Decentralized scheduling distributed lock
blockchain includes public blockchain, joint (instry) blockchain and private blockchain. Public chain point-to-point e-cash system: bitcoin, smart contract and decentralized application platform: Ethereum
blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies
blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. In essence, it is a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of bitcoin network transaction information, Used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block
extended data
according to the different degree of blockchain network centralization, three kinds of blockchains under different application scenarios are differentiated:
1. The blockchain with the whole network open and without user authorization mechanism is called public chain
2. The authorized nodes are allowed to join the network, and the information can be viewed according to the authority. It is often used in the inter agency blockchain, which is called alliance chain or instry chain
3. All the nodes in the network are in the hands of one organization, which is called private chain
alliance chain and private chain are also called licensing chain, and public chain is called non licensing chain
blockchain features
1, decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management institutions or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes information self verification, transmission and management through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain
2. Openness. Blockchain technology is based on open source. In addition to the private information of all parties involved in the transaction is encrypted, the data of blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent
3. Independence. Based on consensus specifications and Protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as hash algorithm used by bitcoin), the whole blockchain system does not rely on other third parties, and all nodes can automatically and safely verify and exchange data in the system without any human intervention
4. Safety. As long as 51% of all data nodes cannot be controlled, the network data cannot be arbitrarily manipulated and modified, which makes the blockchain itself relatively safe and avoids subjective and artificial data changes
5. Anonymity. Unless there are legal requirements, technically speaking, the identity information of each block node does not need to be disclosed or verified, and the information can be transferred anonymously
"decentralization" is translated from the English word decentralization, which is composed of the prefix de -, stem central and suffix ization. Among them, the stem central means "center", the suffix - ization means "... Hua", and the prefix de - has the meanings of leaving, removing, canceling and opposite. Therefore, it is very accurate to translate it into decentralization
what is the meaning of decentralization
vitalik buterin, founder of Ethereum, published the article "the meaning of decentralization" in February 2017, elaborating the meaning of decentralization. He thinks that we should distinguish the centralization and decentralization of computer software from three perspectives: architecture, governance and logic
Architecture centralization refers to the number of nodes that the system can tolerate and continue to run; Governance centralization refers to how many indivials and organizations are needed to control the system; Logic centralization refers to whether the interface and data presented by the system are like a single whole
blockchain is a unified account book of the whole network, so it is logically centralized, which is beyond doubt. From the perspective of architecture, blockchain is based on peer-to-peer network, so it is decentralized. From the perspective of governance, blockchain makes it difficult for a few people to control the whole system through consensus algorithm, so it is decentralized. The decentralization of architecture and governance brings three benefits to blockchain: fault tolerance, anti attack and anti collusion
five differences between blockchain and traditional distributed system
as a new kind of distributed system, blockchain is often mistakenly regarded as a distributed database or log system. In fact, there is a fundamental difference between blockchain and traditional distributed system, namely decentralization. Now let's look at the main differences between blockchain and traditional distributed systems:
(1) consistency algorithm: what blockchain needs to solve is the Byzantine general problem, that is, there are one or more fraulent nodes in the network, which may deliberately violate the protocol or transmit wrong data, Therefore, Byzantine fault-tolerant consensus algorithms, such as BFT, pow, POS, are often used in blockchain; The traditional distributed system only needs to consider the node failure and communication errors, and often uses consistency algorithms such as Paxos and raft, which can not resist the fraulent nodes
(2) central controller: there is no central controller in the blockchain network, and no node can control or coordinate the generation of ledger data. All nodes coordinate through consensus algorithm to generate consistent ledger. However, the traditional publishing system is often controlled by one organization, which uniformly dispatches all nodes to participate in the calculation
(3) rule making: the rule of blockchain is consensus protocol, also known as consensus mechanism, and consensus algorithm is a part of it. Consensus mechanism is generally designed and developed by a person or a team, and the corresponding proceres are developed for the community to use. This seems to be the same as the traditional distributed system, but the change and upgrading of the consensus mechanism of the blockchain requires the community to have a consensus on it. If no consensus can be reached, anyone can implement hard bifurcation and build another community and chain. This is the decentralization process of consensus mechanism.
