Urban decentralization in metropolitan area
Decentralization is a form of social relations and content proction formed in the development of the Internet. It is a new type of network content proction process relative to "centralization"
decentralizing is not to do without the center, but to let the nodes freely choose and decide the center. In short, centralization means that the center determines the node. The node must depend on the center, and the node cannot survive without the center. In a decentralized system, anyone is a node, and anyone can be a center. Any center is not permanent, but phased, and no center is mandatory for nodes
extended data:
in a system with many nodes, each node has a high degree of autonomy. Nodes can connect freely to each other to form a new connection unit. Any node may become the stage center, but it does not have the mandatory central control function. The influence between nodes will form nonlinear causality through the network. This open, flat and equal system phenomenon or structure is called decentralization
with the deepening of the interaction between subject and object, the constant balance of cognitive function and the continuous improvement of cognitive structure, the indivial can be released from the egocentric state, which is called decentralization
1. Food problem
a large number of farmers leave the original cultivated land, the problem of abandoning cultivation and abandoning wasteland is becoming more and more serious, and China's grain import rate is graally increasing, which makes China's food security problems in a populous country have hidden dangers, which is not concive to China's national development and political stability
2, big city disease
nowadays, the big city disease in China has been quite serious. Traffic congestion, lack of resources, the decline of the quality of life of urban residents and other problems are perplexing the progress of the city. The pace of construction and transformation of China's big cities is speeding up. Urban circles are beginning to appear in some parts of China, and many mega cities are also starting to build "satellite cities" in the hope of solving many problems of big city disease
The process of urbanization in developed countries can be divided into two stages. The first stage is characterized by centralization, while the second stage is characterized by decentralization. As a result, "metropolitan area" or "Urban Agglomeration" or "urban belt" with big cities as the center develops rapidly{rrrrrrr}
extended data:
positive significance
1. Population transformation
cities can create more employment opportunities and absorb a large number of rural surplus population. The labor force is graally transferred from the first instry to the second instry, the third instry and the fourth instry
Instrial development is helpful to improve the efficiency of instrial proction, and instrialization is the driving force of urbanization The progress of science and technology and the promotion of informatization make modern big cities become the main bases of scientific and technological innovation and information exchange centers. And then improve the overall development level of the region4, cultural exchange
urban culture diffuses and infiltrates into the countryside, which affects the proction and life style of the countryside (self-sufficient natural economy), and improves the opening degree of the countryside. It is concive to the communication between urban and rural areas and narrowing the gap between urban and rural development
first of all, it is clear that Beijing's urban positioning is the center of politics, culture and innovation. The future planning and development should go in this direction, and strive to dredge the places that are not in line with the functions of Beijing's capital, to the surrounding areas
Beijing plays a leading role in promoting the development of surrounding areas and radiating its instries to the surrounding areas.
1, (metropolitan area, Ma or metropolitan district)
2, metropolitan coordinating region (MCR)
3, megalopolis (different from metropolitan zone)
4 Megalopolis (megalopolis) and metropolitan interlocking region (Metropolitan Interlocking Region)
take a look one by one:
(megalopolis or MT)
it includes a core area with high population density and an adjacent area with high degree of economic and social integration around the core, that is, a megalopolis or megalopolis as the center, It includes the urbanized area of the adjacent regional units. For example, Shanghai metropolitan area (Shanghai only) and Tokyo Metropolitan Area (Tokyo only). Combined with literature and teaching materials, it has the following characteristics:
