Decentralization of Postmodernism
Postmodernism (1 piece)
sex, anti ecation, poor public morality. From the psychological point of view, mainly for the pursuit of comfort, looking for feelings, inner anxiety, good vent. From the behavior point of view, catch up with fashion, cynicism, good performance, emphasis on freedom, unwilling to restrain, and even violate the criminal law. More specifically, they are characterized by "nonsense": they don't care about other people's opinions, don't promise, don't have a sense of age, don't sacrifice hobbies for health, don't care about the price of things they like, especially like to "pursue the new", can't stop fantasy, have jumping thinking, evaporate from time to time, can't find things, can't find spicy hot in summer, and can't find ice cream in winter, He is lazy to save money, thinks that night is better than day, likes to keep pets, likes to be free and unrestrained, has the courage to despise authority, despises utilitarianism, is unwilling to think, pursue enjoyment, speak style, dress strangely, talk impolitely, pretend to be humorous, blindly imitate, pursue stars, inlge in cartoons, games and online chat, call each other nicknames, tattoos, etc. All of these have made a strong impact on the current school ecation, which has made the school orthodox ecation in trouble, and caused some teenagers serious confusion in faith, consciousness, ethics, conct and other aspects.
in the 1950s and 1960s, the trend of thought of postmodernism rose in western developed countries, while before that, western society was dominated by modernism. As for "Modernity", people generally believe that "modernity represents such a social state, which is driven and maintained by the enlightenment belief, and is convinced of the progress of reason and science, that technology can conquer nature, and that the use of science and technology in social transformation can control... Human state"“ The basic assumption of "modernization" is that there are some potential logical models and inherent orders in the real world. Only by using "scientific methods" (empirical, experimental, quantitative, etc.), can we find these potential logical models and inherent orders. Through these discoveries, people can control the development and change of things, and ignore the knowledge acquired by any method other than "scientific method"
postmodernism is "a way to question the mainstream reason and cultural creed of our time". Its representatives are Foucault. Michel of France, Derrida (Jacques) of Germany and Gadamer. Hans - geor of Germany. They belong to deconstructive postmodernism and advocate the thorough criticism and subversion of tradition. They "eliminate the center and subject, destroy the essence and foundation, deny the law... Split the history". The other is the construction (construction), which is called reconstructive or "reconstructive" postmodernism. The representatives are Lottie (R.Rorty) and Griffin (D.R.Griffin). They advocate preserving the essence of modern concepts, and using reason to reflect on the various aspects of the modernist world outlook. Organic postmodern world outlook
since the emergence of postmodernism, there has been a trend of thought in the west to study ecation management from the perspective of postmodernism, and many valuable achievements have emerged, from which China's ecation management can get some beneficial enlightenment< First, ecation management should be creative.
advocating creativity is an important feature of post-modern ecation management. Griffin, the representative of constructive postmodernism, believes that "fundamentally speaking, we are creative beings, and everyone embodies the creative energy", "but at the same time, we are creative beings, and we need to realize our potential and get something by ourselves". In Griffin's view, creativity is the requirement of human nature, that is to say, continuous creation in ecational management is the requirement of human nature< According to Foucault, the formation of knowledge is based on local and situational conditions, which are the basis of people's correct understanding of knowledge. Foucault uses genealogy to analyze knowledge and discipline. He thinks that knowledge is not only constructed on the basis of certain ideology, but also discipline is "the manipulation system of proction discourse", which makes "knowledge from a certain angle" regenerate continuously. That is to say, knowledge is not universal, neutral and objective, but contextualized. It can be seen that knowledge and truth are not inevitable, but created under special historical conditions, that is, "knowledge is always knowledge from a certain angle". In a word, knowledge is more situational than universal. Since knowledge is situational, it means a kind of uncertainty. For ecation management, uncertainty requires that ecation management must be innovated continuously, because the stable and determined situation will not be creative
looking at the current situation of China's ecation management, it is not difficult to find that there are many things that are different from creativity:
● in terms of management thought, the word is strict, emphasizing unity, obedience and planning
● in terms of management content, they are satisfied with the management of people, money and things, and ignore the management of time, information and knowledge
● in terms of management strategy, there is a lack of integrity and long-term, which can not form a unique school running concept
● in terms of management methods, quantitative management is highly recommended. All departments of the school are divided into blocks. Management relies on tables, and teachers lack the spirit of being masters
● in terms of management quality, it stays at a shallow level and is satisfied with the general conservative management of existing ecational resources, ignoring the full development and utilization of ecational resources
● in terms of talent quality, it only stays on the slogan of all-round development. Obviously, this kind of management focuses on "keeping" and ignores "creating"
● at present, the environment of ecational organizations has changed from relatively stable to complex and changeable. The idea of "keeping" ecation management is far from being able to meet the requirements of today's social development
postmodernism enlightens us that ecation management should be constantly innovated in order to continuously develop and maintain its vitality< Second, we should pay attention to the characteristics and differences of ecational organizations.
