Decentralized grid transaction
blockchain includes public blockchain, joint (instry) blockchain and private blockchain. Public chain point-to-point e-cash system: bitcoin, smart contract and decentralized application platform: Ethereum
blockchain is a new application mode of distributed data storage, point-to-point transmission, consensus mechanism, encryption algorithm and other computer technologies
blockchain is an important concept of bitcoin. In essence, it is a decentralized database. At the same time, as the underlying technology of bitcoin, it is a series of data blocks generated by using cryptographic methods. Each data block contains a batch of bitcoin network transaction information, Used to verify the validity of its information (anti-counterfeiting) and generate the next block
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according to the different degree of blockchain network centralization, three kinds of blockchains under different application scenarios are differentiated:
1. The blockchain with the whole network open and without user authorization mechanism is called public chain
2. The authorized nodes are allowed to join the network, and the information can be viewed according to the authority. It is often used in the inter agency blockchain, which is called alliance chain or instry chain
3. All the nodes in the network are in the hands of one organization, which is called private chain
alliance chain and private chain are also called licensing chain, and public chain is called non licensing chain
blockchain features
1, decentralization. Blockchain technology does not rely on additional third-party management institutions or hardware facilities, and there is no central control. In addition to the self-contained blockchain itself, each node realizes information self verification, transmission and management through distributed accounting and storage. Decentralization is the most prominent and essential feature of blockchain
2. Openness. Blockchain technology is based on open source. In addition to the private information of all parties involved in the transaction is encrypted, the data of blockchain is open to everyone. Anyone can query blockchain data and develop related applications through the open interface, so the information of the whole system is highly transparent
3. Independence. Based on consensus specifications and Protocols (similar to various mathematical algorithms such as hash algorithm used by bitcoin), the whole blockchain system does not rely on other third parties, and all nodes can automatically and safely verify and exchange data in the system without any human intervention
4. Safety. As long as 51% of all data nodes cannot be controlled, the network data cannot be arbitrarily manipulated and modified, which makes the blockchain itself relatively safe and avoids subjective and artificial data changes
5. Anonymity. Unless there are legal requirements, technically speaking, the identity information of each block node does not need to be disclosed or verified, and the information can be transferred anonymously
before the emergence of blockchain, financial circulation was tightly limited within the border. Most people only have financial relationships with a few banking institutions that have branches in their own areas. It takes a lot of effort and cost for a person to cross the border and open a bank account abroad - the reason for this may be that foreign taxes are low, or foreign investment opportunities are more. However, for an ordinary person, the cost of opening a foreign bank account is very high. What's more, he may not know the fact that he can open a foreign bank account at all
in the future, anyone anywhere in the world can easily access the financial procts and services provided by any financial institution. People no longer rely on traditional banks or intermediaries to carry out economic activities. Instead, it is a universal exchange medium based on blockchain technology. In the future, anyone anywhere in the world can make point-to-point remittance through a handheld device in his pocket
before the emergence of blockchain, there were many restrictions on creating new financial procts or companies. It is difficult and expensive to receive, manage and distribute large amounts of cash, and requires specialized personnel, a large number of employees, and good business relationships with existing large financial institutions
in the future, the cost of receiving and distributing a large amount of cash or managing a large number of transfers will be greatly reced, and the whole process can almost be automatically controlled by the program. The threshold of entrepreneurship in the financial field will also be greatly reced, which also makes a large number of financial companies continue to emerge, and continue to participate in the financial instry controlled by only a few financial institutions, and compete with these original giants
Introction to Bubi blockchain
since its establishment, Bubi blockchain has been focusing on the R & D and innovation of blockchain technology and procts, has a number of core technologies, and has made substantial innovation in many aspects, forming a number of core technology achievements, such as: mathematically verifiable distributed consensus technology, fast large-scale ledger access technology, and so on Multi Chain general ledger technology supporting business form expansion, interconnection technology between heterogeneous blockchains, etc. On April 25, "gege integral" introced the integral system into the concept of blockchain, opened up by multiple parties, issued and exchanged integral, and promoted the circulation of integral. All cooperative institutions can jointly participate in transaction verification, account book storage and real-time settlement; The third-party payment platform of the enterprise points issuer makes the points in and out more flexible. Bubi has developed its own basic blockchain service platform, which has been applied in equity, supply chain, credit and other fields. Bubi has been committed to building an open value circulation network with the core of decentralized (polycentric) trust, so that digital assets can flow freely
blockchain technology? It is not 100% appropriate to compare the blockchain technology with the Internet, but it is a good angle to help understand the blockchain technology. We see that all the instries involved in transferring information from point a to point B have been changed by Internet technology. The blockchain technology, despite the constant controversy and doubt, is likely to have a huge impact on all instries involved in property transfer. If your business needs to use property transfer service, you need to pay for this kind of service, then blockchain technology is likely to greatly rece this part of your cost, and is expected to expand the application boundary of possible business models. And if you're a financial asset transfer service provider, maybe you should call your CTO
blockchain open source project? Blockchain technology
many people believe that based on blockchain technology, we can create new things that are more complex than existing things such as money, stocks and points. For example, we can write software that can control money, stocks and points independently. This kind of software runs like an independent economic entity. They "live" on the blockchain. Their functions are no longer limited to sending, receiving and storing property. In fact, the specific functions depend on how your code is written. They can even provide paid services independently, whether the service object is people or other software.