1. In economy, the center is closely connected with the periphery Well, this is bullshit... All of these concepts emphasize close connection)
2
③ is the primary stage of regional spatial organization in big cities, with obvious al structure
④ there is a certain proportion of commuter population in the peripheral areas, that is, a certain number of residents go to work in the central city every day. Commuting rate is an indicator that every country has, ranging from 15% to 40%, indicating its importance in defining metropolitan areas. Other indicators, such as the proportion of non-agricultural labor force and population density, only reflect the local attributes, not the economic ties between the center and the periphery. Only the commuting index reflects the relationship between the center and the periphery. Therefore, if there is not enough commuting population, it can not be called a metropolitan area, it can only be a kind of spatial proximity
- in short, it can be understood as the range of city + surrounding suburbs + countryside, and then there are commuter penlum flow and so on, which is the lowest level
the concept of Metropolitan Coordinating Region (MCR) is similar to that of urban agglomeration, but it is different in spatial scale, urban function and spatial structure (the definition of MCR on the Internet is wrong with that of metropolitan belt). In my understanding, it is more like the third generation satellite city of the new town movement in the United Kingdom, which is more independent and integrated with the mother city. For example, Hangzhou metropolitan area and Shanghai metropolitan area are more covered than before, including more surrounding counties. Because the Shanghai metropolitan area will be mentioned in the end. Um = =), Nanjing metropolitan area, etc. The space range is large, and the radius is less than 100 km
"metropolitan area" implies the concept of "the first city". The relationship between cities in the area can only be "host terminal", and the result of development can not be equal and coordinated development of cities
- in short, it can be understood as the whole big city + surrounding secondary central city + County, with a relatively large primacy
megalopolis, megalopolis and metropolitan interlocking region (MIR)
in fact, they all refer to the same thing - megalopolis (MIR) is the deepening result of domestic research on megalopolis, emphasizing the graal transition between cities, It reflects the extension of the scope of the central city and the radiation of its functions. In fact, the meaning is almost the same), all because at that time when the concept was introced, there was no unified translation, and then GG< In 1957, Gottmann divided the six megalopolis into the following parts: 1) Boston Philadelphia Washington in the northeast of the United States; 2) Boston Philadelphia Washington in the northeast of the United States; ② Chicago - ditzin - Cleveland, the Great Lakes region of the United States; ③ Japan's Pacific coast of Tokyo Osaka Kobe; ④ London birmingham Liverpool area; ⑤ Amsterdam Ruhr, northern France; ⑥ Shanghai is the center area. At that time, the economic volume of Shanghai and New York was not the same level, so megalopolis at this time included urban agglomeration and metropolitan belt< There are three recognized megalopolis in China: the Pearl River Delta, the Yangtze River Delta and the Bohai Rim (some classification methods include central and southern Liaoning and Cheng Chongqing), and the internal order is probably the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta and the Bohai rim
in fact, in megalopolis, we can clearly and universally distinguish two levels. To put it simply, megalopolis is a global city headed by Tokyo, New York, London and Paris, and others are megalopolis in the Pearl River Delta, Yangtze River Delta and lanstad in the Netherlands
in view of China's "coordinated development plan for Urban Agglomerations in the Pearl River Delta (2004-2020)" and "urban agglomerations system planning in the Yangtze River Delta", it can be seen that the country prefers to call the Yangtze River Delta and the Pearl River Delta urban agglomerations. I think this is also a more objective view of the gap between China and other western countries. As for the difference between urban agglomerations and urban belts, I think we can start from the concept of global cities, that is, the influence and control of central cities or regions in the global region, as well as the quality of citizens and the completeness of infrastructure.
