How to decentralize paper data
Publish: 2021-04-15 12:17:46
1. According to Hou Jietai: the so-called centralization refers to subtracting the mean value of a variable from its expected value. For sample data, each observation value of a variable is subtracted from the sample average value of the variable, and the transformed variable is centralized
for your question, subtract the mean from each measurement.
for your question, subtract the mean from each measurement.
2. References can be found in the network academic
literature or related materials can be found in the relevant papers database
the specific data can be found on the National Statistics official website and related professional websites, hoping to help you
it can be calculated and modified according to the data of this year searched on the Internet<
data source: (what is it)
description of the research area: (if you are studying the area, write the development overview of the area you want to study)
data processing method: what method do you use, describe carefully, such as how to select variables, whether there are correction parameters or partial data, etc, How to test whether your processing method is appropriate
how to find the paper data
we can obtain the data of China through several channels. Looking up China Statistical Yearbook is a choice, especially a few years ago, it was almost the only choice. Many libraries collect "China Statistical Yearbook" and so on. If you turn to the page with the data you need, ing is a good choice. Of course, you can also choose to take out paper and pen and all the data you need. In order to facilitate the further processing of these data, the next work may be a bit boring: input the data you find one by one into the computer. Of course, the situation is much better now. For example, to find the "China Statistical Yearbook" in 2004, the website of the National Bureau of statistics of the people's Republic of China provides free download, which can be found on the Internet
if you need the latest macroeconomic data, a valuable source is the progress statistics provided by the National Bureau of statistics of China, which can be found online
if you want complete national accounts data from the date of data collection, the authoritative sources are historical data of China's GDP accounting (1952-1995) and historical data of China's GDP accounting (1996-2002) published by the National Accounts Department of the National Bureau of statistics of China. In these two yearbooks, detailed data for accounting China's GDP are provided. In particular, the "historical data of China's GDP accounting" (1996-2002) provides an electronic version, which not only provides detailed data from 1996 to 2002, but also roughly traces back the data from 1952 to 1995, which is very easy to use<
if you want more complete macroeconomic data from the date of data collection, "new China 50 years statistical data collection" and "new China 55 years statistical data collection" are a good choice. Unfortunately, none of them provides an electronic version, but the latter can be downloaded from China Infobank
in addition, there are many charging websites that provide more detailed China's macroeconomic data, such as China Information Bank Database, which can be found online, China economic information network, which can be found online, etc. These databases are very convenient, but if you don't have permission to log in, you can only stop your thirst
if you haven't found the data you want, the following website may be useful. The NPC economic forum can be found on the Internet. There are a lot of downloadable economic resources, and there are many useful links. Of course, this is a free website, but when downloading some resources, it may require certain so-called points limit<
how to find U.S. data
the economic report of the president, published by the U.S. Government Printing Office in Washington and written by the Council of economic advisers, provides a description of the current U.S. economic situation and data on major macro economic variables. Quite a lot of data can be traced back to 1959, and even indivial data can be traced back to 1929. As you may have noticed, many figures about the United States are generated using the data attached to the president's economic report (2005). These data can be downloaded free of charge, the website is, the network can be found
if you need all kinds of safe data, a valuable authoritative source is the statistical abstract of the United States published by the Bureau of statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce. A considerable part of the data can be downloaded for free and can be found on the Internet< br /> <
if you want to get more details of the latest data, a good choice is the survey of current business, published monthly by the Bureau of business economic analysis., You can find it on the Internet<
how to find data of other foreign economies
for rich countries, the most useful information comes from the organization of economic cooperation and development (OECD). OECD members include Austria, Australia, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. It seems that most of the rich countries in the world belong to the organization, and its output accounts for about 70% of the world's output. The OECD network can be found at a glance, providing three kinds of extremely useful data< The OECD Economic Outlook, published twice a year, provides many cross-border macroeconomic data. These data generally date back to the 1970s, and have good consistency<
OECD employment outlook is published once a year to provide labor market data<
OECD historical statistics is published from time to time, putting current data and past data together
for countries and regions that are not members of OECD, relevant data can be obtained from other international organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which can be found online. IMF provides international financial statistics yearbook, which mainly provides financial data of member countries, but also includes some general data, such as GDP, unemployment and inflation
in addition, the world economic development indicators provided by the world bank is the most popular statistical book of the world bank, which is available in CD-ROM
as for the long-term statistical data of some countries, two rare data sources are Heston summers database and Madison database. Heston summers database provides multinational comparable data of 168 economies from 1950 to 2000, which can be downloaded from the website of center for international comparisons at the University of Pennsylvania, and can be found on the Internet. The Madison database provides data on 56 economies since 1820
finally, if you haven't found the data you want, you might as well log in to the following two websites, maybe it's a straw. Harvard Business School's macroeconomics resources website can be found on the Internet, providing a large number of links. A web site maintained by bill Goffe of the University of Mississippi lists not only data sources, but also other sources of information about the economy