1. Tencent
Tencent earlier opened a cloud data center in Silicon Valley to keep up with the growth of market share of cloud services in the United States. Half of the 770 million daily users of wechat use the service for more than 90 minutes a day
2. Alibaba
although Alibaba is the largest e-commerce company in the world, the fastest growing one is cloud services. It has cloud data centers around the world and has begun to sell big data services to small and medium-sized enterprises. Alibaba cloud entered Gartner's IAAs Magic Quadrant in June
3. Network
network focuses on artificial intelligence, among which more than 1300 people are devoted to its development. The network also announced a partnership with NVIDIA to enhance its AI capabilities in cloud and autopilot through the Volta GPU
4, IBM
IBM accounts for 40% of the revenue of blockchain, cloud computing and artificial intelligence. By 2017, it also provided major deals for BMW and Bombardier in cloud services
5. Alpha (Google parent)
artificial intelligence is still one of the key fields of alpha and its subsidiaries, and Google cloud platform is not explicitly mentioned in the company summary. MIT indicates that the deep mind machine learning algorithm used by alphabet can save 40% of the cooling energy consumption of the data center
Regardless of the size, regardless of the age, the current transfer fee of shops is about 15.6 points, which is subject to the market guidance price. If the market guidance price given by the local tax is exactly 1 million yuan, the transfer fee is 156000 yuan. If it is 1.2 million yuan, the transfer fee is 1.2 million yuan
the shop is a non residential property, so we need to know the current total price and the original invoice price to calculate the transfer tax
The calculation method of taxes and transfer taxes to be paid is as follows:1. Seller's tax:
(1) personal income tax: (appraisal price - original price) * 20% or appraisal price * 3%
(2) business tax: (appraisal price - original price) * 5.5% or appraisal price * 5.5% (3) land value-added tax: (appraisal price - original price) * 30% to 60% or appraisal price * 30% to 60% Buyer's tax:deed tax: appraisal price * 3%
3
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pay taxes
1. First hand housing transaction:
deed tax: the deed tax to be paid for buying a new house is 3-5% of the total purchase price (different provinces and autonomous regions have different tax rates), and the ordinary commercial residence is halved, that is, 1.5-2.5%
Maintenance Fund: charged according to the building area multiplied by a certain amount
property management fee: it shall be paid after the house is delivered, and the specific grade rate shall be implemented according to the regulations of local price departments
Second hand housing transactions:non ordinary residential deed tax should be doubled. No matter whether the property right has been acquired for less than two years
Business tax should be paid according to the regulations if the house has been owned for less than five years: if the property right of the house has been acquired for more than two years, it should be exempted; if the property right has not been acquired for more than two years, it should be paid at 5.5% of the house price At present, there is still a large demand for improvement in China. How to rece the impact of policies? Qin Hong said that in 2006, the document of the State Administration of Taxation stipulated that for taxpayers who sell their own houses and plan to buy houses again within one year after selling their houses, the personal income tax paid by them on selling their existing houses should be paid in the form of tax deposit According to the relationship between the amount of re purchase and the sales of the original house, the tax deposit will be returned in whole or in part. At the same time, personal income tax shall be exempted for the income obtained by indivials from transferring their own houses for more than five years and being the only living house of the family In fact, this policy has a certain preference for improving rigid demand, so we should continue to implement it to achieve the policy goal of "supporting reasonable housing demand and restraining speculative demand"Business Tax: if an ordinary residence is transferred less than 5 years (inclusive), the business tax shall be paid according to the sales price minus the cost price of the house, and it shall be exempted after 5 years. If the non ordinary residence is transferred less than 5 years (inclusive), the full amount of business tax shall be paid according to the sales price. If the residence is transferred more than 5 years, the business tax shall be paid according to the sales price minus the cost of the house
income tax: if the property right of the house has been acquired for five years, it shall be exempted. If the property right has not been acquired for more than five years, it shall be paid according to 1% of the house price or 20% of the difference between the original value and the present value of the house The original value of the house is generally calculated according to the amount of the previous deed tax paid)
ten thousandth of the stamp ty
the house transaction fee is paid at 1.9% of the house price
"Internet plus finance" is a hot spot in the Internet+ instry. It is considered to be a rural financial rescue drug, because many can not do the traditional financial level in the past, the power of the Internet has been able to achieve. But how to "save"“ Can the mode of "online banking" take farmers' loans to solve the difficult problem
