France, the United States and other countries have de radicaliza
This Xinjiang related bill not only hurt the feelings of the Chinese people, but also exposed the ignorance and hypocrisy of American politicians. From the moment of its birth, it should be swept into the garbage heap of history immediately. There are many lies in the Xinjiang related bill, and the United States has adopted double standards on the issue of anti-terrorism in Xinjiang, which fully exposed the hypocrisy and ugliness of some politicians
netizen "Liao Luban is very strong" said: "lies can never blind the eyes of the Chinese people, only let us see clearly the ugly faces of American politicians." The two documentaries "the frontier of anti terrorism in Xinjiang, China" and "the mastermind behind the scenes -" the East Iraq movement "and violent terrorism in Xinjiang", proced by China International Television, reveal the atrocities of terrorist organizations in Xinjiang, present the real situation of the Chinese government in combating terrorist organizations and safeguarding people's security in Xinjiang, and arouse the attention of netizens
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the so-called "large-scale detention of ethnic minorities" in Xinjiang in the United States is sheer nonsense. Xinjiang's anti-terrorism and de radicalization struggle in accordance with the law is a just act recognized by the international community. In the face of the severe and complex situation of frequent violent and terrorist activities in the past period, on the basis of learning from and absorbing the experience of the international community in anti-terrorism and de radicalization, Xinjiang adheres to the principle of "strike with one hand and prevent with the other"
we not only severely cracked down on violent terrorist crimes in accordance with the law, but also paid attention to the source control. Through the establishment of ecation and training center in accordance with the law, we carried out the work of de extremism, and saved the people who were infected with religious extremism and had minor illegal and criminal acts to the maximum extent, eliminated the soil of terrorism and Extremism to the maximum extent, and protected the basic rights of citizens from infringement to the maximum extent
this is essentially no different from the "community correction" implemented in the United States, the DDP ("transformation and separation" project) set up in the United Kingdom and the de radicalization center set up in France. At present, there have been no violent terrorist cases (incidents) in Xinjiang for more than three consecutive years, the infiltration of extremism has been effectively curbed, the social security situation has improved significantly, and the sense of gain, happiness and security of the people of all ethnic groups has increased significantly
since the end of December 2018, more than 1000 people from more than 90 countries and more than 70 groups of UN officials, foreign envoys to China, permanent representatives of relevant countries in Geneva, media reporters and religious groups have visited Xinjiang
they generally said that what they saw with their own eyes is different from what the United States said. Xinjiang's anti-terrorism and de radicalization practices are in line with the purposes and principles of the United Nations in combating terrorism and safeguarding basic human rights, and are worthy of full affirmation and reference. The fallacy of some people in the United States that the ecation and training center is a "concentration camp" is totally contrary to the objective facts. It's just a matter of saying what you say and shouting to catch a thief. These rumors will only lower the moral level of the rumor makers and leave more blemishes in history
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modern western philosophy was formed with the self awakening of human beings. During this period, people's thoughts returned to the earth from the other side of the religious world, thus discovering both nature and man himself, and began to pursue knowledge and yearn for personal freedom
people have realized more and more deeply that the practice of pushing natural science to the extreme is not feasible. Scientism is an effective method in the field of science, which can and should be widely used in non scientific fields. We must be alert to the application of natural science methods in the social field: the place where the social theory of scientism is fully applied may be a totalitarian society.