1. Thesis Title: accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel
2. Table of contents: a table of contents is a brief list of the main paragraphs in a paper Abstract: it is an excerpt of the main content of the article, which should be short, precise and complete. The number of words can be as few as dozens, and the number of words should not exceed 300
4. Key words or topic words: key words are selected from the title, abstract and text of a paper, and they are words with substantial meaning to express the central content of the paper. Keywords are the words used to index the content characteristics of a paper in a computer system, which is convenient for the collection of information system for readers to search. Each paper generally selects 3-8 words as the key words, with another line at the bottom left of the "summary". Subject words are standardized words. When determining the subject words, the subject of the paper should be changed into the standard words in the thesaurus according to the indexing and matching rules
5. Main body of the paper: (1) Introction: introction, also known as foreword, preface and introction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introction should generally state the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of thesis writing. The introction should be short, concise and close to the theme 2) Text: the text is the main body of the paper. The text should include argument, argument, argumentation process and conclusion. The main part includes the following contents: A. proposition argument; b. Analysis problem - argument and argument; c. Problem solving - demonstration and steps; d. Conclusion
6. The references of a paper are the main references that can be referred to or quoted in the writing and writing of a paper, which are listed at the end of the paper. The reference should start from another page, and the marking method should be in accordance with gb7714-87 description rules of bibliographic references. Chinese: title -- author -- publication information (location, publisher, issue): the requirements of the references listed in the title -- publication information are as follows: (1) the references listed should be official publications for readers to verify 2) The cited references should be marked with serial number, title of work or article, author and publication information.
literature or related materials can be found in the relevant papers database
the specific data can be found on the National Statistics official website and related professional websites, hoping to help you
it can be calculated and modified according to the data of this year searched on the Internet<
data source: (what is it)
description of the research area: (if you are studying the area, write the development overview of the area you want to study)
data processing method: what method do you use, describe carefully, such as how to select variables, whether there are correction parameters or partial data, etc, How to test whether your processing method is appropriate
how to find the paper data
we can obtain the data of China through several channels. Looking up China Statistical Yearbook is a choice, especially a few years ago, it was almost the only choice. Many libraries collect "China Statistical Yearbook" and so on. If you turn to the page with the data you need, ing is a good choice. Of course, you can also choose to take out paper and pen and all the data you need. In order to facilitate the further processing of these data, the next work may be a bit boring: input the data you find one by one into the computer. Of course, the situation is much better now. For example, to find the "China Statistical Yearbook" in 2004, the website of the National Bureau of statistics of the people's Republic of China provides free download, which can be found on the Internet
if you need the latest macroeconomic data, a valuable source is the progress statistics provided by the National Bureau of statistics of China, which can be found online
if you want complete national accounts data from the date of data collection, the authoritative sources are historical data of China's GDP accounting (1952-1995) and historical data of China's GDP accounting (1996-2002) published by the National Accounts Department of the National Bureau of statistics of China. In these two yearbooks, detailed data for accounting China's GDP are provided. In particular, the "historical data of China's GDP accounting" (1996-2002) provides an electronic version, which not only provides detailed data from 1996 to 2002, but also roughly traces back the data from 1952 to 1995, which is very easy to use<
if you want more complete macroeconomic data from the date of data collection, "new China 50 years statistical data collection" and "new China 55 years statistical data collection" are a good choice. Unfortunately, none of them provides an electronic version, but the latter can be downloaded from China Infobank
in addition, there are many charging websites that provide more detailed China's macroeconomic data, such as China Information Bank Database, which can be found online, China economic information network, which can be found online, etc. These databases are very convenient, but if you don't have permission to log in, you can only stop your thirst
if you haven't found the data you want, the following website may be useful. The NPC economic forum can be found on the Internet. There are a lot of downloadable economic resources, and there are many useful links. Of course, this is a free website, but when downloading some resources, it may require certain so-called points limit<
how to find U.S. data
the economic report of the president, published by the U.S. Government Printing Office in Washington and written by the Council of economic advisers, provides a description of the current U.S. economic situation and data on major macro economic variables. Quite a lot of data can be traced back to 1959, and even indivial data can be traced back to 1929. As you may have noticed, many figures about the United States are generated using the data attached to the president's economic report (2005). These data can be downloaded free of charge, the website is, the network can be found
if you need all kinds of safe data, a valuable authoritative source is the statistical abstract of the United States published by the Bureau of statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce. A considerable part of the data can be downloaded for free and can be found on the Internet< br /> <
if you want to get more details of the latest data, a good choice is the survey of current business, published monthly by the Bureau of business economic analysis., You can find it on the Internet<
how to find data of other foreign economies
for rich countries, the most useful information comes from the organization of economic cooperation and development (OECD). OECD members include Austria, Australia, Belgium, Canada, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. It seems that most of the rich countries in the world belong to the organization, and its output accounts for about 70% of the world's output. The OECD network can be found at a glance, providing three kinds of extremely useful data< The OECD Economic Outlook, published twice a year, provides many cross-border macroeconomic data. These data generally date back to the 1970s, and have good consistency<