Guangzhou creates a metropolitan area, two new towns and three sub centers In the new urban pattern of "three sub centers", the whole administrative region will be divided into 25 functional groups, each group will be built in a centralized way, and the nearby residential and employment will be arranged, so as to rece the proportion of central urban area in the city's traffic volume from 56% to 39%. This is the future development goal of the newly released urban functional layout plan yesterday. According to the document officially released by the Municipal Planning Bureau, the specific contents of the "123" strategy are as follows: a metropolitan area includes Yuexiu District, Liwan District, Haizhu District, Tianhe District, Huangpu District, the south of Baiyun District, the south of Luogang District and the north of Shawan waterway; The two new towns are Nansha Binhai New Town, including Nansha District and Panyu District in the south of Shawan waterway; The eastern Shanshui new town includes the northern part of Luogang District, Zhongxin town and Zhucun street of Zengcheng City; The three sub centers are Hua sub center, Zengcheng sub center and Conghua sub center. Based on the overall framework of "123", it is divided into 25 functional groups. The construction of each group should be concentrated, and the residential and employment should be arranged nearby, so as to rece the traffic and realize the compact, intensive, low-carbon and efficient development. Compared with the past urban pattern, the highlight of the new plan is to transform the current single center pattern into a multi center cluster pattern. Moreover, in the new pattern, the main urban area of Guangzhou has expanded from the past area within the ring expressway to the south of Luogang and the north of Panyu Shawan waterway. The planning of the new urban area and the sub center to undertake 4.8 million population shows that the metropolitan area, the new urban area and the sub center will develop in a staggered way. Among them, the metropolitan area will gather modern service functions, protect historical and cultural cities, realize the dispersal of population, transportation, manufacturing and low-end service instries to the besieged area, and encourage and guide various high-quality resources such as ecation, medical care, culture and sports in the central urban area to extend to two new urban areas and three sub centers. The two new urban areas are mainly responsible for transportation hub, bulk logistics, heavy manufacturing, exhibition, R & D, ecation, medical and other special high-end service functions. At the same time, they improve the supporting facilities of human settlements public services, and become the main bearing areas of urban functions and population dispersion, undertaking the new population of 2.3 million. The three sub centers, based on natural ecological protection and as the main carrier of urban and rural planning, should improve public services and promote urbanization in rural areas. To undertake the new growth of 2.5 million people. With convenient supporting transportation, 10 new channels will be planned in the metropolitan area to ease the traffic through the central urban area, 8 new channels will be planned and reconstructed in the north, the connection between the metropolitan area and Hua sub center and Conghua sub center will be strengthened, 8 new channels will be planned and reconstructed in the East, and the connection with Eastern Shanshui new city and Zengcheng sub center will be strengthened; It is planned to add and reconstruct 5 new passages to the south to strengthen the connection with Nansha Binhai New Town. There are also plans to add and reconstruct 12 channels between the new towns and the sub centers, so that the proportion of the central urban area in the city's traffic volume will be reced from 56% to 39%. In terms of ecological protection, 69% of the urban area is planned to be included in the forbidden and restricted construction areas. Meanwhile, the basic ecological control line is drawn to protect 5140 square kilometers of non construction land. We will focus on protecting 20.39 square kilometers of historical urban areas, 46 historical and cultural blocks, famous historical and cultural towns and villages, and cultural relics protection units at all levels. Through the construction of ecological corridor system with three vertical and three horizontal, 300-1000m wide and about 1000km long, the growth boundary of one metropolitan area, two new urban areas and three sub centers will be limited to prevent urban sprawl and build urban ecological security pattern. At the same time, the construction of urban green space system and greenway network should be improved to improve the quality of human settlements. Finally, it is proposed to adhere to the Lingnan architectural style of combining Chinese and western, advocating nature and people-oriented, and create a number of Lingnan style exhibition areas and modern architectural procts with Lingnan characteristics. Focus on "three old" transformation, reasonably improve the development intensity around rail transit stations, and comprehensively develop underground space
nowadays, the development mode in the field of urban planning is different from that in the past, and the procts provided, such as manuals, models, animations and drawings, are far from meeting the needs of the market. According to the analysis of "China's urban planning instry market outlook and investment planning analysis report" by foresight Instry Research Institute, China's urban construction is now moving towards the direction of smart city. The market scale in this field alone is trillions, and there are many opportunities for intelligent transportation, intelligent security and so on. For the urban planning instry, how to connect with these advanced technologies and provide better solutions for urban development will become the key for enterprises to stand out.