The five main manifestations of German Fascist persecution of Jews are as follows:
1. Jews were deprived of German citizenship and were not allowed to do business
They are not allowed to hold public office, to engage in teaching, to limit their free employment, to join the army, and to marry Aryans The shops refused to sell goods to Jews The fascists also attacked the Jews They destroyed their houses and shops, forced them to clean the streets, and a large number of Jews were forced to abandon their property and flee Germany On September 1, 1939, the Second World War officially started in Europe. The following is: the Nazi persecution of Jews has entered a new stage, its cruelty is appallingafter Germany's lightning occupation of Poland, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and France became its own. Naturally, the Jews in these countries also lived under the ravages of fascism. All organs of the German defense forces, the Nazi Party and the German government took concerted action to persecute Jews. Each German Embassy has a special envoy responsible for dealing with the Jewish issue in the host country
In the beginning, secret police used car exhaust to poison Jews. But since 1942, the SS has used hydrocyanic acid and its salts to exterminate Jewsin this series of massacres, a total of 6 million Jews were slaughtered“ "Holocaust" is the name of the Holocaust in English and German. The word comes from Greek, which means sacrifice by fire. Jews call it "Shoah", which comes from Hebrew and means "havoc"
since 1933, the Nazi Party of Germany began to be a dictator, and then a large-scale anti Semitic action graally developed. In the same year, the Nazi German government stripped all Jewish civil servants of their posts and removed Jewish members from the military, police and judiciary who were considered inferior
The Nuremberg act of 1935 defined "Jew" -- any German with more than one Jewish grandparent would be regarded as "Jew". The bill also deprives Jews of their basic rights as German nationalsthen, other bills came out one after another, such as "it is a crime for a Jew to have sexual relations with a non Jew", and so on. By 1938, Nazi Germany had banned Jews from most occupations
On November 9, 1938, an anti Semitic incident (called "crystal night") organized by the Nazi party broke out. A large number of Jewish shops and synagogues were destroyed, many Jews were beaten, and their social status was even lowerafter Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939 and triggered the Second World War, the Nazi Party's anti Jewish policy became more extreme, and graally spread to other parts of Europe with the German occupation
Differences:
1, different time
the British bourgeois revolution began in 1640 when Charles I convened a new parliament, which marked the beginning of the British bourgeois revolution. The opposition of Parliament launched a palace coup in 1688 (also known as the Glorious Revolution) which marked the end of the British bourgeois revolution
American Revolution, which originated from the French Indian War (1754-1763) and ended in 1789 when George Washington was elected as the first president of the United States The French Revolution, which broke out in France on July 14, 1789, ended on July 27, 1794 On the one hand, the life of the royal family was extremely corrupt and extravagant, and the country was in disorder; On the other hand, the king imposed all kinds of exorbitant taxes, squeezed the people, and a large number of workers lost their jobs. The peasants who opposed the oppression demanded to cancel the land rent and obtain land, so the revolutionary movement graally flourished and intensified In the American Revolution, after the Anglo French War (1754-1763) and the Pontiac uprising, the new British King George III decided to conct a comprehensive review of North America. In order to make the British Empire more stable and bring more benefits, Britain promulgated a new economic and land distribution policy. The colonists' dissatisfaction with these policies increased in the following ten years, which had a great impact on the American Revolution In terms of economy, the 18th century was a time when the French economy was deteriorating e to inflation, which reced the purchasing power of the society. In the 1880s, the landlords' income was further weakened e to the lack of income and rent increase. The Vatican, the largest landlord in the country, levied a tithe on grain. On the surface, what tax alleviates the pressure of the king's tax on the people. In fact, it is a big mountain for the poor who are hungry every daysimilarities:
1. Both of them were bourgeois revolutions, which dealt a heavy blow to the feudal forces and publicized the capitalist democratic and free thought
In terms of influence, they are beyond the scope of a country and have a significant impact on the development of world history
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the causes of the British bourgeois revolution:
1. The development of British economy, the growth of the rich class and the new aristocracy make them demand political power and economic development of market economy
The autocratic rule of James I and Charles I in the Stuart dynasty seriously hindered the development and intensified some new social contradictions During the development of the British nation-state, the contradictions between the state religion and Protestantism, between the autocratic monarchy and the parliamentary tradition have not been solved and become increasingly acute Objective reasons: 1. Autocratic rule hinders development2. The growth of the new aristocracy and the rich class