Greenfield (T.B.) took the lead in applying modernism to the theory of ecational management, and carried out a "Greenfield revolution" in the "theoretical movement" of ecational management science. According to Greenfield, there are two fundamentally opposite organizational management concepts in real life: human invention theory and natural system theory. According to the natural system theory, organization and management is an observable entity with human attributes, an organism that can respond to and adapt to its environmental requirements; According to the theory of human invention, organizational management is established in the process of thinking, and it is the social reality of being invented. Greenfield calls the theoretical system he constructs as the theory of human invention, that is, the theory that organization is man's creation:
Greenfield tries to establish a kind of ecational management organization theory of subjectivism or hermeneutics. He believes that "people don't live in organizations. On the contrary, organizations live in indivials and exist through indivials." organizations are social realities that people are aware of, where they make decisions and take actions that they seem to be right and appropriate. obviously. In Greenfield's view, organization is not the ontological reality, but the social existence created by people. Since management organization is created by people, different people have different creations, there is no unified standardized organization theory
Greenfield's postmodern theory tells us that different organizations have different organizational properties and characteristics. Even for the same type of organization, the specific situation of each organization has its own differences. Looking back at the current situation of ecational management organizations in China, it is not difficult to find that: (1) in practice, we are used to using the unified ecational management organization theory to cover all kinds of different school organizations, rather than paying attention to the research of all kinds of specific types of school organizations, and using the unified ecational organization theory to guide the rich and colorful ecational management practices from kindergarten, primary school to middle school and university. The practice of limiting the ecational management organization to a certain scope can only lead to its death. Moreover, in terms of the reality of ecational organizations and schools in China, most of them transplant Weber's bureaucratic system of enterprise management. The five characteristics of Weber's bureaucratic system (hierarchical structure, division of labor, rules and regulations, impersonation and career orientation) are reflected in school organizations. This is an organizational system that emphasizes more hierarchy, order, stylization and organizational discipline, that is, it pays attention to the rational side of the organization, and pays little or no attention to its irrational side: (2) in theory, it simply applies the theory of western enterprise management to the field of ecation management, such as school management by objectives, which is the transplantation of P.F.Drucker's management by objectives. At the same time, it does not take into account the specific situation of our country and the differences between eastern and Western cultures. Therefore, we should pay more attention to the characteristics and differences of ecational organizations in China's ecational management organization, which is another enlightenment of Postmodernism to China's school management< Thirdly, ecation management should pay equal attention to facts and values.
professor of Victoria University, visiting professor of Cambridge University and contemporary famous philosopher Hodgkinson is also a scholar who applies postmodernism to ecation management theory. Hodgkinson's contribution to the theory of ecational management mainly focuses on the value issue
in Hoffman's view, science deals with the statement of fact which is quite different from the statement of value. He declared clearly that "in every stage of management, value is influencing and always self entangled". He believes that in a management world where facts and values are always intertwined, the field of value is the first problem, while the elements of facts and logic are secondary. "For all human organizations, whether they are simple or complex, they exist to achieve certain goals," Hodgkinson said. These goals come from human desires or values. " The central topic of management theory is not scientific issues, but philosophical issues related to value and morality. Management should not only involve the actual level, but also pay attention to the should be level
Greenfield has the same view on this point. According to Greenfield, management science is a science with values and of values, and organization is based on concept and value. Any decision contains value components, and any decision is a symbol of value complex. The policy-making can not have nothing to do with value, and there is no "white board" state. In fact, the policy-makers discuss it with their forefathers' views, and the view that the postmodern patriarch values is of great practical significance to China's ecation management. At present, the research methods of ecational management in China are mainly based on logical positivism. One prominent feature of logical positivism is that it pays attention to facts, focuses on the research of management technology, and focuses on explaining problems with clear data, specific facts and observable behaviors. It advocates that ecational management research should be a value free research, The value and moral factors that influence ecation management should be deleted without any interference. In this way, the school, like all the objective reality, has objectivity and internal order. The purpose of management is to achieve the objective goal of the school, and to maintain the order of the school through reward and punishment. As a result, managers become the maintenance voice of organizational order, and prevent school members from deviating from school goals by restraining any irrational behavior of school members< As a matter of fact, pure objective principles and methods do not exist in the field of ecational management, such as the determination of school running objectives, ecational decision-making, ecational development strategy, the distribution and utilization of ecational resources, the relationship between schools and society, etc; The fact that the value problem is excluded from the ecation management and only the ecation management is paid attention to is actually the complicated ecation management problem
