa and biography of eminent monks in western regions of Tang Dynasty, which recorded the social and cultural conditions of many countries in South Asia. These records are also valuable materials for studying India, Pakistan and Nanyang countries in the 7th century
Princess Wencheng married in Tibet
the Silk Road
in the Tang Dynasty, the external transportation was very developed. At that time, the land transportation took Chang'an as the center, and the north road went to the upper reaches of the yenisai and EBI rivers through the present Mongolia region, and to the west of the Erqis River Basin in the West. The west road passes through the Hexi Corridor and goes westward from Yumenguan in Dunhuang. There are three roads in Xinjiang that can lead to Central Asia, West Asia, Pakistan and India. This is the famous "Silk Road"
the southwest road passes through Xichuan to Tubo, reaching Nepal and India; Or through Nanzhao, Myanmar to India. East through Hebei, Liaodong to the Korean Peninsula
sea transportation
in terms of sea transportation, there are three routes to Japan: one is from Dengzhou (Penglai, Shandong Province), crossing the Bohai Sea to Japan along the east coast of Liaodong Peninsula and the west coast of Korean Peninsula; the other is from Chuzhou (Huai'an, Jiangsu Province) to the Huaihe River mouth, going north along Shandong Peninsula, crossing the Yellow Sea to Japan through Korean Peninsula; The third is to go out to sea from Yangzhou or Mingzhou, cross the East China Sea and go straight to Japan
the sea route to South Asian countries is from Guangzhou to the coast of Vietnam, through the Strait of Malacca at the southern end of the Malay Peninsula to Sumatra, and then to Java, Sri Lanka and India in Indonesia. The sea route to West Asia mainly starts from Guangzhou, passes through Southeast Asia, crosses the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea to the coast of the Persian Gulf
in the Tang Dynasty, the sea transportation to Egypt and East Africa was initially opened up. These lines of communication have been constantly confirmed by the unearthed cultural relics and the salvage of sunken ships along the lines. The above facts show that China ring the Tang Dynasty was a center of economic and cultural exchanges between Asian and African countries< During the Tang Dynasty, the friendly exchanges and cultural exchanges between China and Japan reached unprecedented prosperity. At that time, Japanese society was at the stage of the collapse of slavery and the establishment and consolidation of feudalism, and highly appreciated the prosperity of the Tang Dynasty. Therefore, a large number of envoys, students and monks were sent to the Tang Dynasty< In 631 (the fifth year of Zhenguan), Japan sent the first "envoy to Tang Dynasty" composed of overseas students and learned monks. By 838 (the third year of Kaicheng), Japan sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty for 13 times, and sent envoys to the Tang Dynasty for three times. In the early Tang Dynasty, the number of Japanese envoys sent to the Tang Dynasty was generally no more than 200. Since the beginning of the 8th century, the number of Japanese envoys increased greatly. For example, in 717, 733 and 838, the number of Japanese envoys sent to the Tang Dynasty was more than 550
the Japanese silver coin found in Xi'an in 1970 may have been brought by the envoy to the Tang Dynasty. Some of the precious cultural relics of Tang Dynasty, such as musical instruments, screens, bronze mirrors and knives, were brought back by the envoys of Tang Dynasty. In order to absorb the cultural achievements of China, Japan sent many overseas students to study in Tang Dynasty. They were assigned to Chang'an Imperial College to study various kinds of special knowledge. For example, Abei zhongmalu (Chao Heng), who lived in China for a long time, was good at poetry. In Tang Dynasty, he successively held the posts of Guanglu doctor and Secretary Supervisor. He has a deep friendship with famous poets Li Bai, Wang Wei and others, and often writes poems to reward each other. After the Japanese students returned home, they played a very important role in the spread of Chinese culture<
Kong Hai and monk Jianzhen