The ideological emancipation of the Renaissance shakes the spiritual pillar of autocratic rule 4. The autocratic rule of Charles Ithe capital of Albania, the largest city and the center of economy, culture and transportation. It is located on the Bank of the ishimi River in the central and western part of the country, 40 kilometers away from the Adriatic coast in the West. The population is about 230000. Located in the Intermountain basin, it is warm and humid in winter and dry and hot in summer. It became a residential area in the 15th century. Towns were formed in 1614. It was designated as the capital in 1920. During the Second World War, it was occupied by Italian and German fascists. After liberation in 1944, the economy and population doubled and became the largest instrial center in China. Instrial output value accounts for 1 / 5 of the whole country, mainly including machinery, textile, chemical instry, wood processing, food, printing and other departments. There are hydropower stations and coal mines in the suburbs. The western part of the city is a new instrial area. It is a national transportation hub, with highways leading to major cities in the country, railways leading to the outer port of Honras and towns such as albasan, ferry and lachi, and international air stations in the suburbs. There are universities such as Tirana University, National Academy of Sciences, library, Cultural Palace, TV station, museum, theater and concert hall. The main part of the East and north of the city is the old city, which is mostly traditional buildings. Scandepe square is located in the center of the city with a mosque nearby
Canberra
the capital of Australia. Located in southeast New South Wales. The population is about 250000. The city is built in an Intermountain basin with an average altitude of 600 meters. The East, West and south sides are surrounded by low mountains of magmatic rocks and sandstones, including Ansley mountain, presant mountain, black mountain, Reid mountain, etc. in the distance are the peaks of the Australian Alps. Morangalo River, a tributary of malanbiji River, runs through the urban area, and dammed in the city center to form the beautiful Lake Burley Griffin. The climate is mild, with an annual average temperature of 12.9 ℃. The average temperature in the hottest month (February) is 19.8 ℃, and the average temperature in the coldest month (July) is 5.4 ℃. There is frost at night and sufficient sunshine ring the day. The annual precipitation is 629 mm, which is evenly distributed throughout the year. Canberra is located in the capital region, covering an area of 2360 square kilometers. It was originally a part of New South Wales. It was not until 1820 that Europeans came to settle down and set up a sheep farm. It was transferred to the federal government in 1911. The territory also includes the 72.5 square kilometer Bay Shore Area in javis Bay. The city mainly plays the political function of the national capital, and the federal government staff accounts for more than half of the city's staff. The main social and economic activities are to serve the daily life of government employees and their families. There is also a small amount of light instry and growing tourism. The center of the city is Lake Burley Griffin, which is divided into North and south areas. Several highways radiate from the "Capitol Hill" on the South Bank of the lake. The two straightest and broadest northeast highways cross the lake area, connecting many ring highways and forming several road networks. The commercial center is on the North Bank of the lake, with South European arcade shopping mall and high-rise buildings built since 1950s. The Australian National University in Hubei Province is the national talent training center. In addition, there are also the National Library with rich collection and many scientific research institutions, which make Canberra an important cultural and technological city. There are many open woodlands and parks in and around the city, which is called garden city. Montenegrin national botanical garden is an Australian plant farm. Out of the woodland is a suburban satellite town that serves as a residential area. There is a space satellite tracking station 56 kilometers to the southwest
Dublin
Dublin
capital of the Republic of Ireland, largest city and port, economic and cultural center. Located in the east coast of Ireland island, Dublin Bay near the Irish sea, across the LIFFE estuary. It covers an area of 37 square kilometers. The population is about 1.02 million. The urban area is 16 square kilometers with a population of about 500000. As early as the 8th century, North Sea pirates who plundered the west coast of Europe often appeared here. In the 9th century, Danes built castles. It was the colonial capital of British Ireland from 1170 to 1922. After the independence of the Republic of Ireland, it was designated as the capital. In recent decades, metal processing, machinery manufacturing, chemical instry and electrical appliances have developed rapidly, making it the largest manufacturing city in China. Dublin port is the largest port in the country, and it is connected with Britain by sea ferry. Collinston, 10 kilometers north of the city, has an international airport. Famous ancient buildings include the palace of fall, Dublin Castle, renster palace, Bank of Ireland building (former parliament building), etc. There is a national museum. The National Gallery collects famous paintings representing European painting schools. Located in the northwest of the city, the famous Phoenix Park is one of the largest zoos in Europe. The dansink Observatory in the northwest suburb is one of the oldest in the world. The hometown of the famous writer Bernard Shaw. There are famous Dublin University, Irish Church University, Irish Academy of Sciences, etc< Vienna is the capital of Austria, the largest city in China and the national economic and cultural center. Located in the northeastern corner of Austria, the Danube plain at the northern foot of the Alps. The Danube meanders through the city. It covers an area of 414.5 square kilometers. The population is about 1.48 million. The urban area is 172 meters above sea level. The climate is mild, with annual precipitation of 660mm and annual average snowfall of 61 days