Formally speaking, postmodernism is a trend of thought originating from modernism but rebelling against modernism. It has a relationship of inheritance and rebellion with modernism
in terms of content, postmodernism is a reflection and answer to the negative effects of instrial civilization, which originates from instrial civilization. It is a criticism and Deconstruction of the rigidity of depriving human subjectivity, feeling richness, mechanical unity, center and identity in the process of modernization
Postmodernism also criticizes and deconstructs the essentialism, foundationalism, metaphysical standpoint and logos centrism of western traditional philosophy In essence, postmodernism is the correction and rebellion against the traditional western philosophy and modern western society, and it is also a kind of "over correction" in the process of criticism and rebellion 
extended materials:
postmodernism came into being in the 1960s and reached its peak in the 1980s. It is a hot spot and mainstream in western academic circles. It is not only a criticism and Reflection on modern western society, but also a criticism and inheritance of modern western philosophy. It is a cultural trend of thought formed in criticizing and reflecting on Western society, philosophy, science and technology and rationality
Postmodernism firmly denies metaphysics in its original sense, which is now called "metaphysics", denies ontology, denies the existence of the ultimate origin and essence of the world, and denies the problems of "foundation" and "principle". The idea that "metaphysics" is just a hypothesistraditional philosophy also assumes that people's understanding is carried out through language, that is, language can reflect, express or express objects, and people can also understand the world and things through the language expression of the essence and laws of the world. Postmodernism believes that this is a kind of "meta narration" and a "grand narrative style", which must be broken
There are four basic aesthetic characteristics of postmodernist literature and Art:
1. In the post-modern cultural atmosphere, the traditional values and hierarchy have been reversed, the personality and style of modernism have been eliminated, and the subject has become a broken illusion
2. Depth disappeared. Modernist art always pursues the utopian ideal and expresses the ultimate truth as the theme, while postmodernist art abandons the deep mode of the work itself, no longer has thought, no longer provides explanation, refuses to dig any meaning, and only pursues the pleasure of language
3. The sense of history disappears. History is always the thing in memory, and memory always has the feeling and experience of memory subject. Modernist art is addicted to historical consciousness because of its pursuit of depth. In post modernist art, history only means nostalgia, which appears as an image catering to commercial purposes
4. The distance disappears. In the view of modernist art, distance is not only the boundary between art and life, but also the boundary between the subject and the object of creation. It is a conscious control means for readers to think about the works. In the post-modern art, e to the disappearance of the subject, the works lose their depth and sense of history. They only have the stimulating effect on people's senses without any function of inspiration and stimulation. In other words, they only emphasize the desire itself
it should be noted that, e to political and cultural reasons, the influence of postmodernism on Oriental culture is more of an ideological enlightenment. In literature, as a narrative discourse and style, postmodern culture has no choice technique, no central meaning and no complete structure. The process of narration is divergent, and the center of meaning is dispelled and diffused to the edge of the text
influenced by it, there are not only new realistic novels represented by sun Ganlu, but also consumer literature and its representative "Wang Shuo phenomenon"
it is still too early to say whether postmodernism can become the mainstream of Oriental culture, but it should be noted that it has graally become a fashion to completely abolish the spiritual measurement index and the dimension of existence and dispel the historical consciousness
several impossible definitions of postmodernism are excluded. First, postmodernism is not a concept of style. The reason why the idea that postmodernism is a kind of style can not be established is that no matter what kind of style terms are used to define modernism and postmodernism, people find it difficult to distinguish them, or the latter is just the strengthening or molation of some styles that the former has already possessed. It has long been pointed out that Hassan's distinctive features of Postmodernism (such as "uncertainty", "internality" and so on) are not tenable at all. The definition of postmodernism by style or language will lead to the absurd conclusion that some parts of a work are modernism and others are Postmodernism (for example, the stream of consciousness part of Ulysses is modernism, while its parody or parody part is postmodernism, and Eisenman's architectural language is modernism, But its space is postmodern, etc.). As C. B. Chabot said, "we lack a full and universally accepted understanding of modernism, which makes many arguments for postmodernism become specious. Many of the things named postmodernism come directly from the early [modernist] writers." 