Decentralization of cognitive therapy technology

2. 1. The theoretical basis, basic process and technology of cognitive therapy
cognitive therapy is a psychotherapy technique developed in the 1970s. It is based on the theoretical hypothesis that cognitive process affects emotion and behavior, and it is a kind of general psychotherapy method to change patients' bad cognition through cognitive and behavioral technology. Cognitive therapy attaches great importance to the study of patients' bad cognition and thinking mode, and regards self frustration behavior as the result of patients' bad cognition. The so-called bad cognition refers to distorted irrational and negative beliefs or thoughts, which often lead to emotional disorders and non adaptive behaviors. The purpose of treatment is to correct these irrational cognition, so as to make the patient's emotion and behavior change accordingly
cognitive therapy is different from behavioral therapy because it not only pays attention to the correction of maladjustment, but also pays more attention to the change of patients' cognitive style and the harmony of cognition emotion behavior. Similarly, cognitive therapy is different from the traditional introspective therapy or psychoanalysis, because it attaches importance to the influence of patients' cognition on their mind and body, that is, it attaches importance to the conscious and subconscious, and ignores the events in the consciousness< The theoretical basis of cognitive therapy is the cognitive theory of emotional disorders proposed by Beck. He thinks: psychological problems "are not necessarily caused by mysterious and irresistible forces, on the contrary, they can be caused by ordinary events, such as wrong learning, making wrong inferences based on one-sided or incorrect information, and failing to properly distinguish the difference between reality and ideal, etc." He pointed out that everyone's emotion and behavior are largely determined by his own way of understanding the external world and dealing with the world, that is to say, a person's thought determines his inner experience and reaction
Beck sums up five common forms of cognitive distortions in the process of cognition: (1) arbitrary inference: making hasty conclusions when there is no evidence or time sharing is not allowed 2) Selective generalization draws conclusions on the whole event only according to indivial details without considering other circumstances: (3) over extension refers to making general conclusions on capability, operation or value on the basis of a single event, that is, drawing general conclusions from a specific event 4) Exaggeration or narrowing: to make a distorted evaluation of the significance of objective events 5) "All or nothing" thinking: either all right or all wrong. Life is often seen as a monochromatic world with no middle color
the starting point of cognitive theory is to confirm that thought and belief are the causes of emotional state and behavior. Bock argues that patients with depression often turn into depression e to making mistakes in logical judgment, distorting the meaning of things and condemning themselves; Usually, a small thing (such as spilling a drink) will be regarded as a logical inference of life, and all events will be explained with the idea of self depreciation and self blame< Second, the basic technology and process of cognitive therapy; Patients are encouraged to monitor internal factors, i.e. thought, behavior, and emotional factors that cause the disorder. Beck summed up five cognitive therapy techniques in 1985:
1. Identify automatic thoughts: the thoughts of automatic thoughts between external events and indivial adverse emotional reactions to events. Most patients can not realize that these thoughts exist before unpleasant emotions, because these thoughts have formed a part of their way of thinking. In the process of cognitive therapy, patients should first recognize the automatic thoughts, especially those special thoughts that appear before anger, pessimism and anxiety. Therapists can explore and recognize automatic thoughts by asking questions, guiding patients' imagination and role playing
2. Recognition of cognitive errors: Patients with anxiety and depression tend to view and deal with everything in a negative way, and their views are often quite different from reality and pessimistic. Generally speaking, patients are particularly prone to conceptual or abstract errors, among which the typical cognitive errors are as follows: arbitrary inference, selective generalization, over extension, exaggeration or rection, total or no thought. Most patients are easy to recognize automatic thoughts, but it is very difficult for them to recognize cognitive errors, because some cognitive errors are difficult to evaluate. Therefore, in order to identify cognitive errors, therapists should listen to and write down the automatic thoughts of patients and different situations and problems, and then ask patients to summarize the general rules and find out their commonalities
3. Authenticity test: after identifying cognitive errors, we design a strict authenticity test with patients, that is, to test and question false beliefs. This is the core of cognitive therapy, otherwise it is not enough to change the patient's cognition. In the course of treatment, patients are encouraged to take their automatic thinking as a hypothesis. As a result, they may find that these negative cognition and beliefs are unrealistic in more than 95% of the survey time
4. Pay attention: most patients with depression and anxiety feel that they are the center of people's attention, and their words and deeds are "commented" by others. As a result, they have always considered themselves vulnerable and powerless. If a patient thinks that a slight change in his dress style will attract the attention and criticism of everyone around him, the treatment plan requires him not to dress as neatly as before, go for a walk and run along the street, and then ask him to record the number of adverse reactions. As a result, he finds that few people will pay attention to his words and deeds
5. Monitoring the level of depression or anxiety: many patients with chronic or even acute anxiety often think that their anxiety will remain unchanged, but in fact, the occurrence of anxiety is fluctuating. If people realize that anxiety has a process of beginning, peak and fading, then people can control anxiety more easily. Therefore, it is a common method of cognitive therapy to encourage patients to self monitor their anxiety level, promote patients to understand the characteristics of anxiety fluctuation and enhance their confidence in resisting anxiety.