the area has been inhabited since the Neolithic age. Once a garrison town for the Celts. It was annexed by the Romans in the first century BC. In 881, it was first recorded in vinia. The city was established in 1137. It was the capital of the Holy Roman Empire from 1558 to 1806. As the capital of the Austro Hungarian Empire until 1918. Germanic and Slavic cultures are integrated here, known as the cultural metropolis of Europe and the world. After the first World War, the territory of Austria shrank and Vienna declined. After the Second World War, it was occupied by Britain, the United States, France and the Soviet Union. After the restoration of independence in 1955, Vienna declared "permanent neutrality" and became a famous city in Europe and the world. There are many international organizations, and some bilateral or multilateral meetings are often held here< Lima, the capital of Peru, is the largest city in China. It is located on the rimack river bank, with the Andes in the East and 13 kilometers from the Pacific coast in the West. The population (including suburbs and satellite towns) is about 6.4 million. Affected by the cold current in Peru, the climate is mild all year round. Founded in 1535, it became the capital of the Spanish Peruvian governor in 1544. At the end of the 19th century, with the construction of railways, the development and utilization of mineral resources and the rise of coastal irrigation agriculture, cities expanded outward. After the Second World War, instrial development, urban development to the North Bank of the rimak river. It is the largest instrial center in China, accounting for 70% of the country's instrial output value and more than 2 / 3 of the country's manufacturing population. The instry mainly includes food, textile, tanning, clothing, medicine, chemical instry, automobile tire, synthetic fiber, oil refining and other departments. It is the national transportation hub. The railways and highways connect the mining centers of Cerro de Pasco and La Oroya in the northeast, and the largest seaport of kayao in the West; The Pan American highway connects the main coastal cities in the South and North. There are international airports. The urban area is divided into old city and new city. The old city is located in the north, and the blocks are distributed in a grid
European and American countries include the United States and France. European and American countries also include:
Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Finland, Serbia, Montenegro, Croatia, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Italy, Vatican, San Marino, Malta, Spain, Portugal, Andorra, etc
"Europe and America" is a region in the world, and its culture belongs to western culture, which is the general name of Europe and North America. Mainly refers to the whole territory of Europe, North America, as well as Australia and New Zealand, the ruling blood is white; Sometimes it includes Brazil, Argentina, Turkey and Israel, because these countries have deep cultural ties with Europe e to historical reasons
the main characteristics of the western world are as follows: the people of the country generally enjoy freedom of religion and speech, which are guaranteed by law, have democratic elections, and emphasize human rights and the rule of law. The language system is mostly written in pinyin, Latin or Cyrillic letters; Culturally, it inherits the ancient Greek and Roman culture with a long history
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Europe and America are originally a concept of one direction. Europe and America are the places where the sun sets, opposite to the East, which is usually shown on the left side of the Western map. In Chinese traditional culture, the patron saint of Europe and America is the white tiger. In ancient China, the eight trigrams were used to represent Europe and America, and the right was often used to represent Europe and America. In traditional Chinese maps, the right was often used as the West
from this, Europe and America generally refer to European and American countries, or European and American countries, European and American world. Before the Second World War, it mainly refers to European and American Christian countries. After the Second World War, it more narrowly refers to European and American capitalist countries and developed countries. In this sense, Europe and the United States have become the representatives of a cultural circle
Compared with European and American cultural circle (Latin cultural circle), there are East Asian cultural circle and Middle Eastern Islamic cultural circle (both are sometimes called Oriental cultural circle). The culture of the Russian region is sometimes called the East. During the cold war, Europe, America and the East were also synonymous with capitalist countries and socialist countries In this sense, it is not very clear whether Europe and the United States include Japan and Latin American countries. Although most Latin American countries use capitalist system and are Christian countries, they are often regarded as third world countries, so they are "opposite" to European and American countries. In terms of system, Japan is generally regarded as the European and American world (and Japan is a developed country). In terms of cultural circle, Japan is generally regarded as the East Asian Han cultural circleAustralia and New Zealand, located in the East, are also regarded as Europe and the United States because their systems, religions, languages, cultures and races are basically originated from Britain and the European continent, and they belong to developed countries
According to Article 9 of the regulations of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region on de radicalization, under the influence of extremism, the following speech and behavior are extreme and shall be prohibited:
1. Those who advocate and spread extreme ideas
2 Religious staff providing property or services
Interference in other people's activities such as marriage, funeral, inheritance, etc.3, interference in other people's activities such as marriage, funeral, inheritance, etc.