Financial instry
blockchain should be the most widely used in the financial instry
, for example, OMG (young model currency) in May 2017, omise announced that it was launching an electronic wallet with Alipay to integrate Alipay payment solutions into its own payment service suite, helping local e-commerce businesses in Thailand to accept online payment transactions from China tourists. p>
another example is PPT, which is a bill financial transaction system based on blockchain
gambling
the gambling instry probably entered the blockchain last year. Why does gambling favor blockchain? Blockchain provides a relatively fair guessing system. Why is it relatively fair? As can be seen from the previous introction, blockchain can not be tampered with or forged
for example, wicc is a rich application scenario that can realize asset issuance, guessing application, right traceability, mutual insurance, decentralized exchange, cross-border settlement, etc
for example, the STX stox application is designed to provide the full functionality of the forecast market application without any central server. Forecasting the market requires functions such as event planning, market making, providing information and analysis to traders, reporting event results, and of course collecting and paying
I believe that if the current lottery instry is set up on the blockchain, people's purchasing enthusiasm will be higher and higher, because too many insiders make people give up
Internet of things
there are still many applications of the Internet of things in the blockchain, because the traceability and timeliness of blocks are very suitable for this instry
for example, data is the concept of Internet of things, which is a decentralized P2P network. The data source can connect with any node in the whole network, and then publish the data, and the network will immediately send it to the subscriber. Horizontal scalability is achieved through fragmentation mode. This is very important for the timeliness and accuracy of Internet of things applications
game instry
for example, GTC (g coin) is a decentralized digital asset based on Ethereum erc20 issued by game.com, and G coin is committed to becoming the general digital currency standard of the global game instry
for example, mana is a distributed shared virtual platform. On this platform, users can browse and discover content, and interact with other people and entities. Users can also claim the ownership of virtual territory through the land ledger based on blockchain. The territory is demarcated by rectangular coordinates (x, y), and its owner can decide the content published on the territory, including interactive systems from static 3D scenes to games
there are many other instries. The great emperor did not list them one by one, but listed several representative instries. What is the point? It shows that blockchain is definitely not only the transaction of currency, it is a proct of the era change with real landing project and real practical use
in fact, the development of human society is just like the blockchain, which is irreversible and unstoppable. In my opinion, sooner or later, the blockchain will enter into thousands of households, no matter the ox or bear, hold the value currency in hand, and tonghuashun has begun to offer digital currency, which shows that the society is accepting it step by step, and the power of social development can not be blocked by any country or person
mods, or meshed operating & distributed storage system. It is a distributed computing system based on CPU pipeline acceleration technology, software implementation mechanism, time slice token task scheling mechanism, dol division and cooperation mechanism, auxiliary chain and other grid chain technologies. For example, if a job is given to one person, it will take him much more time than to divide the job into different small tasks according to the time flow, and each small task will be given to many people to complete. This example may not be very accurate, but mods is to innovate the Internet of things from four aspects: consensus algorithm, service fragmentation, processing mode and organization form. While using the characteristics of blockchain decentralization, disintermediation, distrust, data transparency and tamper proof, MODS reces energy consumption and greatly improves processing speed, and realizes distributed decentralized storage of data, Provide solid infrastructure support for big data and artificial intelligence.