there are more than 90 learned monks from Japan studying in China, the most famous of which is Kong Hai. He came to China in 804 (the 20th year of Zhenyuan) and studied Tantrism from Huiguo in Qinglong Temple of Chang'an. When he returned home, he brought back more than 180 Buddhist scriptures and established Tantrism in Japan. He also had a profound study of Chinese literature and writing, and made important contributions to the cultural exchanges between China and Japan. Chinese monks also continue to travel to Japan to communicate the cultures of China and Japan, among which monk Jianzhen has made the greatest contribution< Jianzhen, surnamed Chunyu, is from Yangzhou. He has a deep study of the law, preaching the law and preaching the precepts in Daming Temple in Yangzhou. At the invitation of emperor Shengwu of Japan, he went eastward to Japan. After six times of hard work, he went through hardships and dangers and became blind. Finally, in 754 (the 13th year of Tianbao), he arrived in Japan with his disciples. He was nearly 70 years old. At the same time, Jianzhen also taught Japan Buddhist temple architecture, sculpture, painting and other arts. The existing Tang zhaoti temple in Japan was built by Jianzhen and his disciples, which had an important influence on Japanese architecture. Jianzhen was proficient in medicine, especially in Materia Medica. Although he was blind, he could distinguish all kinds of drugs by nose and smell. He made great contribution to the development of Japanese medicine<
Master Yijing
after Xuanzang, another Chinese Buddhist master Yijing set out from Guangzhou on a Persian ship in 671 (the second year of Xianheng) and floated to India. He first studied Buddhism in nalan temple for ten years, then went to shiliver temple to collect and Buddhist scriptures (in Sumatra), and stayed in Nanyang for another year. He has traveled more than 30 countries for 25 years, and returned to China in 695, bringing back 400 scriptures. After returning to China, he translated Buddhist scriptures in Luoyang for 12 years. He translated 230 volumes of Buddhist scriptures. He also wrote two books, biography of Nanhai Jigui Neifa and biography of eminent monks in western regions of Tang Dynasty, which recorded the social and cultural conditions of many countries in South Asia. These records are also valuable materials for studying India, Pakistan and Nanyang countries in the 7th century
8. The ancient tea horse road is a private international trade channel with horse Gang as the main means of transportation in southwest and Northwest China. It is a corridor for economic and cultural exchanges among ethnic groups in Southwest China. The ancient tea horse road is a very special geographical name. It is a tourist route with the strongest natural scenery and the most mysterious culture in the world. It contains endless cultural heritage. The ancient tea horse road [1] originated from the ancient tea horse market in the southwest and northwest frontier. It flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties, flourished in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and flourished in the middle and late World War II. The ancient tea horse road is divided into Sichuan Tibet Road and Yunnan Tibet Road, connecting Sichuan, Yunnan Tibet Road and extending into Bhutan, Nepal and India (this is Yunnan Vietnam tea horse road) to the Red Sea coast of West Asia and West Africa< Background: there are three ancient tea horse roads in China:
the first one is Shaanxi Gansu tea horse road, which is the main road for tea to travel westward and change back to horses in mainland China
the second is the ancient tea horse road (wading ancient road) in shankang, which was mainly opened by the Western Shaanxi people
the third Yunnan Tibet tea horse ancient road[ 3]
the ancient tea horse road is one of the main routes of the ancient Silk Road. The main means of transportation is camel. And tea, horse, refers to selling tea for horse (here tea and horse are commodities)
the ancient Tibetan tea horse road in shankang, the ancient wading Road, began in the Tang Dynasty and was formed by the tea horse trade between Shaanxi merchants and the ancient Southwest Frontier. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, the government controlled the tea selling, and the tea selling was divided into different regions. The most prosperous tea horse market was Kangding, which was called the ancient tea horse road. Therefore, the ancient tea horse road in shankang was a cross regional tea horse road in China at that time. Sichuan Tibet tea horse ancient road is a part of Shaanxi Kang Tibetan tea horse ancient road. It starts from Ya'an, the border tea procing area of Yazhou in the East, passes through dajianlu (now Kangding), ends in Lhasa, Tibet in the west, and finally ends in Bhutan, Nepal and India. It has a total length of more than 4000 kilometers and a history of more than 1300 years. It has profound historical and cultural deposits, It is an indispensable bridge and link between ancient Tibet and the mainland