4, interference in other people's communication with other nationalities or people with other beliefs and living together, driving people of other nationalities or people with other beliefs away from their places of residence
5, interference in cultural and recreational activities, rejection of radio, television and other public procts and services
6 Generalize the concept of halal, expand the concept of halal to other areas outside the field of halal food, exclude and interfere in other people's secular life in the name of halal, wear masked robes or extreme signs by oneself or force others to wear,
8,
9, exaggerate religious fanaticism by abnormal whiskers and naming Those who do not go through legal proceres and get married or divorced by religious means, those who do not allow their children to receive national ecation, those who hinder the implementation of the national ecation system, those who intimidate and ince others to resist the enjoyment of national policies, those who intentionally damage national legal documents such as ID card and household register, and those who deface RMB, those who intentionally damage or destroy public and private property, those who publish and sell books, those who do not allow their children to receive national ecation, and those who hinder the implementation of the national ecation system Printing, distributing, selling, procing, downloading, storing, ing, consulting, abstracting, holding articles, publications, audio and video with extreme content
14, deliberately interfering or sabotaging the implementation of family planning policy
15 Other extreme speech and behavior
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the above-mentioned speech and behavior listed in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region de extreme regulations has a devastating impact that can not be underestimated. It stirs up national feelings, exaggerates national feelings, stimulates national contradictions, alienates national relations, sets off religious fanaticism, disturbs religious harmony, and promotes social harmony The destruction of religious policy has a great destructive effect on social order, which seriously deviates from the historical trend and objective law of the development of national religion, seriously violates the historical trend and objective law of economic and social development, runs counter to the general trend of human social development and civilization progress, and must be prevented, contained and eliminated
We should deeply study, publicize and implement the party's ethnic policies and the party's basic principles of religious work, Eradicate the ideological and practical roots of religious extremism from the source2) adhere to comprehensively promote the rule of law and the construction of Xinjiang under the rule of law, take the facts as the basis and the law as the criterion, do a good job in combating crimes and ecating and transforming key personnel according to law, safeguard people's rights and interests according to law, and constantly promote the process of rule of law in Xinjiang governance We should continue to carry out the activities of building national unity and progress, and constantly consolidate the harmonious coexistence of all ethnic groups Good situation of harmonious development
2) continuously consolidate and develop the political situation of "three inseparable from each other"
3) continuously consolidate and develop the gratifying achievements of exchanges and exchanges among all ethnic groups
4) continuously build and develop mutual embedded social structure and community environment
5) continuously consolidate and develop the sharing and co construction achievements of all ethnic groups' joint efforts and common prosperity and development, We should cherish national unity as we cherish our lives, as we cherish our eyes, and let all ethnic groups hold together like pomegranate seeds.
3, Give full play to the positive role of religious personages and believers in promoting economic and social development
1) insist on protecting legality, stopping illegality, curbing extremism, resisting infiltration, and cracking down on crime
2) insist on the separation of politics and religion, and religion shall not interfere in administration, justice, law enforcement, etc Implementation of national functions such as ecation
3) insist on the government's management of religious affairs involving national interests and social public interests in accordance with the law
4) insist on firmly grasping the initiative of religious work, and constantly promote the process of religious legalization
5) insist on the direction of religious sinicization, do a good job in the de radicalization of religious field, prevent the invasion of foreign drugs and discharge "internal toxins", Prevent, contain and eliminate extreme words and deeds
County is the subordinate administrative organ of the county. The chief executive of the county, or magistrate, is appointed by the imperial court. His main task is to govern the people, manage the government, finance, justice, prison proceedings and military service. The sheriff inspected the work of the county magistrate and magistrate through the annual assessment and usual inspection<
laws and decrees: laws and decrees are basically the current criminal law. The law is made up of the "orders" of separate laws and regulations. As for "orders", they are classified into "order a", "order B" and "order C" according to their importance; It is equivalent to a collection of imperial edicts, which is called "order" for short. Therefore, as far as the statute law is concerned, the "order" can be regarded as the supplementary law of the law, or vice law. Therefore, the Warring States period, the Qin Dynasty and the Han Dynasty can be regarded as the period of law and order<
the official name of the three envoys. After the middle of the Tang Dynasty, there were three divisions, namely, the Ministry of household, Du, salt and iron envoys, in charge of rent and tax, financial revenue and expenditure, and salt and iron monopoly. In 926 ad, the emperor appointed the prime minister to take charge of the three divisions. In 930, three departments and envoys were set up. It was followed in the Northern Song Dynasty. In 1082, he became the Secretary of the Ministry of household. Third division: different generations refer to different. ① In the Eastern Han Dynasty, Taiwei, situ and Sikong were called the three divisions. ② In the Tang Dynasty, it was called the imperial historian, Zhongshu and menxia. ③ From the late Tang Dynasty to the Song Dynasty, Yantie, Hubu and Du were called the three divisions, which were in charge of the national finance and then abolished. ④ In the Jin Dynasty, the three divisions of Quannong, Yantie and Du were called the three divisions, which were later abolished. ⑤ In the Ming Dynasty, the commanding envoys, the chief envoys and the chief envoys of all provinces were collectively called the three envoys. ⑥ At the end of the Qing Dynasty, the chief ministers or civil affairs envoys, according to inspection envoys or Tifa envoys and tixue envoys of all provinces were collectively called the three envoys<