A: the main application fields of blockchain technology are finance, Internet of things and logistics, public service, digital right, insurance and public welfare
First, in the field of finance,
blockchain has great potential application value in international exchange, letter of credit, equity registration, stock exchange and other financial fields
Second, the Internet of things and logisticsblockchain can also be naturally combined in the field of Internet of things and logistics. Through blockchain, we can rece logistics costs, trace the proction and delivery process of goods, and improve the efficiency of supply chain management
Third, in the field of public service, blockchain is closely related to people's proction and life in the fields of public management, energy and transportation. However, the centralization of these fields also brings some problems, which can be transformed by blockchain Fourthly, in the field of digital right, through blockchain technology, works can be authenticated to prove the existence of text, video, audio and other works and ensure the authenticity and uniqueness of ownership In the field of insurance, insurance institutions are responsible for fund collection, investment and claim settlement, and often have higher management and operation costs Sixth, the data stored on the public welfare fieldblockchain is highly reliable and tamperable, which is naturally suitable for social public welfare scenarios. The relevant information in the public welfare process, such as donation project, collection details, fund flow, recipient feedback, etc., can be stored on the blockchain, and can be made transparent and public, which is convenient for social supervision
according to the information obtained by China Anti MLM volunteer alliance, Baichuan coin, SMI, MBI, mark coin, mmm, Fuda compound wealth management, carat coin, petromoney, Huaqiang coin, CB aiib Hong Kong Group, Yuansheng, WorldCom, u coin, Jubao, 21st century fox, Wanxi wealth management and BBT (now renamed Morgan coin) are similar, They are all illegal pyramid schemes in the guise of virtual currency. Bitcoin home and many other media have reported similar pyramid schemes
this kind of MLM operation has the following characteristics:
1. Most of the above currencies are issued in a non constant amount, only speculation, and no commercial application
2. All of them belong to online financial pyramid selling, and the servers are all overseas, so it is difficult to investigate and deal with them
3. Short running cycle. Generally 3-6 months, to return money to the peak directly shut down the network running, change a vest to come back.
2. Chaos is rampant
insurance companies rush to sell online, and there are many people with impure motives: they are forced to choose because of the stagnation of the original model, or are ambitious, or keep up with the Joneses, and few of them are secure and open to the Internet
therefore, there are those who do not plan and build cars behind closed doors, and there are those who plan to go to the official website of the mall quickly, and they are lack of innovation. IT departments of many insurance companies have to go to a mall website for three months to find suppliers, which is mostly imitation and rare innovation. Impetuous, pulling the carriage on the track, a run on the fall<
3. The undercurrent is surging
led by Sanma Zhongan, it is rumored that the second Internet insurance company will be established in Shenzhen. Guoshou, Pacific, Xinhua, Taiping, Anbang, sunshine, life, Qianhai, etc. have set up or prepared independent e-commerce companies, and other instries have also tried to get involved in insurance through e-commerce, qunar, Kexi, Suning...
4 Thin procts
"low value, low viscosity, standardized" car insurance, travel accident insurance, medical insurance, financial insurance, rare long-term, high insurance, complex insurance, but the whole transaction is not completed online. The main reason is that the instry does not have a unified understanding and dare to make breakthrough attempts. The objective reason is that the basic supporting measures of network ecology are not perfect
the simplification of online marketing procts and insufficient innovation are one of the biggest bottlenecks restricting the explosive growth of insurance e-commerce
5. The opportunity is attractive
from 2011 to 2013, the insurance test really touched the Internet, the concept of financial Internet is surging, big data, cloud, SNS, mobile, payment, wechat and so on are all over the place, constantly teasing the quiet heart of insurance companies, and wearable and vehicle mounted devices have given birth to new opportunities for UBI
the previous proct innovation attempts of Huatai, Zhongan, Taikang and PICC have begun to take shape. High value and long-term insurance online sales will be a new opportunity and will be dazzling
how the Internet will change the insurance instry
some people may have foreseen this wave of Internet, but they can't see exactly how it will change
the Internet will provide a large number of new things, and no instry body can cover all things. Competition + cooperation, vertical and horizontal cooperation will be a new landscape
let's first look at the basic formula of an enterprise's operation:
whether it's a "traditional" instry such as insurance, or an "Internet" enterprise of e-commerce, as long as the enterprise's business activities are carried out around this formula, there is no "subversion" theory. It's just that the key points and strategies have their own emphases
relatively speaking, although traditional enterprises are not as good as Internet enterprises in terms of P and T, these five tasks are the same. The most important thing is that the ultimate business objectives are on the left side of the equation: m, that is to say, this is a universal formula: discover or create markets and demands, provide procts or services to meet them, and make profits from them. If this formula and theoretical basis do not exist or change, it can be called subversion
business model is the emphasis of these five items, different paths, and the essence is the same: Blue Ocean is the mode to find a new p to meet with procts and services V, and core competitiveness is the unique feature of R, t and C