the ancient tea horse road between Yunnan and Tibet was formed in the late sixth century AD. it starts from Yiwu and Pu'er City, the main tea procing areas in Xishuangbanna, and passes through today's Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Lijiang City and Shangri La to Tibet directly to Lhasa. Some of them also re exported from Tibet to India and Nepal, which was an important trade channel between ancient China and South Asia. Pu'er has a long history as an advantageous place of origin and distribution center of goods on the ancient tea horse road< The ancient tea horse road is a political and economic link. It has promoted the unity of Tibet and the motherland, and the close and inseparable relationship between the Tibetan and Han people. Through this ancient road, the Tibetan people not only get indispensable tea and other procts from the mainland, but also make up for the lack of the Tibetan area and meet the needs of the Tibetan people. It also opened the door for the Tibetan areas, which had been in a relatively closed environment for a long time, to introce various local procts of the Tibetan areas to the mainland. It has formed a lasting economic relationship of mutual benefit and complementarity. This kind of complementary relationship makes the Tibetan and Han nationalities form a pattern of economic dependence and inseparability. This further promoted the unity of the Tibetan areas and the motherland, and the unity of the Tibetan and Han nationalities. In history, although the song and Ming Dynasties did not station a single soldier in the Tibetan area, they always maintained an inseparable relationship with the Tibetan area, making the various departments in the Tibetan area submit and unite. Among them, the ancient tea horse road played the most important role
economic development
the ancient tea horse road has driven the social and economic development of Tibet. Along this road, along with the tea horse trade, not only a large number of instrial and agricultural procts from the mainland were introced into the Tibetan areas, which enriched the material life of the Tibetan areas, but also advanced crafts, technologies and skilled craftsmen from the mainland entered the Tibetan areas, which promoted the economic development of the Tibetan areas. For example, e to the need of tea transportation, leather manufacturing technology from the mainland was introced into Tibetan areas, which led to the development of leather processing instry in Tibetan areas; For example, e to the development of Commerce and trade, a large number of technologies and technicians from the mainland, such as gold panning, vegetable planting, construction, gold and silver processing, have been imported through this way, which has promoted the development of farming technology, gold mining technology and handicraft instry in Tibetan areas. At the same time, e to the expansion of trading goods, the Tibetan medicinal materials such as Cordyceps sinensis, Fritillaria, rhubarb and Qinqi have been developed, and the proction of Kadian, Zhuzi and national handicrafts has also been promoted, with great development. According to statistics, Sichuan proced 30 million jin of tea in Song Dynasty, half of which was transported to the Tibetan area through the ancient tea horse road. In the Ming Dynasty, there were 30000 tea imports through Liya and Diaomen ports, accounting for more than 80% of the total. In the Qing Dynasty, more than 14 million jin of Sichuan tea was exported through Dajian furnace every year. At the same time, a large number of local procts of Tibetan areas are also exported by this way. According to statistics in 1934, more than 4000 Jin musk, 30000 Jin Cordyceps sinensis, 5500000 Jin wool and 60000 pieces of Fuzi were exported from Kangding to the mainland, with a total value of more than 4 million taels of silver. This shows the scale of Sino Tibetan trade. Driven by this trade, business activities in Tibetan areas rose rapidly, and a number of famous Tibetan merchants appeared, such as & quot; Bang Da Cang& quot; San o Cang& quot; Daily rise warehouse & quot; Wait (Cang) means home in Tibetan. It is used as a trade name here; Guozhuang, a special economic organization with inns, shops and intermediaries, emerged. Kangba is in the center of the road. Influenced by this environment, Kangba first changed the concept of valuing agriculture over commerce and formed the habit of doing business. Kangba merchants are famous for their ingenuity
the rise of Tibetan areas
promoted the rise and development of Tibetan towns. In the long-term business activities, many trading markets, piggyback teams, distribution centers for business travel and accommodation spots along the ancient tea horse road have graally become towns with a large number of residents. It promotes the urbanization development of Tibetan society. For example, the archery furnace was still desolate in the Yuan Dynasty. After the opening of Diaomen and chamadiao in Yanzhou in the Ming Dynasty, it graally became a collection and distribution center of pack teams to the west of Da River. In the Qing Dynasty, it opened wasagou Road, built Luding Bridge, and set up ChaGuan in the area, which quickly became & quot; In the Han Dynasty, merchants gathered; It's a big business city. Pack teams from Tibet and other places outside the customs pass come and go here in an endless stream, and merchants from all over the country gather here. It has formed