the system of four levels and three trials: up to the Han Dynasty, it was divided into four trial levels: County, county, Tingwei and Emperor. The system of four levels and four trials was implemented. Theoretically, it could be appealed to the emperor. During the Three Kingdoms, two Jin Dynasties and the southern and Northern Dynasties, it was generally a five level five trial system for counties, counties, prefectures, Tingwei (or Dali) and emperors. In Sui and Tang Dynasties, the system of four levels and four trials was generally implemented. In song and Ming Dynasties, the system of five levels and five trials was adopted. In the early Qing Dynasty, the system of six levels and six trials was implemented
Tingyi: "Tingyi" is the meeting of court officials, which is the deliberative system of the Ming Dynasty. In Ming Dynasty, the affairs discussed by the court were all political affairs of great interest, which should be discussed by the court officials. The specific way of discussion is to discuss problems by departments. In the Ming Dynasty, the result of the court discussion should be reported to the emperor. When the court opinions are different, the emperor should make a ruling. In the Ming Dynasty, the contents of Tingyi were mainly about the title, sacrifice, official system, personnel, finance, military and so on. The number of participants varies with the content of the discussion, ranging from more than 30 to more than 100<
Premier's Yamen: the premier's Yamen is in charge of foreign affairs, trade and other foreign affairs. It has five units: Britain, France, Russia, the United States and coastal defense. Tongwen library and the General Revenue Department of customs are its subsidiary organs. Its establishment strengthened the Qing Dynasty's contact with foreign countries, but it was more concive for the powers to control the internal and foreign affairs of the Qing Dynasty. It was a sign that the central organ of the Qing Dynasty began to semi colonize
three provinces and six ministries: Three Provinces: Zhongshu Province, menxia province and Shangshu province. Six departments: the Ministry of official, the Ministry of household, the Ministry of rites, the Ministry of war, the Ministry of punishment and the Ministry of work
the system of three provinces and six ministries was formed after the Western Han Dynasty, which was formally established in the Sui Dynasty and further improved in the Tang Dynasty
the three provinces of Tang Dynasty were Zhongshu Province, menxia province and Shangshu province. Zhongshu province is responsible for making decrees and orders. The two officers in charge of Zhongshu order, the provincial leader in charge of Fengbian deliberation, and the two officers in charge of Shizhong. The imperial edicts passed by Zhongshu and menxia are handed over to Shangshu province for implementation by the emperor. The ty of Shangshu province is to execute the order of Shangshu, the chief executive, and the deputy chief executive
under the jurisdiction of Shangshu Province, there are six departments, namely, Li, Hu, Li, Bing, Xing and Gong, and six departments, namely, the chief Shangshu, are responsible for all kinds of political affairs. Each department has four departments, including 24 departments
the governors of the three provinces hold the office of prime minister and discuss state affairs together. The place where they discuss state affairs is called zhengshitang. Since the Sui Dynasty, there has been no such system. In addition, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty once held this position. Therefore, after that, the Tang Dynasty did not give people the position of Shang Shu Ling. The left and right servants were appointed prime ministers<
Sanya: the organization in charge of the Imperial Army in Song Dynasty. There are three divisions in front of the hall, guard East army horse army division, Guard Pro army step Army division. In the late Tang Dynasty, it was customary to call the soldiers of vassal towns as Ya soldiers. Most emperors from the Five Dynasties to the Song Dynasty won the throne from vassal towns, so they were called San Ya. The officers of the three yamen are called Dian Shuai, Ma Shuai and bu Shuai respectively, and they are collectively called San Shuai
official style of Ming Dynasty. The senior officials were appointed by the emperor on the recommendation of the minister, which was called tingtui. The officials were appointed by the imperial edict or the Minister of the Ministry of official affairs. The officials were appointed by the Minister of official affairs or the governor or the governor. It was abolished in the reign of Emperor Kangxi of Qing Dynasty< The characteristics of the procuratorial system in Han Dynasty are mainly shown in two aspects: first, it carried out vertical supervision from top to bottom. The local supervisors are directly under the leadership of the central supervision organization and appointed or removed by the central government. As the "emperor's eyes and ears" of the supervision prefectures, they effectively prevent the further development and expansion of the local separatist forces and play a role in strengthening the centralization of power< Secondly, the supervision system in Han Dynasty was separated from the administrative power graally because of the vertical supervision from top to bottom, which is a great progress in history. Because of this, the collusion between local officials and the assassin was rare, which achieved a good supervision effect. The central government also reced the collusion between prefects and the assassin to fight against the crisis of the central government. Therefore, in the contest between the central government and the local government, the central government was in a comparative advantage, which had a great relationship with the design of the position of governor.