OECD employment outlook is published once a year to provide labor market data<
OECD historical statistics is published from time to time, putting current data and past data together
for countries and regions that are not members of OECD, relevant data can be obtained from other international organizations, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), which can be found online. IMF provides international financial statistics yearbook, which mainly provides financial data of member countries, but also includes some general data, such as GDP, unemployment and inflation
in addition, the world economic development indicators provided by the world bank is the most popular statistical book of the world bank, which is available in CD-ROM
as for the long-term statistical data of some countries, two rare data sources are Heston summers database and Madison database. Heston summers database provides multinational comparable data of 168 economies from 1950 to 2000, which can be downloaded from the website of center for international comparisons at the University of Pennsylvania, and can be found on the Internet. The Madison database provides data on 56 economies since 1820
finally, if you haven't found the data you want, you might as well log in to the following two websites, maybe it's a straw. Harvard Business School's macroeconomics resources website can be found on the Internet, providing a large number of links. A web site maintained by bill Goffe of the University of Mississippi lists not only data sources, but also other sources of information about the economy
1. Thesis Title: accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel
2. Table of contents: a table of contents is a brief list of the main paragraphs in a paper Abstract: it is an excerpt of the main content of the article, which should be short, precise and complete. The number of words can be as few as dozens, and the number of words should not exceed 300
4. Key words or topic words: key words are selected from the title, abstract and text of a paper, and they are words with substantial meaning to express the central content of the paper. Keywords are the words used to index the content characteristics of a paper in a computer system, which is convenient for the collection of information system for readers to search. Each paper generally selects 3-8 words as the key words, with another line at the bottom left of the "summary". Subject words are standardized words. When determining the subject words, the subject of the paper should be changed into the standard words in the thesaurus according to the indexing and matching rules
5. Main body of the paper: (1) Introction: introction, also known as foreword, preface and introction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introction should generally state the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of thesis writing. The introction should be short, concise and close to the theme 2) Text: the text is the main body of the paper. The text should include argument, argument, argumentation process and conclusion. The main part includes the following contents: A. proposition argument; b. Analysis problem - argument and argument; c. Problem solving - demonstration and steps; d. Conclusion
6. The references of a paper are the main references that can be referred to or quoted in the writing and writing of a paper, which are listed at the end of the paper. The reference should start from another page, and the marking method should be in accordance with gb7714-87 description rules of bibliographic references. Chinese: title -- author -- publication information (location, publisher, issue): the requirements of the references listed in the title -- publication information are as follows: (1) the references listed should be official publications for readers to verify 2) The cited references should be marked with serial number, title of work or article, author and publication information.
3. It's best not to use raw data
in fact, any high-quality paper needs to do a lot of experiments and massive data, and the analysis results are optimized on this basis, which is the most scientific. Imagine that high-quality journal papers do not have the tradition of putting raw data, so do graate papers. Of course, if you think that some data and analysis results are closely related, you can also add an appendix. It's better not to make a long speech
extended materials:
papers are generally composed of title, author, abstract, key words, text, references and appendix, of which some parts (such as appendix) are optional
Thesis Title: accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel
table of contents: a table of contents is a brief list of the main paragraphs in a paper Short papers need not be listed in the table of contents)
Abstract: it is an excerpt of the main content of the article, which is required to be short, precise and complete<
definition of key words:
key words are selected from the title, abstract and text of a paper, and they are words with substantial meaning to express the central content of a paper. Key words are words used as the content features of papers indexed by computer system, which are convenient for the collection of information system for readers to search. Each paper generally selects 3-8 words as the key words, with another line at the bottom left of the "summary"
topic words are standardized words. When determining the topic words, we should analyze the topic of the paper and convert them into standard words in the thesaurus according to the indexing and matching rules See Chinese Thesaurus and World Chinese Thesaurus< (1) Introction: introction, also known as foreword, preface and introction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introction should generally state the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of thesis writing. The introction should be short, concise and close to the theme
(2) the body of a paper: the body is the main body of the paper, which should include arguments, arguments, argumentation process and conclusions
References: the references of a paper are the main references that can be referenced or quoted in the research and writing of a paper, which are listed at the end of the paper. The reference should start from another page, and the marking method should be in accordance with gb7714-87 description rules of bibliographic references
paper binding: all the relevant parts of the paper have been copied out. After inspection, there is no problem. Put it in a book and add the cover. The cover of the paper should be simple and generous, including the title of the paper, the school, the Department, the name of the instructor, the name of the author, and the date of completion. The name of the author of the title of the paper must be written on the surface, not on the supplement inside.