the tea Gang specialized in business, the Jinxiang Gang specialized in gold and musk, the qiongbu Gang specialized in cloth and hada, the yam Gang specialized in medicinal materials, the government goods Gang specialized in silk and leather, the dried vegetables Gang specialized in food, and the Yunnan Gang specialized in opium and groceries. There are 48 Guozhuang, 32 tea shops and dozens of shops dealing in different commodities. Emerging instries such as tea sewing, leather making, catering and hardware have sprung up. Houses, shops, hospitals, schools, government offices and streets have been built one after another, forming a prosperous and bustling city famous at home and abroad; Yo yo city;. Another example is that Chang is the transportation hub and material distribution center of Sichuan Tibet, Yunnan Tibet and Qinghai Tibet tea horse ancient roads. With the development of tea horse trade, it has become an important town in Kangxi district and another center of Sino Tibetan trade
cultural exchange
the cultural exchange between Tibetan, Han and other nationalities. The rise of tea horse trade gave a large number of Tibetan businessmen and tribute envoys the opportunity to go deep into the mainland of China; At the same time, a large number of Han, Hui, Mongolian, Naxi merchants, craftsmen, garrison troops entered the Tibetan area. In the long-term exchanges, they have enhanced their understanding and affinity for each other's different cultures, and formed a new cultural pattern of compatibility, respect and integration. In many towns along the ancient tea horse road, Tibetans are in close harmony with Han, Hui and other foreign nationalities. Tibetan culture goes hand in hand with Han culture, Islamic culture, Naxi culture and other different cultures, and absorbs each other in some aspects, resulting in compound and blending. For example, in Kangding, Batang, Ganzi, Songpan, Chang and other places, there are not only magnificent Lama temples, but also buildings related to the Han culture, such as the emperor's temple, Chuanzhu palace, Tudi temple, etc. in some places, there are mosques and Taoist temples. Businessmen from all over the city also set up Qin Jin guild hall, Huguang guild hall, northern Sichuan guild hall and other organizations to introce Sichuan Opera, Qin opera, Peking Opera and other operas into Tibetan areas. The festivals of different nationalities were celebrated together; Different national diets are absorbed by each other; Different national customs are respected by each other in cultural harmony. The harmony of culture promotes the affinity of blood relationship, and there are a large number of Han Tibetan marriage families here. The flower of national unity blooms on the ancient tea horse road< The Qinglong bridge is the only way to enter Shuhe ancient village. Although it has a history of more than 400 years, it is still broad and smooth. The blue Qinglong river flows under the bridge, with dense poplar and willow trees. White pear flowers, red Begonia flowers and peach flowers bloom year by year, providing sweet fruits for the villagers. The delicacy of this hometown is the eternal memory of the ancient road collector and the cobbler of Shuhe
along the Qinglong bridge to the west, there is a five colored stone road. The dark red lines on the stones are still visible. The old man said that it was built in the 1930s and 1940s by a group of businessmen who had been running on the ancient tea horse road all the year round. Because they often do business with Tibetans, local people call them "Tibetans". Shuhe street is not only their concern, but also the starting point and final expectation of their business career
Shuhe is like a big garden in the middle of the street, with four lanes extending from Shuhe street. The one to the east goes through the ancient city of Lijiang, the one to the South leads to Guji administrative village, the one to the North leads to Baisha administrative village, and the one to the northwest is the main road that used to lead to Diqing Tibetan area, namely "tea horse ancient road"
along the river from Jiuding Longtan and Podi Xiaotan, Tibetans embark on two dangerous ancient business routes: an ancient pass from songyun village to the southwest, Huangshan sentry post, from Lashi to shigu, Judian and Ludian, over lidiping, weixibaohe Town, to the Lancang River, north along the river, across yanziyan plank Road, to Deqin, and then through Liutong River and liusuo to Tibet; The second road passes by the Jiuding Longtan and the small pond at the bottom of the slope, winding to the Western Yulong Snow Mountain. After Wenhai village, you can go straight to Longpan, Lijiang, cross Jinsha River, cross twelve railings to Zhongdian County, then cross the bridge, cross the river by canoe from benzilan, cross the white snow mountain to Deqin City, then cross the Liutong River, cross the rope, and cross Meili Snow Mountain to Tibet. The journey of the two ancient roads is six thousand li each, and it takes more than three months to take one trip