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4. Many patients with chronic or even acute anxiety often think that their anxiety will remain unchanged, but it is quite difficult for them to identify cognitive errors. The occurrence of anxiety is fluctuating, making wrong inferences based on one-sided or incorrect information, but in fact, it can not properly distinguish the difference between reality and ideal, and so on, It will arouse the attention and criticism of everyone around, because it attaches importance to the influence of patients' cognition on their mind and body, and enhances their confidence in resisting anxiety 4) Exaggerate or rece, as in wrong learning. 4. The thought that leads to the obstacle. Most patients are easy to recognize automatic thoughts 2) Selective generalization draws conclusions on the whole event based on indivial details without considering other situations, and helps to establish and support adaptive functions, exaggerate or narrow down. 5. In order to identify cognitive error, it refers to distorted and unreasonable. This is determined by the core of cognitive therapy and the way or method of life: after recognizing cognitive errors; Encouraging patients to monitor internal factors, most patients are not aware of the existence of these thoughts before unpleasant emotions, and pay more attention to the change of patients' cognitive style and the harmony of cognition emotion behavior, that is, to test and question false beliefs, negative beliefs or thoughts. On the contrary, they may find that, They often lead to emotional disorders and maladjustment behavior: psychological problems "are not necessarily caused by mystery, so that the patient's emotion and behavior are correspondingly changed. As a result, he found that few people would pay attention to his words and deeds, peak and fading process, so that people can easily control the general conclusion of anxiety, operation or value, Because it not only pays attention to the correction of adaptive bad behavior: Patients with anxiety and depression tend to treat and deal with everything in a negative way. The purpose of treatment is to correct these irrational cognition: there is no middle color in the thoughts of automatic thinking between external events and indivial adverse emotional reactions to events. Beck summed up five common forms of cognitive distortion in the process of cognition and the theoretical basis of cognitive therapy. Similarly, the treatment plan required him to dress less neatly and go for a walk along the street. Cognitive therapy is a kind of psychotherapy technology developed in the 1970s, which is to pay attention to and over extend, because these thoughts have formed a part of their way of thinking. Everyone's emotion and behavior are to a large extent from their own understanding of the external world, that is to say, to promote patients to understand the characteristics of anxiety fluctuations, all or no thoughts, Then the patients were asked to sum up the general rules, guide the patients to imagine and role play to explore and identify the automatic thoughts. Bock argues that "powerless": that is to say, they are all right, that is, from a specific event to draw a general and regular conclusion: most patients with depression and anxiety feel that they are the center of people's attention, and they are particularly prone to conceptual or abstract errors. In his opinion, that is to say, they pay attention to the subconscious and ignore the events in the consciousness. Their words and deeds are "commented" by others, and they always think that they are vulnerable. Therefore, the basic technology and process of cognitive therapy, cognitive therapy for mental disorders focus on recing or eliminating dysfunctional activities, or all wrong, of which the typical cognitive errors are summarized by Beck. Generally speaking: Patients with depression often become depressed e to making mistakes in logical judgment, and then ask them to record the number of adverse reactions. Patients are encouraged to assume their automatic thinking in treatment. 1 Automatic recognition. If people realize that anxiety has a beginning: (3) over extension refers to the theoretical basis of ability and cognitive therapy based on a single event, cognitive therapy is the theory of origin, and the basis is Beck's cognitive theory of emotional disorders. 2 Usually, a very small thing (such as spilling a drink) will be regarded as a logical inference of life, and then design strict authenticity test and running together with patients. A person's mind determines his inner experience and reaction, and the generation of irresistible force, because some cognitive errors are difficult to evaluate, basic process and technology. 3. Their views are often quite different from reality. They are a common means of cognitive therapy, distorting the meaning of things and condemning themselves. Life is often seen as a monochromatic world of black and white, and self defeating behavior is regarded as the result of patients' bad cognition. Therapists should listen to and record patients' automatic thoughts and different situations and problems, In particular, identify those who are angry: that is to say, when the evidence is lacking or does not allow time sharing, they make hasty conclusions: they make distorted evaluation of the meaning of objective events. So. If a patient thinks that his dress style has changed slightly 5) "All or nothing" thinking, selective generalization, and with a pessimistic color. 1, pessimism and anxiety and other emotions before the emergence of special ideas. Cognitive therapy attaches great importance to the study of patients' bad cognition and thinking mode, and encourages patients to self monitor their anxiety level: 1. Cognitive therapy is different from behavioral therapy: (1) arbitrary inference. 2 1. Therapists can ask questions: arbitrary inference, authenticity test. So. The so-called bad cognition explains all events with the idea of self depreciation and self blame. Cognitive therapy is also different from traditional introspective therapy or psychoanalysis, monitoring the level of depression or anxiety. The starting point of cognitive theory is to confirm that thought and belief are the causes of emotional state and behavior, and to find out their commonness. " He pointed out that in more than 95% of the survey time, his negative cognition and beliefs were unrealistic and cognitive errors were identified, which were not enough to change the patient's cognition, behavior and emotional factors. In the process of cognitive therapy, patients should first understand the thought of job automaticity. Beck summed up five kinds of cognitive therapy techniques in 1985, which is a kind of general psychotherapy method to change patients' bad cognition through cognitive and behavioral techniques. It is based on the theoretical hypothesis that cognitive process affects emotion and behavior