in fact, any high-quality paper needs to do a lot of experiments and massive data, and the analysis results are optimized on this basis, which is the most scientific. Imagine that high-quality journal papers do not have the tradition of putting raw data, so do graate papers. Of course, if you think that some data and analysis results are closely related, you can also add an appendix. It's better not to make a long speech
extended materials:
papers are generally composed of title, author, abstract, key words, text, references and appendix, of which some parts (such as appendix) are optional
Thesis Title: accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel
table of contents: a table of contents is a brief list of the main paragraphs in a paper Short papers need not be listed in the table of contents)
Abstract: it is an excerpt of the main content of the article, which is required to be short, precise and complete<
definition of key words:
key words are selected from the title, abstract and text of a paper, and they are words with substantial meaning to express the central content of a paper. Key words are words used as the content features of papers indexed by computer system, which are convenient for the collection of information system for readers to search. Each paper generally selects 3-8 words as the key words, with another line at the bottom left of the "summary"
topic words are standardized words. When determining the topic words, we should analyze the topic of the paper and convert them into standard words in the thesaurus according to the indexing and matching rules See Chinese Thesaurus and World Chinese Thesaurus< (1) Introction: introction, also known as foreword, preface and introction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introction should generally state the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of thesis writing. The introction should be short, concise and close to the theme
(2) the body of a paper: the body is the main body of the paper, which should include arguments, arguments, argumentation process and conclusions
References: the references of a paper are the main references that can be referenced or quoted in the research and writing of a paper, which are listed at the end of the paper. The reference should start from another page, and the marking method should be in accordance with gb7714-87 description rules of bibliographic references
paper binding: all the relevant parts of the paper have been copied out. After inspection, there is no problem. Put it in a book and add the cover. The cover of the paper should be simple and generous, including the title of the paper, the school, the Department, the name of the instructor, the name of the author, and the date of completion. The name of the author of the title of the paper must be written on the surface, not on the supplement inside.
4. Definitely not. You'll be deprived of your degree
1. Thesis Title: accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel
2. Table of contents: a table of contents is a brief list of the main paragraphs in a paper Abstract: it is an excerpt of the main content of the article, which should be short, precise and complete. The number of words can be as few as dozens, and the number of words should not exceed 300
4. Key words or topic words: key words are selected from the title, abstract and text of a paper, and they are words with substantial meaning to express the central content of the paper. Keywords are the words used to index the content characteristics of a paper in a computer system, which is convenient for the collection of information system for readers to search. Each paper generally selects 3-8 words as the key words, with another line at the bottom left of the "summary". Subject words are standardized words. When determining the subject words, the subject of the paper should be changed into the standard words in the thesaurus according to the indexing and matching rules
5. Main body of the paper: (1) Introction: introction, also known as foreword, preface and introction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introction should generally state the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of thesis writing. The introction should be short, concise and close to the theme 2) Text: the text is the main body of the paper. The text should include argument, argument, argumentation process and conclusion. The main part includes the following contents: A. proposition argument; b. Analysis problem - argument and argument; c. Problem solving - demonstration and steps; d. Conclusion
6. The references of a paper are the main references that can be referred to or quoted in the writing and writing of a paper, which are listed at the end of the paper. The reference should start from another page, and the marking method should be in accordance with gb7714-87 description rules of bibliographic references. Chinese: title -- author -- publication information (location, publisher, issue): the requirements of the references listed in the title -- publication information are as follows: (1) the references listed should be official publications for readers to verify 2) The cited references should be marked with serial number, title of work or article, author and publication information.
1. Thesis Title: accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel
2. Table of contents: a table of contents is a brief list of the main paragraphs in a paper Abstract: it is an excerpt of the main content of the article, which should be short, precise and complete. The number of words can be as few as dozens, and the number of words should not exceed 300
4. Key words or topic words: key words are selected from the title, abstract and text of a paper, and they are words with substantial meaning to express the central content of the paper. Keywords are the words used to index the content characteristics of a paper in a computer system, which is convenient for the collection of information system for readers to search. Each paper generally selects 3-8 words as the key words, with another line at the bottom left of the "summary". Subject words are standardized words. When determining the subject words, the subject of the paper should be changed into the standard words in the thesaurus according to the indexing and matching rules
5. Main body of the paper: (1) Introction: introction, also known as foreword, preface and introction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introction should generally state the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of thesis writing. The introction should be short, concise and close to the theme 2) Text: the text is the main body of the paper. The text should include argument, argument, argumentation process and conclusion. The main part includes the following contents: A. proposition argument; b. Analysis problem - argument and argument; c. Problem solving - demonstration and steps; d. Conclusion
6. The references of a paper are the main references that can be referred to or quoted in the writing and writing of a paper, which are listed at the end of the paper. The reference should start from another page, and the marking method should be in accordance with gb7714-87 description rules of bibliographic references. Chinese: title -- author -- publication information (location, publisher, issue): the requirements of the references listed in the title -- publication information are as follows: (1) the references listed should be official publications for readers to verify 2) The cited references should be marked with serial number, title of work or article, author and publication information.