plank road, sliding rope, snow mountain and every dangerous road on the ancient road may be the destination of Tibetan tourists. In their brave and magnificent life, they often need romantic care. Some Tibetans marry a hardworking and filial girl at home and a gentle and virtuous Zhuoma in Tibetan areas. Far away, many Naxi girls and Zhuoma have never seen each other in their whole lives. They are tolerant and even grateful to each other in their hearts, and pour long thoughts on the man who "pinned her head on the belt". Such a tradition no longer exists today, but Naxi and Tibetans, who have become relatives because of Tibetan tourists, often meet in Shuhe. Therefore, it is not difficult to drink pure butter tea in Shuhe
there are traces of the ancient tea horse road that Tibetans walk along, but there is no trace of another ancient road from Shuhe river. On this invisible Road, there are another group of people who "can travel all over the world with just a handful of awls and a bunch of yarn". They are leather craftsmen of Shuhe river<
9 religions
the three religions live in harmony in Kangding
in Southwest China, the eastern edge of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the middle section of the Daxueshan mountain in Hengan Mountains,
the first one is Shaanxi Gansu tea horse road, which is the main road for tea to travel westward and change back to horses in mainland China
the second is the ancient tea horse road (wading ancient road) in shankang, which was mainly opened by the Western Shaanxi people
the third Yunnan Tibet tea horse ancient road[ 3]
the ancient tea horse road is one of the main routes of the ancient Silk Road. The main means of transportation is camel. And tea, horse, refers to selling tea for horse (here tea and horse are commodities)
the ancient Tibetan tea horse road in shankang, the ancient wading Road, began in the Tang Dynasty and was formed by the tea horse trade between Shaanxi merchants and the ancient Southwest Frontier. In Ming and Qing Dynasties, the government controlled the tea selling, and the tea selling was divided into different regions. The most prosperous tea horse market was Kangding, which was called the ancient tea horse road. Therefore, the ancient tea horse road in shankang was a cross regional tea horse road in China at that time. Sichuan Tibet tea horse ancient road is a part of Shaanxi Kang Tibetan tea horse ancient road. It starts from Ya'an, the border tea procing area of Yazhou in the East, passes through dajianlu (now Kangding), ends in Lhasa, Tibet in the west, and finally ends in Bhutan, Nepal and India. It has a total length of more than 4000 kilometers and a history of more than 1300 years. It has profound historical and cultural deposits, It is an indispensable bridge and link between ancient Tibet and the mainland
the ancient tea horse road between Yunnan and Tibet was formed in the late sixth century AD. it starts from Yiwu and Pu'er City, the main tea procing areas in Xishuangbanna, and passes through today's Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Lijiang City and Shangri La to Tibet directly to Lhasa. Some of them also re exported from Tibet to India and Nepal, which was an important trade channel between ancient China and South Asia. Pu'er has a long history as an advantageous place of origin and distribution center of goods on the ancient tea horse road< The ancient tea horse road is a political and economic link. It has promoted the unity of Tibet and the motherland, and the close and inseparable relationship between the Tibetan and Han people. Through this ancient road, the Tibetan people not only get indispensable tea and other procts from the mainland, but also make up for the lack of the Tibetan area and meet the needs of the Tibetan people. It also opened the door for the Tibetan areas, which had been in a relatively closed environment for a long time, to introce various local procts of the Tibetan areas to the mainland. It has formed a lasting economic relationship of mutual benefit and complementarity. This kind of complementary relationship makes the Tibetan and Han nationalities form a pattern of economic dependence and inseparability. This further promoted the unity of the Tibetan areas and the motherland, and the unity of the Tibetan and Han nationalities. In history, although the song and Ming Dynasties did not station a single soldier in the Tibetan area, they always maintained an inseparable relationship with the Tibetan area, making the various departments in the Tibetan area submit and unite. Among them, the ancient tea horse road played the most important role
economic development