the Internet pays more attention to being good at P and R, such as discovering new markets and managing fans; However, traditional instries tend to focus on V, t and C, focusing on whether the revenue, profit and statements are good-looking
based on this formula, the Internet will comprehensively improve the ecological environment of the whole insurance instry, including the existing consumer market, agent, agency, e-commerce platform, insurance company and regulatory agency. It will also give birth to the seventh business type factor: public basic resource supplier, which is called "extraordinary 6 + 1"
1. Consumer market: demand diversification, consumer personality and thought behavior are valued
the information symmetry effect of the Internet makes the status of consumers rise, service requirements become higher and higher, and insurance consumption intention is from invisible to explicit, and consumption initiative, frequency and amount are improved, Bring more innovation space for insurance procts: "life oriented insurance" has become an important innovation direction, "service as a proct" has risen from an implicit concept to an explicit indicator, and consumers no longer buy insurance for the sake of buying insurance. With the development of Internet, insurance quietly infiltrates into clothing, food, housing, transportation, entertainment, medical and even emotional life, and has upgraded from economic compensation to a tool to hedge against negative experience, This will give rise to innumerable fancy insurance procts. Perhaps many insurance procts do not look like insurance at all, but more like service standards, such as the hot moon insurance and the cold sun insurance (curious that these two procts are from the same company, how poor the treatment is), as well as naked insurance, small three insurance and pregnancy insurance (marriage is risky, love should be cautious!), This means the increase of P and V, but also shows a blinding truth: in the commodity society, happiness and happiness can be quantified by money
in addition, the Internet gives insurance companies the opportunity to capture the "pre-sale" data they have been dreaming of, so that they can understand the personality and preferences of target customers before trading, so as to formulate more personalized services and solutions, which means the improvement of R and V and the rection of T and C< 2. Agents: intensifying the survival of the fittest and leading to structural changes, the huge agent of more than 3 million will be the only disturbing variable brought about by the Internet. The loss of management of insurance companies and agency companies makes this huge group dispute frequently. Undoubtedly, as the most expensive sales channel, its position has been eroded by the Internet, and its living space is facing severe challenges:
the status and discourse power of agents in the value chain will be weakened, and the bargaining chips with insurance companies in the past will be graally lost e to the progress of information technology, such as "whose customer is it" "My job is to say that I has the final say or to be controlled", for example, insurance companies will provide pre sale value-added services through the network in exchange for the control of agents' customers' lists and the application of LBS technology to control the development track of agents.
agents whose professional skills and exhibition performance can not be improved are bound to be eliminated, while those with foresight take the initiative to seek change, obtain customers through the Internet, or improve their professional ability and service level, and contract more brands and more categories of financial procts. Some agents will no longer sell independently, but will combine with the Internet to become part of the sales chain, With the birth of the "o2o" model, some agents will turn to the underdeveloped Internet markets such as the third and fourth tier cities and villages
with the rapid development and improvement of the Internet and the whole insurance instry chain, the scale of agents will be reced, the ability will be improved, and the distribution at the regional and consumer levels will be more balanced, which means that R and V will be improved, while t and C will be reced, so as to optimize the operation< 3. Agency: the concentration of the mass market has increased
tens of thousands of part-time agents with high customer viscosity and professional agents with corporate businesses will not be subject to the Internet for the time being. However, the market share of the agency oriented to the mass market is too small, the talent precipitation and capital strength are not as good as those of the upstream insurance companies, there is no right to speak, there is no sufficient resources to invest in the transformation, coupled with the heavy historical burden, unwilling to read or understand the Internet, it will be mercilessly shuffled out under the general trend of "financial disintermediation", and the only advantage is flexibility
and the Internet can make "flexibility" to the extreme. Insurance e-commerce will focus on distribution, and the early online intermediary e-commerce platform will survive and have the opportunity to grow. In the future, there will not be too many such professional vertical platforms, up to 3-5, to see who will be the "king of the rest"
the fatal weakness of this kind of platform is poor user experience, many procts are restricted by insurance companies and difficult to improve, which affects the conversion rate R; Second, the operating cost is high. For example, the transaction docking with insurance companies is a headache; Third, the leading power of online transaction of high-value insurance procts is not in our hands. Whether we can break through it depends on the face of others
therefore, we need to focus on cooperation with emerging instry elements to improve P and V, strengthen internal strength, improve R and rece C, otherwise its marginal cost will not be able to compete with the direct sales business of insurance companies, and will be marginalized as the vassal of insurance companies, with little investment value