5. There are five major journals databases in China.
1. China Academic Journal (CD version) provided by CNKI is also called China journal full text database, which is published by Tsinghua Tongfang Co., Ltd. It includes 6600 domestic journals since 1994, including academic journals and non academic journals, covering science and engineering, agriculture, medicine and health, literature, history and philosophy, politics, military and law, ecation and social science, electronic technology and information science, economy and management. At the same time, the included academic journals are regarded as "statistical source journals of China Academic Journal Comprehensive Evaluation Database". However, the journals included are not comprehensive, and some important journals are not included< (2) China biomedical literature database (CBMdisc)
developed by the Institute of information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, CBMdisc contains more than 1600 Chinese biomedical journals since 1978. It covers basic medicine, clinical medicine, preventive medicine, pharmacy, traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese medicine and other biomedical fields< Chinese Biomedical Journal Database (CMCC) is developed by the database research department of the medical library of the Chinese people's Liberation Army. More than 1000 titles and abstracts of biomedical journals and some self-organized biomedical journals published in China since 1994 are included. The main disciplines involved include: Basic Medicine, clinical medicine, preventive medicine, pharmacy, medical biology, traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, hospital management and medical information. 4. Wanfang Data Resource System (China info)
is developed by China Institute of science and technology information and Wanfang Data Co., Ltd. The database covers a wide range of journals, including academic journals and non academic journals, and provides full-text retrieval of about 2000 electronic journals. The academic journals included have obtained the certificate of "source journals of China Core Journals (selection) database". Some journals even changed "selection" to "selection", or removed it altogether. Many authors mistakenly believe that this is the core journal< 5. VIP database, also known as Chinese Sci tech journal database, is published by Chongqing Branch of China Institute of science and technology information. More than 9000 journals of natural science, engineering technology, agricultural science, medicine and health, economic management, ecational science, library and Information Science in China since 1989 are included, including academic and non academic journals. A large number of journals are included, but some illegal journals published by the State Administration of press and publication are also included
generally, academic journals can access at least one domestic journal database. The journal database [3] is not the evaluation system of the journal, so it lacks enough significance for the evaluation of the journal Nature of the scientific research department, so it is not suitable to be used as the basis for the evaluation of the journal Nature
1, Wanfang Data
2. The national index of newspapers and periodicals
includes about 8000 kinds of periodicals in China, including Hong Kong and Taiwan, with more than 18000 monthly reports and 440000 annual reports. There are more than 3500 Book users, and now the CD-ROM Database is published. It reflects the development of China's politics, economy, military, science, culture, literature and art, historical geography, science and technology, and provides the latest academic progress information at home and abroad
the index is an authoritative retrieval publication with the most types of newspapers and periodicals, the widest range of contents, the longest ration of publication, and keeping pace with the development of new literature in China. It is also the most important retrieval tool for finding papers in newspapers and periodicals since the founding of the people's Republic of China
the text is arranged by classification, including the classification of books of Renmin University of China and the classification table of newspapers and periodicals. Since 1980, it has been arranged in 21 categories in imitation of the classification of books of China library. In 1992, it has been arranged by the classification of books and materials of China (the Third Edition), and in 2000, it has been indexed by the classification of books and materials of China Library (the Fourth Edition), Computer choreography
in terms of description, the national index of newspapers and periodicals has adopted the national standard "rules for description of retrieval Journal Entries" since 1991, including title, translator's name, newspaper name, edition, issue identification, starting and ending page numbers, notes, etc. At the same time, "zhe she edition" is arranged by computer, adding "author index", "analysis index of person's name in the title" and "list of quoted newspapers and periodicals" to facilitate the use of readers
3. Superstar digital library is the world's largest Chinese online digital library, providing a large number of e-book resources for reading, including literature, economy, computer and other 50 categories, hundreds of thousands of e-books, 3 million papers, more than 400 million pages of full text, 30000 GB of data, and a large number of free e-books, And every day is still increasing and updating
coverage: philosophy, religion, social science, classical theory, ethnology, economics, natural science, computer and other disciplines. More than 670000 copies have been ordered< Since 1977< VIP information is a large professional data company under the southwest information center of the Ministry of science and technology. It is the founder of Chinese journal database construction. Its full name is Chongqing VIP Information Co., Ltd. At present, it has become the largest comprehensive literature database in China. Since 1989, it has been committed to scientific and rigorous research, analysis, collection, processing and other deep-seated development and application of massive newspaper data< Zhonghong database is jointly developed by China macroeconomic society, Zhonghong fund, China macroeconomic information network and Zhonghong Economic Research Center, which are affiliated to the national development and Reform Commission. It is composed of 18 categories of large databases and 74 categories of medium databases, covering the detailed contents of macro-economy, regional economy, instrial economy, finance and insurance, investment and consumption, world economy, policies and regulations, statistics, research reports, etc. since the 1990s, it is the most comprehensive, classified and largest economic database in China.