the ancient tea horse road has driven the social and economic development of Tibet. Along this road, along with the tea horse trade, not only a large number of instrial and agricultural procts from the mainland were introced into the Tibetan areas, which enriched the material life of the Tibetan areas, but also advanced crafts, technologies and skilled craftsmen from the mainland entered the Tibetan areas, which promoted the economic development of the Tibetan areas. For example, e to the need of tea transportation, leather manufacturing technology from the mainland was introced into Tibetan areas, which led to the development of leather processing instry in Tibetan areas; For example, e to the development of Commerce and trade, a large number of technologies and technicians from the mainland, such as gold panning, vegetable planting, construction, gold and silver processing, have been imported through this way, which has promoted the development of farming technology, gold mining technology and handicraft instry in Tibetan areas. At the same time, e to the expansion of trading goods, the Tibetan medicinal materials such as Cordyceps sinensis, Fritillaria, rhubarb and Qinqi have been developed, and the proction of Kadian, Zhuzi and national handicrafts has also been promoted, with great development. According to statistics, Sichuan proced 30 million jin of tea in Song Dynasty, half of which was transported to the Tibetan area through the ancient tea horse road. In the Ming Dynasty, there were 30000 tea imports through Liya and Diaomen ports, accounting for more than 80% of the total. In the Qing Dynasty, more than 14 million jin of Sichuan tea was exported through Dajian furnace every year. At the same time, a large number of local procts of Tibetan areas are also exported by this way. According to statistics in 1934, more than 4000 Jin musk, 30000 Jin Cordyceps sinensis, 5500000 Jin wool and 60000 pieces of Fuzi were exported from Kangding to the mainland, with a total value of more than 4 million taels of silver. This shows the scale of Sino Tibetan trade. Driven by this trade, business activities in Tibetan areas rose rapidly, and a number of famous Tibetan merchants appeared, such as & quot; Bang Da Cang& quot; San o Cang& quot; Daily rise warehouse & quot; Wait (Cang) means home in Tibetan. It is used as a trade name here; Guozhuang, a special economic organization with inns, shops and intermediaries, emerged. Kangba is in the center of the road. Influenced by this environment, Kangba first changed the concept of valuing agriculture over commerce and formed the habit of doing business. Kangba merchants are famous for their ingenuity
the rise of Tibetan areas
promoted the rise and development of Tibetan towns. In the long-term business activities, many trading markets, piggyback teams, distribution centers for business travel and accommodation spots along the ancient tea horse road have graally become towns with a large number of residents. It promotes the urbanization development of Tibetan society. For example, the archery furnace was still desolate in the Yuan Dynasty. After the opening of Diaomen and chamadiao in Yanzhou in the Ming Dynasty, it graally became a collection and distribution center of pack teams to the west of Da River. In the Qing Dynasty, it opened wasagou Road, built Luding Bridge, and set up ChaGuan in the area, which quickly became & quot; In the Han Dynasty, merchants gathered; It's a big business city. Pack teams from Tibet and other places outside the customs pass come and go here in an endless stream, and merchants from all over the country gather here. It has formed the tea Gang specialized in business, the Jinxiang Gang specialized in gold and musk, the qiongbu Gang specialized in cloth and hada, the yam Gang specialized in medicinal materials, the government goods Gang specialized in silk and leather, the dried vegetables Gang specialized in food, and the Yunnan Gang specialized in opium and groceries. There are 48 Guozhuang, 32 tea shops and dozens of shops dealing in different commodities. Emerging instries such as tea sewing, leather making, catering and hardware have sprung up. Houses, shops, hospitals, schools, government offices and streets have been built one after another, forming a prosperous and bustling city famous at home and abroad; Yo yo city;. Another example is that Chang is the transportation hub and material distribution center of Sichuan Tibet, Yunnan Tibet and Qinghai Tibet tea horse ancient roads. With the development of tea horse trade, it has become an important town in Kangxi district and another center of Sino Tibetan trade
cultural exchange