from the present point of view, the most important way to explore various domestic and current "Internet plus rural finance" in three ways is:
P2P mode
P2P mode and rural finance coy in "grass roots" Jinpeng information. Insiders believe that the similarity between the two cores means P2P is probably the most appropriate way to solve the farmers' loans. At present, some P2P online lending platforms active in rural areas were difficult to obtain mortgage loans from banks in the past. They need a small amount of funds for farmers, which can really help solve the urgent problem
however, in the long run, the provision of micro credit P2P can not meet the huge potential of rural financial demand. From the intensive agricultural proction in the future, the scale of the trend, P2P mode can only play a beneficial role in supplementing rural finance and acting as the main force of modern new rural construction, P2P mode is difficult to achieve
this is not only because of the credit problem. Finance has a deeper concern about rural P2P loans. The deputy director of Chinese Academy of Social Sciences believes that the first thing to do is to affirm the contribution of P2P to "Inclusive Finance". However, even in Europe, the rural financial problem is not solved. Through P2P, P2P and China are now in a more and more barbaric state in rural areas. Combining with the platform, The supervision and service mode and risk control of the instry are unstable
crowd financing mode
at present, there is also an Internet plus fund raising attempt in rural finance field, and the traditional housing mortgage loan financing of P2P net loan of cash and debt service is different from the different areas of rural financial chip, which adopt different ways of "raising funds by credit and contacting with body".
for example, some rural financial people borrow money from the platform to provide loans to farmers by decting interest from rice seeds. The loan fund will be recognized on its platform, and the vote share comes from the investors. With the initial amount of investment, the mature investors of the project will get the principal and interest and the equivalent of rice
crowdfunding mode can rece the financing cost of farmers to a certain extent, but with the P2P mode similar to mass financing, it is also difficult to solve the overall requirements of a large number of rural finance, and it is not a closed-loop formation to avoid risks<
PPP land finance
PPP land finance is a relatively new way to play, from supporting the government, banks, insurance companies and land drift, the first is to expand multilateral cooperation, investment banks, farmers can be used for mortgage loans, insurance companies can guarantee land, in the land transfer, Land valuation and liquidity disposal sites use their expertise in soil drift<
since last year, the general office of the State Council has issued the "guiding opinions on the development of rural land contract and the pilot project of mortgage loan for farmers' housing property rights". We have made it clear that we need to pay attention to the support of "rural land finance". Therefore, "land" as the center of rural finance will graally become the mainstream trend, It is the most valuable potential hand of farmers
in fact, in most countries and regions where rural finance is relatively mature, such as Europe and Japan, the main force of rural finance is "land finance", while the shackles of China's rural land finance have always been the reason, except that the outside world does not support the policies in the past, because of the cash of rural land valuation and disposal, and the problem of risk control
after the liberalization of rural property rights transaction in China, the time for PPP to exert its power is fully ripe. Land finance, land use flow net, professional advantages of leading enterprises in the domestic land transfer fee instry, and real risks of rural land valuation and liquidity problems, a closed-loop control should be established with the participation of the government, Compared with P2P and mass fund-raising, there will be more security
Jinpeng information internet plus solution
In Informatics, grid is a mechanism for integrating or sharing all kinds of geographically distributed resources (including computer system, storage system, communication system, file, database, program, etc.) to make them an organic whole and complete all kinds of required tasks together
grid is a new technology, which is in the process of continuous development and change. There are many researches on grid in academic and business circles, and the contents and names of these researches are also different. Therefore, grid has not yet been defined and positioned precisely. For example, foreign media often use "next generation Internet", "Internet2", "next generation web" to call grid related technologies
grid is to use the Internet to connect various geographically distributed resources (including computing resources, storage resources, bandwidth resources, software resources, data resources, information resources, knowledge resources, etc.) into a logical whole, just like a supercomputer to provide users with integrated information and application services (computing, storage, access, etc.), The virtual organization finally realizes the resource sharing and collaborative work in this virtual environment, completely eliminates the "isolated island" of resources, and realizes the information sharing most fully
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Application of grid technology:
1. Biomedicine:
grid can provide the computing power needed by drug developers to study the morphology and motion of drug and protein molecules