1. China Academic Journal (CD version) provided by CNKI is also called China journal full text database, which is published by Tsinghua Tongfang Co., Ltd. It includes 6600 domestic journals since 1994, including academic journals and non academic journals, covering science and engineering, agriculture, medicine and health, literature, history and philosophy, politics, military and law, ecation and social science, electronic technology and information science, economy and management. At the same time, the included academic journals are regarded as "statistical source journals of China Academic Journal Comprehensive Evaluation Database". However, the journals included are not comprehensive, and some important journals are not included< (2) China biomedical literature database (CBMdisc)
developed by the Institute of information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, CBMdisc contains more than 1600 Chinese biomedical journals since 1978. It covers basic medicine, clinical medicine, preventive medicine, pharmacy, traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese medicine and other biomedical fields< Chinese Biomedical Journal Database (CMCC) is developed by the database research department of the medical library of the Chinese people's Liberation Army. More than 1000 titles and abstracts of biomedical journals and some self-organized biomedical journals published in China since 1994 are included. The main disciplines involved include: Basic Medicine, clinical medicine, preventive medicine, pharmacy, medical biology, traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, hospital management and medical information. 4. Wanfang Data Resource System (China info)
is developed by China Institute of science and technology information and Wanfang Data Co., Ltd. The database covers a wide range of journals, including academic journals and non academic journals, and provides full-text retrieval of about 2000 electronic journals. The academic journals included have obtained the certificate of "source journals of China Core Journals (selection) database". Some journals even changed "selection" to "selection", or removed it altogether. Many authors mistakenly believe that this is the core journal< 5. VIP database, also known as Chinese Sci tech journal database, is published by Chongqing Branch of China Institute of science and technology information. More than 9000 journals of natural science, engineering technology, agricultural science, medicine and health, economic management, ecational science, library and Information Science in China since 1989 are included, including academic and non academic journals. A large number of journals are included, but some illegal journals published by the State Administration of press and publication are also included
generally, academic journals can access at least one domestic journal database. The journal database [3] is not the evaluation system of the journal, so it lacks enough significance for the evaluation of the journal Nature of the scientific research department, so it is not suitable to be used as the basis for the evaluation of the journal Nature
1, Wanfang Data
2. The national index of newspapers and periodicals
includes about 8000 kinds of periodicals in China, including Hong Kong and Taiwan, with more than 18000 monthly reports and 440000 annual reports. There are more than 3500 Book users, and now the CD-ROM Database is published. It reflects the development of China's politics, economy, military, science, culture, literature and art, historical geography, science and technology, and provides the latest academic progress information at home and abroad
the index is an authoritative retrieval publication with the most types of newspapers and periodicals, the widest range of contents, the longest ration of publication, and keeping pace with the development of new literature in China. It is also the most important retrieval tool for finding papers in newspapers and periodicals since the founding of the people's Republic of China
the text is arranged by classification, including the classification of books of Renmin University of China and the classification table of newspapers and periodicals. Since 1980, it has been arranged in 21 categories in imitation of the classification of books of China library. In 1992, it has been arranged by the classification of books and materials of China (the Third Edition), and in 2000, it has been indexed by the classification of books and materials of China Library (the Fourth Edition), Computer choreography
in terms of description, the national index of newspapers and periodicals has adopted the national standard "rules for description of retrieval Journal Entries" since 1991, including title, translator's name, newspaper name, edition, issue identification, starting and ending page numbers, notes, etc. At the same time, "zhe she edition" is arranged by computer, adding "author index", "analysis index of person's name in the title" and "list of quoted newspapers and periodicals" to facilitate the use of readers
3. Superstar digital library is the world's largest Chinese online digital library, providing a large number of e-book resources for reading, including literature, economy, computer and other 50 categories, hundreds of thousands of e-books, 3 million papers, more than 400 million pages of full text, 30000 GB of data, and a large number of free e-books, And every day is still increasing and updating
coverage: philosophy, religion, social science, classical theory, ethnology, economics, natural science, computer and other disciplines. More than 670000 copies have been ordered< Since 1977< VIP information is a large professional data company under the southwest information center of the Ministry of science and technology. It is the founder of Chinese journal database construction. Its full name is Chongqing VIP Information Co., Ltd. At present, it has become the largest comprehensive literature database in China. Since 1989, it has been committed to scientific and rigorous research, analysis, collection, processing and other deep-seated development and application of massive newspaper data< Zhonghong database is jointly developed by China macroeconomic society, Zhonghong fund, China macroeconomic information network and Zhonghong Economic Research Center, which are affiliated to the national development and Reform Commission. It is composed of 18 categories of large databases and 74 categories of medium databases, covering the detailed contents of macro-economy, regional economy, instrial economy, finance and insurance, investment and consumption, world economy, policies and regulations, statistics, research reports, etc. since the 1990s, it is the most comprehensive, classified and largest economic database in China.