2. The strategic policy of "easy before difficult" and "south before North" was
4. After Liu Bang established the Western Han Dynasty on the ruins of Qin Dynasty, the most important task was to restore the bureaucracy and ensure the normal operation of the state machinery. In the central government, he continued to carry out the bureaucratic system with the prime minister, Taiwei and Yushi as the core. Among them, the censor doctor is the deputy prime minister, who is also responsible for the supervision, and is the highest officer of the censor office. At the same time, the system of the Qin Dynasty was adopted. When the prime minister's position became vacant, it could be filled by the censor. According to statistics, among the 43 prime ministers in the Western Han Dynasty, 25 were supplemented by the imperial censor. The position of the imperial censor is very high, especially among them, those with outstanding virtue and talent< The reason why China's steady-state structure has always been stable is that the government used a minimum cost control method, that is, the imperial power was not transferred to the county, and the government was only set up at the county level“ In 221 BC, the Qin Dynasty unified China, marking the beginning of the feudal society, that is, the feudal landlord society. On the basis of the original system, Qin Shihuang established the autocratic centralization system based on the private ownership of landlords' land. This system has the following characteristics:
(1) emperor system. Ying Zheng called himself the first emperor and took over the power of the country< (2) the system of San Gong Jiu Qing. The central government set up the prime minister, the censor doctor and the Taiwei, known as the "three gongs", to help the emperor deal with the national political affairs, supervise the officials and manage the military affairs“ Under the "three gongs", there are also "nine Qing" who are in charge of the administrative affairs of various departments< (3) county system. The county consists of a guard, a captain, and a censor. There are counties under the county. Below the county are townships and Li. The grass-roots public security organs are called "Pavilions". The main officials of counties were appointed and removed by the emperor, and they must obey and execute the emperor's orders absolutely< At the beginning of the founding of the Han Dynasty, Liu Bang, the emperor of the Han Dynasty, inherited the system of the Qin Dynasty, and set up three princes and nine princes under the emperor. At the local level, the "parallel system of prefectures and states" was implemented, that is, on the one hand, prefectures were set up, and on the other hand, five children with the same surname were enfeoffed to establish vassal states. Later, the vassal states graally became the local forces of the five parties. During the reign of Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing, a series of measures were taken to eliminate the threat of local forces to the central government. Emperor Wen adopted Jia Yi's suggestion of "building all the princes with less power". He divided Qi into six small kingdoms and Huainan into three small kingdoms to weaken its power; Emperor Jing adopted Chao CuO's suggestion of "cutting the vassal" and cut down the feudal areas of several princes, which led to the "rebellion of Seven Kingdoms" led by Liu Bi, king of Wu“ After the end of the "Seven Kingdoms rebellion", Emperor Jing ordered to abolish the right to govern the people of the princes, rece the ruling institutions of the princes, rece the rank of the Kingdom officials, and make it a local administrative unit directly managed by the central government, which basically solved the shortcomings of Liu Bang's implementation of the system of princes and further strengthened the centralization of power< During the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, a series of measures were taken to strengthen the centralization of power, including: (1) reforming the central system. A. The establishment of China and North Korea. In order to rece the power of the prime minister, the lower ranking officials and attendants around the emperor formed a "Sino Korean" decision-making organ in the palace, also known as the "inner court". Relying on the inner court to weaken the prime minister's power. B. Set up the governor and Sili Xiaowei. In order to strengthen the local control, Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty divided the whole country into 13 states. Each state set up a governor to inspect the prefectures regularly, to supervise the behavior of the county officials and local powers, and to ensure the implementation of the central government orders. In the location of the capital, there were officers in charge of all the officials in the capital. C. Tuen Ling and Fu Yi Fa. Divide the vassal states into smaller and smaller ones, forbid the vassal kings to invite guests, and rece the power of the vassal states. D. Strengthen the legal system. Supplement the law of Han Dynasty and reuse the "cruel officials"<
Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty Liu che (156-87 BC)