4. Internet e-commerce: big customers bully stores or turn away from customers.
"e-commerce platform" has huge resources coveted by financial and insurance institutions: massive consumption data, related behavior preference and commodity data, payment transaction entrance and potential credit data, huge relationship chain and topic accumulation... Become chips for interest exchange with financial and insurance institutions, But greed may lead to failure to achieve the original intention of recing the cost of insurance sales, and become the second most criticized real estate
so it's no surprise that Taobao tries to avoid supervision and set foot in finance and insurance itself: Taobao takes the lead in recruiting dozens of insurance companies to open the market, relying on its large flow to launch the first gun with all-purpose financial insurance, but the traditional insurance network sales are no exception. Netease, Sohu, etc. are also itching and can't bear to be coaxed. Tencent is not surprised to think about finance. The number of self insurance routes is not clear. Its mountain top internal operation structure makes insurance companies see stars
although the two hard problems of low conversion rate and thin procts have not been solved effectively, traffic is still a magic weapon to attract and even threaten insurance companies. Ctrip, qunar and kekexi, together with a number of small and medium-sized tourism vertical platforms, rely on accurate traffic to make a fortune in the subdivision field of air travel Italian insurance, and even begin to think about professional insurance licenses
insurance needs a large amount of information and detailed data, and is full of imagination because of its "non-standard", so there is a huge market space for derivative finance and other related commodities. Therefore, although insurance is only a part of finance, the e-commerce platform pays special attention: first, it hopes that the innovation focus of insurance procts will improve V; second, it hopes to improve R through "big data" operation
therefore, the e-commerce platform is willing to see and do something about multi category, multi brand and multi specification financial and insurance proct innovation. However, its professional level is not enough. If the gold mine keeps its data, it may not be able to find treasure. So, it should put down its position and cooperate with other new business forms more openly. Taobao insurance strives to be a life insurance company, for example
5. Insurance companies: reform, walk on two legs
more and more decision-makers of insurance companies graally realize that proct innovation is the first step for insurance companies to touch the net, but imitating Huatai return insurance, Zhongan zhonglebao insurance, PICC mobile insurance, Taikang Leye insurance, Allianz moon insurance and so on is equal to dancing with others' rhythm forever, which is far from enough
proct innovation first needs the change of talent and management concept. In view of the lack of insurance Internet talents in the current market, it is necessary to break the rigid salary framework
Compared with traditional employment, flexible employment has changed the direct employment relationship between the two parties into indirect employment mode including third-party professional service organizations. The most important feature of flexible employment is the introction of professional and commercial third-party human resources, such as the most common labor dispatch and service outsourcing, in addition to part-time employment and internship, Although it is different from the traditional mode of employment, the traditional bilateral relationship has not changed. At most, it can only be regarded as the improvement of the traditional mode of employment
flexible employment is good for both employers and employees: for employers, save costs and improve efficiency , all the human resource work that they have to do by themselves can be outsourced, and they can go to cloud teammates and other platforms to search, so that they can quickly find employees to do every specific work, It saves a lot of time and energy related to human resources, uses the most concentrated resources to do the most concentrated work, and greatly improves the output. For employees, flexible work, expand income , give full play to their best skills to do the most suitable and professional work content, at the same time, not subject to the restrictions of indivial enterprises, speak with output, pay more for more work, the benefits of such flexibility are obviously higher than the traditional way of employment
to sum up, flexible employment will be one of the important forms of future career development. The characteristics of decentralization and flexibility make this mode more suitable for the operation of enterprises in the rapidly developing society, and make enterprises have stronger resilience to overcome the challenges of the new normal economy