2, engineering:
Boeing, Ford, BMW are trying to use grid computing for complex simulation and design
3. Data collection / analysis:
manufacturing, oil processing, cargo transportation and even retail enterprises have to maintain expensive equipment, which often leads to problems and bad results. Like wireless sensors, the grid can store and process all transactions
Entertainment instry: as an integrated computing and resource environment, grid can absorb all kinds of computing resources and transform them into a kind of computing power that is available everywhere, reliable, standard and relatively economical. The absorbed computing resources include all kinds of computers, network communication capabilities, data and data Instruments and equipment, even people with operation ability and other related resourcesa ticketing company wants to sell tickets for the farewell performance of rolling stones. The manager of IT department is worried about whether the company's servers and software will be overburdened after online ticketing? But in fact, the company did not add dozens of servers and storage systems. The IT staff just turned on the switch to connect the company's backbone network with a "grid". As a result, the company sold 900000 tickets in three minutes, and none of the customers were turned away because of the insufficient processing capacity of the system
the above scenarios are not out of reach. As a new network that can bring huge processing, storage capacity and other IT resources, grid can cope with temporary use. Grid computing connects a large number of computers in different places through a shared network to form a virtual supercomputer, which combines the rendant processor power of computers in different places and provides huge processing power for research and other data centralized applications. With grid computing, organizations that can't afford to buy millions of dollars worth of supercomputers can also take advantage of its huge computing power
the "Utopia" of computation
according to rob Batchelder of Gartner, the concept of grid has always been a "Utopia" in the field of computing. Although it has great prospects in the application of science and technology, the biggest defect is the lack of obvious commercial application. Since its emergence in Europe and the United States in the 1990s, grids have been mainly used to help scattered University researchers analyze data from particle accelerators and giant telescopes. However, in the past two years, the concept of grid and Globus Toolkit have been widely used in the field of research and ecation. Dozens of large global projects have adopted these technologies to challenge the massive computing problems in scientific computing< At present, although grid technology is mainly controlled by academic institutions, enterprises are following up. In fact, the main sponsors of the Global Grid Forum include Unilever, a company known for selling soap and ice cream. Like many enterprises that are studying and evaluating grid technology, Unilever itself is still secretive about how to use this technology. However, pharmaceutical companies such as Johnson & Johnson and Merck, and manufacturing companies such as BMW and Boeing have used the processing power and storage space of this technology to carry out simulation experiments, such as whether drugs can protect cells from viruses? Will the wings break in a storm
gene research is a natural application of grid technology. It is difficult for an enterprise to undertake the investment in this field. Biotechnology enterprises can use grid technology to analyze gene data; Doctors can use grid technology to make three-dimensional models of patients' organs, which can be used as an auxiliary means to diagnose diseases; The grid can handle data flow from store cash records or financial markets. Other instries, such as aviation, insurance, transportation and defense, will also benefit. So, grid computing is not an unreachable Utopia, and its broad prospect of commercial application is just around the corner<
fight for control
grid computing is known as the "third wave of information technology" after Internet and web, which is expected to provide the next generation of distributed applications and services, and has a far-reaching impact on research and information system development. Major IT companies have been competing for control of grid computing for a long time<
SUN company recently released the beta version of "Grid Engine" enterprise version 5.3, which makes it easier to connect the internal computer grid of enterprises and provides better management and resource allocation. Grid Engine software provides an open source version. Since its release in 2000, it has been downloaded 12000 times, and 118000 CPUs are managed by the software. Peter jeffcock, marketing manager of sun's technology procts, believes that grid computing has three obvious stages: cluster grid, campus grid and global grid. The current release of gridengine enterprise version 5.3 makes sun a step forward to functional campus grid. Sun also supports avaki, globus and other instry organizations with its competitors, and actively participates in the establishment of open grid computing standards