(2) set up the servant army and the guard army. In the early Western Han Dynasty, the conscription system was implemented, and the central government did not have a long-term Garrison Army. Emperor Kaidi of the Han Dynasty set out to set up professional soldiers as the servant army and the guard army. There are three main retinues: Qimen, Yulin and Yulin orphans. There are eight guards, each of which has about 700 soldiers. They are led by eight school captains, so they are called "eight school captains"< (3) financial reform. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty carried out a large-scale financial reform to increase revenue. There are four measures in the reform: A. reform the currency system. It is forbidden to cast money privately, and the State shall cast five baht money uniformly. B. Salt and iron monopoly. Salt, iron and wine were collected and returned to the official camp. C. All of them are accurate. The average transportation method is the policy that the country collects, purchases and transports the loan goods in order to seek benefits. The stabilization law is a policy adopted by the state to stabilize prices. D. It's a matter of time. Calculation is the collection of property tax. He also ordered "Suibing" to encourage informants to conceal their property< (4) dethrone the hundred schools and respect Confucianism alone. Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty adopted Dong Zhongshu's suggestion, deposed all schools of thought, respected Confucianism and strengthened ideological rule. They also set up Taixue in Chang'an to train talents and select officials< br />
① population: the population of Germany is nearly 10 to 20 million more than that of France, but the aging of Germany is notoriously serious
② territory: neither of the two countries is based on the depth of the territory, and France has a larger territory
③ political status: France is one of the five permanent members, Germany has not participated much in international affairs, especially in geopolitics, while France has frequently participated in International Geopolitics since the time of Nicolas Sarkozy. This is an important way for France to exert its international influence. However, frequent participation in geopolitics does not mean that its national strength is stronger. This is the difference between the two countries' policy directions< (4) financial economy: France and Germany are the backbone of the European Union and the two core pillars of the European Union. However, in the European Union economic system, Germany has always been the chief. Although France has been trying to improve its position in the European Union economic system since Hollande, and has the same voice as Germany, the gap between the two countries' economic strength is still very obvious, and the unemployment rate of France has always been high, Economically, Germany is clearly ahead of France< (5) instry and manufacturing: some people said that Germany has a more complete instrial system than France, which is pure bullshit. France is now one of the few instrial powers in the world with complete instrial system except China, but it is somewhat similar to China. France is complete but not refined, and is no better than Germany in high-tech instry and heavy instry, even slightly behind Germany, Germany's instrial development has something in common with Japan's, which is to develop its strengths while restraining its weaknesses. However, in recent years, French military instry has graally overtaken Germany, and French procts have graally emerged in the field of arms sales. It can be said that France and Germany share equally in this field< (6) military: France has nuclear weapons, but whether it has nuclear weapons or not is not as important as it was in the cold war. It is difficult for the current geopolitical conflicts and local wars to develop to the point where nuclear weapons are needed, because the current war theme is proxy war or plunder war rather than war of annihilation. In terms of conventional forces, both countries have pursued a small and refined military building idea. The size of the armed forces of the two countries is very small, the army level of the two countries is similar, and the German army is slightly stronger. However, the French army is much stronger than the German army in the air force and navy. The main reason is that Germany pursues the land keeping idea, and the German army is only used for defense. Germany basically does not participate in NATO military operations, The French army is the proct of export-oriented diplomacy, and has frequent international military operations to participate in. France needs to use the French army to exert its international influence< (7) science and technology instry: the two countries have carried out extensive cooperation in the field of science and technology within the framework of the European Union, and the two countries have basically the same level in science and technology instry
generally speaking, in peacetime, economy and science and technology are still the core elements of commenting on national strength. Because of its economic status, Germany has become the leader of the EU. Although Germany and France form a al core within the framework of the EU, Germany has a more powerful voice in many affairs. France is also relatively passive in dealing with German French relations and EU affairs because of its weak economy, The comprehensive national strength of the two countries is almost the same. Without considering the military conflict between Germany and France (Germany and France will definitely cooperate wholeheartedly before the EU completely gets rid of the control and influence of the United States, and there can be no large-scale military conflict), Germany has a slight advantage. If we consider the influence and strength of the third country, France has a slight advantage. In fact, the two countries have the same advantages, The two countries can basically be regarded as a whole in the world. The extensive cooperation between the two countries has made the two countries highly consistent in many international affairs. If we want to distinguish the good from the bad, it is tantamount to forcibly pulling apart the opposite poles with magnets that attract the opposite.