6. Graation thesis is not only a link in the process of teaching and scientific research, but also an important way of academic performance assessment and evaluation. The purpose of graation thesis is to summarize students' learning achievements in school, cultivate students' ability to comprehensively and creatively use all their professional knowledge and skills to solve more complex problems, and make them receive basic training of scientific research
Title
title is the main content of an article. The titles of all kinds of articles have many styles, but no matter what form they are, they should reflect the author's writing intention and the theme of the article in all or different aspects. The title of graation thesis is generally divided into general title, sub title and sub title
general title
general title is the embodiment of the overall content of the article. The common writing methods are as follows:
1. This form of title, which highly summarizes the content of the full text, is often the central argument of the article. It has a high degree of clarity, which is convenient for readers to grasp the core of the full text. There are a lot of such titles, and they are very common. Such as "on the mode of economic system", "the theory of economic center", "my opinion on the reform of county administrative organs" and so on
2. In fact, the author's point of view is very clear, but the meaning is euphemistic and needs the reader to think about it. This form of Title easily arouses the attention of readers because of its implicit point of view. For example, does the household contract system work alone Is commodity economy equal to capitalist economy And so on
3. Explain the scope of the content. This form of title, from its own point of view, does not see the author's point of view, but only limits the scope of the content of the article. On the one hand, it is difficult to summarize the main points of the article in a short sentence; On the other hand, explaining the scope of the content of the article can arouse the attention of the readers in order to arouse resonance. This form of title is also more common. Such as "on the two-tier management system in China's rural areas", "correctly handling the relationship between the center and the local, between the article and the block", "analysis of the Post-war Western trade liberalization", etc
4. This form of Title limits the content of the full text, which can be extended or reced, and has great flexibility. The research object of this paper is specific and small, but the extended thought should be very general and wide. This kind of title is concive to the expansion of scientific thinking and scientific research. Such as "the light of hope in China's rural areas from the rise of township enterprises", "scientific and technological progress and agricultural economy", "the essence of beauty from" labor creates beauty "and so on.
Title
title is the main content of an article. The titles of all kinds of articles have many styles, but no matter what form they are, they should reflect the author's writing intention and the theme of the article in all or different aspects. The title of graation thesis is generally divided into general title, sub title and sub title
general title
general title is the embodiment of the overall content of the article. The common writing methods are as follows:
1. This form of title, which highly summarizes the content of the full text, is often the central argument of the article. It has a high degree of clarity, which is convenient for readers to grasp the core of the full text. There are a lot of such titles, and they are very common. Such as "on the mode of economic system", "the theory of economic center", "my opinion on the reform of county administrative organs" and so on
2. In fact, the author's point of view is very clear, but the meaning is euphemistic and needs the reader to think about it. This form of Title easily arouses the attention of readers because of its implicit point of view. For example, does the household contract system work alone Is commodity economy equal to capitalist economy And so on
3. Explain the scope of the content. This form of title, from its own point of view, does not see the author's point of view, but only limits the scope of the content of the article. On the one hand, it is difficult to summarize the main points of the article in a short sentence; On the other hand, explaining the scope of the content of the article can arouse the attention of the readers in order to arouse resonance. This form of title is also more common. Such as "on the two-tier management system in China's rural areas", "correctly handling the relationship between the center and the local, between the article and the block", "analysis of the Post-war Western trade liberalization", etc
4. This form of Title limits the content of the full text, which can be extended or reced, and has great flexibility. The research object of this paper is specific and small, but the extended thought should be very general and wide. This kind of title is concive to the expansion of scientific thinking and scientific research. Such as "the light of hope in China's rural areas from the rise of township enterprises", "scientific and technological progress and agricultural economy", "the essence of beauty from" labor creates beauty "and so on.
7. Of course not. There are some differences between written and spoken English. We should change it carefully
8. From the undergraate stage to the graate stage, I have written a lot of papers, large and small. Now I am still doing paper plication checking. I have been dealing with papers for a long time. I have a good understanding of how to write a paper, but it is very difficult for some novices to write a paper. What are the steps to write a paper? Write paper 1 to determine the topic: the topic of a paper can come from professional knowledge, or from the current political hot spots. Usually, if you read more, accumulate more, think more, you will find many problems. These problems, big or small, can become a direction of topic selection. At the same time, according to their own interests to screen, optimize, and then determine a suitable thesis topic. To refine the thesis title, make a look at the title is very attractive. 2. Detailed outline: after determining the title, we should comprehensively collect data, and it is better to download some core journal articles related to the papers through CNKI; If you want to spend some time on intensive reading of literature, even if you have an outline in mind when determining the title of the paper, you must read some related literature again. This is the basis of making an outline, and also the necessary accumulation and warm-up for writing the paper later. Write wholeheartedly: after one or two steps are completed, the next step is to write according to the plan. According to the contents of the outline, it is necessary to specify the writing parts that should be completed every day and implement them to the letter; Of course, it can also be based on their own habits. Some people like to write continuously because their ideas and opinions are fleeting. When they are highly concentrated, their ideas and opinions are continuous and efficient; Some like to finish a little every day, so that not only not tired, but also have more time to think. Careful revision: the completion of the main content of the paper does not mean the completion of the paper. At this time, you can put it on and read the paper in a day or two. You can read and check the paper from the beginning to the end to see if there are any typos, whether there are any irregularities, whether there are some incompleteness in writing, etc. you can modify it once or several times. It's best to keep improving according to your attitude towards the paper. Introction: the paper generally needs an introction. This is the first part of the paper, which mainly expounds the reasons, purpose, significance, etc. of writing. It is a necessary procere to enter the text. If you enter directly from the outline, it is inevitable that there will be some missing, it seems that there is no beginning. This part can be written before writing the text, or after writing the text. The suggestion here is to finish the text before writing, so that we can grasp the full text more accurately and write the introction well. 7 elements of perfection: after the completion of the full text, some elements need to be perfected, mainly including references, Chinese and English abstracts, keywords, author's introction, page numbers and other elements. Especially the abstract, after writing the paper, we should write the abstract on the basis of deep grasp of the full text, so that we can better grasp the content of the abstract and write the content of the abstract. The above is about the steps of writing a paper. If you can't write a paper yourself, you can look at the steps above. I hope it can help you!