the so-called urbanization, popularly speaking, refers to the rapid concentration of population in cities. From the development experience of countries around the world, urbanization is the result of instrialization. Instrialization requires the rapid concentration of labor force in some economic regions, which can proce economic benefits of aggregation and bring many benefits of intensive management. Cities can not only provide places for intensive management, but also create new markets, new lifestyles and new employment demands. Since entering the new century, the speed of urbanization in our country has obviously accelerated. City's registered residence population will increase to 50% in 2010, that is, city and rural registered residence population will be half of the population. This is unprecedented in the 5000 year history of Chinese civilization. Therefore, it is necessary to treat and analyze the urbanization phenomenon scientifically< The process of urbanization in developed countries can be divided into two stages. The first stage is characterized by centralization. From the beginning of the instrial revolution to around the 1950s, the population continued to concentrate in cities on a large scale, and the number and scale of cities continued to increase. The second stage is characterized by decentralization. After the 1960s, the phenomenon of so-called suburbanization and supermarket suburbanization appeared in western developed countries, that is, a large number of residents moved from the center of the city to the suburbs of the city. At this stage, the population growth in the central area of the city stagnated, and the residential area of satellite city developed rapidly. Of course, some scholars have recently put forward the third stage, that is, the so-called "gentry return", which means that the middle class moves back from the suburbs to the city center
the process of China's urban development is a very complex road. From the second half of the 19th century to the middle of the 20th century, e to the invasion of foreign powers and warlord separatism, the development of urbanization in China was very uneven. Some areas, such as Shanghai, are expanding rapidly; Others are completely out of the process of instrialization. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the urban layout has a relatively clear plan. However, since the middle of 50s, China has established a city and countryside registered residence system with two yuan division, which has led to the stagnation of urbanization for a long time. After the reform and opening up, the flow of population from the countryside to the city presents a sudden outbreak. China's urbanization is lack of a graal process, at this stage, the accelerated development of urbanization has also proced many problems
the huge differences between urban and rural areas in China make the process of urbanization different from other countries. Generally speaking, the living standard, infrastructure and capital investment in cities are incomparable to those in rural areas. The huge economic differences between urban and rural areas lead to a large number of farmers flowing into the city from rural areas. The urbanization of developed and backward areas is also in different stages. In some developed areas, such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, there has been a trend that the well-off class has moved from the city to the suburbs, that is to say, it has entered the second stage of Urbanization - "the stage of suburbanization". However, most areas are still in the first stage, that is, the stage of population concentration from rural to urban. Different development stages are in the same historical period, which brings some difficulties to the formulation of urbanization policy
the pressure of urbanization in China is very great. According to the standard of modernization, the urban population must reach at least 60% to be a modern country. Even according to such a low standard, China is also facing the task of transforming hundreds of millions of rural population into urban population. There is no precedent for the urbanization of such a large population in the world. China's cities are not only faced with the task of investment and construction of various facilities, but also need to make arous efforts to change the lifestyle of hundreds of millions of people. At the same time, e to the small land area per capita and other reasons, China's urbanization in the future will not be the urbanization with large space per capita, but the urbanization with high population density<
the choice of China's urbanization mode
China's experts and scholars have put forward three different urbanization modes, which are big city mode, medium-sized city mode and small town mode. At present, in practice, the three modes have the trend of parallel< Br city />
big city and super city model: in the past, people criticized the development of big cities and super cities, believing that this model caused traffic congestion, insufficient energy supply, environmental pollution and other problems. However, in recent years, some experts and scholars have pointed out that big cities, especially mega cities, have their own advantages that can not be ignored. Megacities are the centers of economic activities and commercial exchanges, and the agglomeration effect has brought about a high degree of economic prosperity. Big cities and satellite cities echo, forming a broad economic growth zone, which can drive the economic development of the whole country. In China, the Pearl River Delta with Guangzhou and Shenzhen as the center and the Yangtze River Delta with Shanghai as the center are also forming a megacity area
in addition to the above three modes, there should be a fourth mode, namely "urbanization of rural life". Traditionally, urbanization refers to the concentration of population in a small number of areas, in which non-agricultural instries occupy a dominant position. However, with the development of communication, communication and transportation in modern society, the distance between people has been greatly shortened. Such "gathering" can be cross regional; At the same time, high-tech instry and information instry have penetrated into various instrial fields, and agriculture promoted by biotechnology has lost the meaning of traditional agriculture. Therefore, urbanization can also be regarded as a way of life, that is, a modern civilized way of life created by urban residents, which can be popularized in rural areas. The urbanization of rural life may become a choice for Chinese farmers in the future. In other words, the countryside still retains, but there is no essential difference between the mechanized mode of labor, the urbanized mode of clothing, food, housing and transportation, the modern cultural life and leisure life and the urban mode of proction and life.