the research department of Microsoft has also participated in various distributed computing research projects, including FARSITE, a fault-tolerant remote file system, and millenium, a distributed system; HP also said that it will provide Coolbase software to enable users to share various computing devices through the Internet; COMPAQ announced that it is developing a global grid computing solution plan to provide software, hardware and technical support to customers seeking grid computing systems. Therefore, Compaq has made an alliance with Canadian platform computing to make full use of this technology, Compaq tru64 UNIX alpha server system and Compaq ProLiant server running Linux to provide users with a complete, integrated and open grid solution. COMPAQ also established the grid computing advanced research center to continue the research on this technology. Japanese enterprises are also eager to try grid computing. NTT announced that it will launch a six-month grid computing experiment in mid-2002, with participants including Intel, SGI, etc
in August this year, IBM announced that it will invest 4 billion US dollars in the field of grid computing, build 40 data centers around the world, and officially enter the field of grid computing. IBM has been chosen by the British government to take charge of the national grid, a $25 million grid that will connect computers in eight universities. IBM is currently working with the University of Pennsylvania to connect several hospitals to build a complex computing grid. Participating hospitals can quickly use remote medical data and share analysis programs. A few days ago, IBM also announced a project called North Carolina bioinformatics science grid, involving 60 enterprises, universities and biomedical research companies. It is the first grid project in the world mainly involving the private sector. It is only three months since IBM entered the field of grid computing. It seems that IBM is determined to be the "leader" of grid technology
then, does the implementation of this project mark that grid computing has begun to enter commercial application<
standard is the key to success
just as TCP / IP protocol is the core of Internet, building grid computing also needs to define standard protocols and services. At present, standardization groups such as Global Grid Forum, OMG, W3C and globus.org are about to move
in July this year, OMG, W3C, Grid Forum and other standardization organizations, as well as people from academic and commercial fields, attended the "software service grid seminar" to speed up the formulation of global big grid (GGG) standards. Next, Globus, another open source grid standards organization, will also focus on the infrastructure of high performance computing connected through Wan. Globus is currently working on developing standard grid architectures and other technologies<
so far, there is no formal standard for grid computing, but in terms of core technology, relevant institutions and enterprises have reached an agreement: Globus Toolkit developed by Argonne National Laboratory in the United States and the school of Information Science (ISI) of the University of Southern California has become the de facto standard for grid computing, including Entropia, IBM, Microsoft, Compaq, Cray, SGI, sun, veridian 12 computer and software vendors, including Fujitsu, Hitachi and NEC, have announced the adoption of Globus Toolkit. As an open architecture and open standard infrastructure, Globus Toolkit provides many basic services needed to build grid applications, such as security, resource discovery, resource management, data access and so on. At present, all major grid projects are based on the agreement and service provided by globus tookit
in addition to standards, security and manageability, and the lack of IT talents are also problems that need to be solved urgently, otherwise grid computing will not be the business architecture of enterprises. The problems that are often ignored in the internal system environment, such as security, authentication and reliability, must be solved in any distributed environment. "It requires high-level architectural skills, not the programming languages listed on your resume," says Brent sleeper, a partner at research consultancy stencil group If the global grids are linked together, they can borrow unused resources from each other, and the grid will be more powerful and flexible. While this is also the ultimate goal of the grid, bringing the grid together also brings political problems. IBM's construction of University grid or Unilever's construction of internal grid is only a simple it decision, but the risk of connecting private grid to form a more powerful shared grid is much greater. Are competing grid providers willing to sell each other's rendant resources when customers need them? In addition, grid applications often involve a large amount of data and computing, and need to share security resources among organizations, which is not what the current Internet and network infrastructure can do. It seems that there are still many problems to be solved before grid computing can be used in business
however, if you think about what you can do with unprecedented computing power, you can see that the prospect of building a global grid is almost irresistible. Rick Stevens, a scientist at Argonne National Laboratory in the United States, pointed out: "just like ARPANET became the center of Internet at the beginning, consider TeraGrid as the embryonic form of global grid center."<
commercial application of grid
biomedicine: grid can provide the computing power needed by drug developers to study the morphology and motion of drug and protein molecules
Engineering: Boeing, Ford and BMW are all trying to use grid computing for complex simulation and design
data collection / analysis: manufacturing, oil processing, cargo transportation and even retail enterprises have to maintain expensive equipment, which often leads to problems and bad results. Like wireless sensors, the grid can store and process all transactions.