9. Just click to download it directly
first of all, we need to determine whether the topic is research or what
the general framework of graation thesis is almost the same: abstract, contents, Chapter One Introction (literature review, current situation, etc.), chapter two is the method or common problems, chapter three and chapter four are the focus of the whole thesis, discussing their own content; Chapter five is about measures and so on
you can go to Wanfang, VIP and CNKI to download some articles on similar topics:) good luck and success
1. Thesis Title: accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel
2. Table of contents: a table of contents is a brief list of the main paragraphs in a paper Abstract: it is an excerpt of the main content of the article, which should be short, precise and complete. The number of words can be as few as dozens, and the number of words should not exceed 300
4. Key words or topic words: key words are selected from the title, abstract and text of a paper, and they are words with substantial meaning to express the central content of the paper. Keywords are the words used to index the content characteristics of a paper in a computer system, which is convenient for the collection of information system for readers to search. Each paper generally selects 3-8 words as the key words, with another line at the bottom left of the "summary". Subject words are standardized words. When determining the subject words, the subject of the paper should be changed into the standard words in the thesaurus according to the indexing and matching rules
5. Main body of the paper: (1) Introction: introction, also known as foreword, preface and introction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introction should generally state the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of thesis writing. The introction should be short, concise and close to the theme 2) Text: the text is the main body of the paper. The text should include argument, argument, argumentation process and conclusion. The main part includes the following contents: A. proposition argument; b. Analysis problem - argument and argument; c. Problem solving - demonstration and steps; d. Conclusion
6. The references of a paper are the main references that can be referred to or quoted in the writing and writing of a paper, which are listed at the end of the paper. The reference should start from another page, and the marking method should be in accordance with gb7714-87 description rules of bibliographic references. Chinese: title -- author -- publication information (location, publisher, issue): the requirements of the references listed in the title -- publication information are as follows: (1) the references listed should be official publications for readers to verify 2) The cited references should be marked with serial number, title of work or article, author and publication information.
first of all, we need to determine whether the topic is research or what
the general framework of graation thesis is almost the same: abstract, contents, Chapter One Introction (literature review, current situation, etc.), chapter two is the method or common problems, chapter three and chapter four are the focus of the whole thesis, discussing their own content; Chapter five is about measures and so on
you can go to Wanfang, VIP and CNKI to download some articles on similar topics:) good luck and success
1. Thesis Title: accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel
2. Table of contents: a table of contents is a brief list of the main paragraphs in a paper Abstract: it is an excerpt of the main content of the article, which should be short, precise and complete. The number of words can be as few as dozens, and the number of words should not exceed 300
4. Key words or topic words: key words are selected from the title, abstract and text of a paper, and they are words with substantial meaning to express the central content of the paper. Keywords are the words used to index the content characteristics of a paper in a computer system, which is convenient for the collection of information system for readers to search. Each paper generally selects 3-8 words as the key words, with another line at the bottom left of the "summary". Subject words are standardized words. When determining the subject words, the subject of the paper should be changed into the standard words in the thesaurus according to the indexing and matching rules
5. Main body of the paper: (1) Introction: introction, also known as foreword, preface and introction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introction should generally state the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of thesis writing. The introction should be short, concise and close to the theme 2) Text: the text is the main body of the paper. The text should include argument, argument, argumentation process and conclusion. The main part includes the following contents: A. proposition argument; b. Analysis problem - argument and argument; c. Problem solving - demonstration and steps; d. Conclusion
6. The references of a paper are the main references that can be referred to or quoted in the writing and writing of a paper, which are listed at the end of the paper. The reference should start from another page, and the marking method should be in accordance with gb7714-87 description rules of bibliographic references. Chinese: title -- author -- publication information (location, publisher, issue): the requirements of the references listed in the title -- publication information are as follows: (1) the references listed should be official publications for readers to verify 2) The cited references should be marked with serial number, title of work or article, author and publication information.
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