the cultural exchange between Tibetan, Han and other nationalities. The rise of tea horse trade gave a large number of Tibetan businessmen and tribute envoys the opportunity to go deep into the mainland of China; At the same time, a large number of Han, Hui, Mongolian, Naxi merchants, craftsmen, garrison troops entered the Tibetan area. In the long-term exchanges, they have enhanced their understanding and affinity for each other's different cultures, and formed a new cultural pattern of compatibility, respect and integration. In many towns along the ancient tea horse road, Tibetans are in close harmony with Han, Hui and other foreign nationalities. Tibetan culture goes hand in hand with Han culture, Islamic culture, Naxi culture and other different cultures, and absorbs each other in some aspects, resulting in compound and blending. For example, in Kangding, Batang, Ganzi, Songpan, Chang and other places, there are not only magnificent Lama temples, but also buildings related to the Han culture, such as the emperor's temple, Chuanzhu palace, Tudi temple, etc. in some places, there are mosques and Taoist temples. Businessmen from all over the city also set up Qin Jin guild hall, Huguang guild hall, northern Sichuan guild hall and other organizations to introce Sichuan Opera, Qin opera, Peking Opera and other operas into Tibetan areas. The festivals of different nationalities were celebrated together; Different national diets are absorbed by each other; Different national customs are respected by each other in cultural harmony. The harmony of culture promotes the affinity of blood relationship, and there are a large number of Han Tibetan marriage families here. The flower of national unity blooms on the ancient tea horse road< The Qinglong bridge is the only way to enter Shuhe ancient village. Although it has a history of more than 400 years, it is still broad and smooth. The blue Qinglong river flows under the bridge, with dense poplar and willow trees. White pear flowers, red Begonia flowers and peach flowers bloom year by year, providing sweet fruits for the villagers. The delicacy of this hometown is the eternal memory of the ancient road collector and the cobbler of Shuhe
along the Qinglong bridge to the west, there is a five colored stone road. The dark red lines on the stones are still visible. The old man said that it was built in the 1930s and 1940s by a group of businessmen who had been running on the ancient tea horse road all the year round. Because they often do business with Tibetans, local people call them "Tibetans". Shuhe street is not only their concern, but also the starting point and final expectation of their business career
Shuhe is like a big garden in the middle of the street, with four lanes extending from Shuhe street. The one to the east goes through the ancient city of Lijiang, the one to the South leads to Guji administrative village, the one to the North leads to Baisha administrative village, and the one to the northwest is the main road that used to lead to Diqing Tibetan area, namely "tea horse ancient road"
along the river from Jiuding Longtan and Podi Xiaotan, Tibetans embark on two dangerous ancient business routes: an ancient pass from songyun village to the southwest, Huangshan sentry post, from Lashi to shigu, Judian and Ludian, over lidiping, weixibaohe Town, to the Lancang River, north along the river, across yanziyan plank Road, to Deqin, and then through Liutong River and liusuo to Tibet; The second road passes by the Jiuding Longtan and the small pond at the bottom of the slope, winding to the Western Yulong Snow Mountain. After Wenhai village, you can go straight to Longpan, Lijiang, cross Jinsha River, cross twelve railings to Zhongdian County, then cross the bridge, cross the river by canoe from benzilan, cross the white snow mountain to Deqin City, then cross the Liutong River, cross the rope, and cross Meili Snow Mountain to Tibet. The journey of the two ancient roads is six thousand li each, and it takes more than three months to take one trip
plank road, sliding rope, snow mountain and every dangerous road on the ancient road may be the destination of Tibetan tourists. In their brave and magnificent life, they often need romantic care. Some Tibetans marry a hardworking and filial girl at home and a gentle and virtuous Zhuoma in Tibetan areas. Far away, many Naxi girls and Zhuoma have never seen each other in their whole lives. They are tolerant and even grateful to each other in their hearts, and pour long thoughts on the man who "pinned her head on the belt". Such a tradition no longer exists today, but Naxi and Tibetans, who have become relatives because of Tibetan tourists, often meet in Shuhe. Therefore, it is not difficult to drink pure butter tea in Shuhe
there are traces of the ancient tea horse road that Tibetans walk along, but there is no trace of another ancient road from Shuhe river. On this invisible Road, there are another group of people who "can travel all over the world with just a handful of awls and a bunch of yarn". They are leather craftsmen of Shuhe river<
9 religions
the three religions live in harmony in Kangding
in Southwest China, the eastern edge of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and the middle section of the Daxueshan mountain in Hengan Mountains,
Hot content