1) Second, postmodernism is not a concept of a period or an art movement. Firstly, it mistakenly regards modernism as a temporal art movement (for example, from 1860 to 1960), which leads to the absurd conclusion that "all" art after 1960 is regarded as postmodernism; Second, it is either based on a vulgar social determinism (such as Jameson's), or on some apocalyptic dogmatism that asserts that "we have entered postmodernism" (such as bodelia, and most of the low-level postmodernist theorists). As Chabot said, "people even think that we live in a post-modern society. A certain number of people obviously believe that the fracture of culture has appeared at a certain time, and its signs can be detected from the whole scope of our cultural activities. However, it seems that few people have reached a consensus on the time when its fundamental nature and hypothesis are broken, and even fewer people have the same opinion on how to best depict its impact on our cultural procts. " 2) This dogmatism is not only untenable, but also abhorrent in its prophetic tone. F. f. centore pointed out: "postmodernism has in fact become an unofficial national religion, a new salvation myth, with universal validity, and every good citizen must abide by it. In fact, those who do not follow this free consensus commit treason. In the name of radical hermeneutics, deconstructionism, Neo pragmatism or postmodernism, contemporary Orthodox doctrines teach people that the modern world (1600-1946) has gone forever with the collapse of God and objective science. It should be replaced by a world of more fluid and amorphous processes, so it calls for a more radical model of interpretation. It insists that everything is only a metaphor or symbol of reality, and reality does not exist. Everything is the function of history; All cultures and religions are temporal, temporary and mythical. It's not the word of God that creates the world, but Hermeneutics - Midway and end are no exception, of course. " 3)
thirdly, postmodernism is not the reality of western contemporary art, it is only, and has always been, a form of concept, a concept of criticism or aesthetics. This is particularly worth mentioning. Some naive postmodernists believe that we have "entered" an epoch-making period, where everything is "postmodern". In China, however, e to the specious and incomprehensible introction of some more naive postmodernist scholars, and the "post-modern theoretical research" which has been rampant since the beginning, people have proced "what should we do when the West has entered the post-modern era" in their daily consciousness We should bypass the modern and enter the post-modern Utopia. In fact, postmodernism is by no means a social reality or even an ideological reality in the West. It is not a social reality because, as Berger pointed out to the point: "although the economy, technology and society have undergone profound changes compared with the second half of the 19th century, the dominant mode of proction remains the same: the exploitation of the surplus value of collective proction by private capital. Social democracy in Western Europe has fully realized that, despite the growing significance of government intervention in economic affairs, the pursuit of maximum profit is still the driving force of social proction. Therefore, we should be careful in explaining the current changes, and should not naively value them as signs of epoch-making changes. " 4) The reason why postmodernism is not even an ideological fact is that since its birth, postmodernism has been criticized and refuted by western people of insight. In other words, postmodernism does not exist as a "ideological reality" for a day, but always as a "problem". As Chabot said, "they [postmodernists] assume that we are actually witnessing the emergence of a real postmodern culture, and I want to question that assumption. In my opinion, some things called postmodernism are actually a kind of recent development or evolution within modernism itself, which has at least the same plausibility. I have put forward some arguments to support my argument: (1) there is no satisfactory and generally accepted postmodernist explanation 2) Many things called postmodernism come directly from modernism 3) Most of the debates about its existence are mainly through the generalization of modernism's exhaustion, especially through a generalization that ignores its nature as a second level concept, so as to obtain its original authenticity. " 5)
finally, postmodernism is not a concept of media or artistic style. Therefore, for example, we can not say that easel painting is modernist, but installation art, video art and so on are postmodern. Because, fundamentally speaking, the difference between modernism and postmodernism is not the difference of media or materials, or specific styles, but the difference of ideas. The problem is a bit complicated. We have to make a slight detour
1. In the post-modern cultural atmosphere, the traditional values and hierarchy have been reversed, the personality and style of modernism have been eliminated, and the subject has become a broken illusion
2. Modernist art always pursues the utopian ideal and expresses the ultimate truth as the theme, while postmodernist art abandons the deep mode of the work itself, no longer has thought, no longer provides explanation, refuses to dig any meaning, and only pursues the pleasure of language
3. The sense of history disappears. History is always the thing in memory, and memory always has the feeling and experience of memory subject. Modernist art is addicted to historical consciousness because of its pursuit of depth. In post modernist art, history only means nostalgia, which appears as an image catering to commercial purposes
4. The distance disappears. In the view of modernist art, distance is not only the boundary between art and life, but also the boundary between the subject and the object of creation. It is a conscious control means for readers to think about the works. In the post-modern art, e to the disappearance of the subject, the works lose their depth and sense of history. They only have the stimulating effect on people's senses without any function of inspiration and stimulation. In other words, they only emphasize the desire itself<
"post modernism" means:
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the source of "postmodernism":
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