Force calculation program
Publish: 2021-04-16 00:29:15
1. The history of computer
the birth and development of modern computer before the advent of modern computer, the development of computer has gone through three stages: mechanical computer, electromechanical computer and electronic computer
as early as the 17th century, a group of European mathematicians began to design and manufacture digital computers that perform basic operations in digital form. In 1642, Pascal, a French mathematician, made the earliest decimal adder by using a gear transmission similar to clocks and watches. In 1678, Leibniz, a German mathematician, developed a computer to further solve the multiplication and division of decimal numbers
British mathematician Babbage put forward an idea when he made the model of difference machine in 1822. One arithmetic operation at a time will develop into a certain complete operation process automatically. In 1884, Babbage designed a program-controlled universal analyzer. Although this analyzer has described the rudiment of the program control computer, it can not be realized e to the technical conditions at that time< During the more than 100 years since Babbage's idea was put forward, great progress has been made in electromagnetics, electrotechnics and electronics, and vacuum diodes and vacuum triodes have been successively invented in components and devices; In terms of system technology, wireless telegraph, television and radar were invented one after another. All these achievements have prepared technical and material conditions for the development of modern computer< At the same time, mathematics and physics are developing rapidly. In the 1930s, all fields of physics experienced the stage of quantification. The mathematical equations describing various physical processes, some of which were difficult to solve by classical analysis methods. As a result, numerical analysis has been paid attention to, and various numerical integration, numerical differentiation, and numerical solutions of differential equations have been developed. The calculation process has been reced to a huge amount of basic operations, thus laying the foundation of modern computer numerical algorithm
the urgent need for advanced computing tools in society is the fundamental driving force for the birth of modern computers. Since the 20th century, there have been a lot of computational difficulties in various fields of science and technology, which has hindered the further development of the discipline. Especially before and after the outbreak of the Second World War, the need for high-speed computing tools in military science and technology is particularly urgent. During this period, Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom started the research of electromechanical computer and electronic computer almost at the same time<
Giuseppe in Germany was the first to use electrical components to make computers. The fully automatic relay computer Z-3, which he made in 1941, has the characteristics of modern computer, such as floating-point counting, binary operation, instruction form of digital storage address and so on. In the United States, the relay computers mark-1, mark-2, model-1, model-5 and so on were made successively from 1940 to 1947. However, the switching speed of the relay is about one hundredth of a second, which greatly limits the computing speed of the computer
the development process of electronic computer has experienced the evolution from making components to whole machine, from special machine to general machine, from "external program" to "stored program". In 1938, the Bulgarian American scholar atanasov first made the computing unit of the electronic computer. In 1943, the communications office of the British Foreign Office made the "giant" computer. This is a special cryptanalysis machine, which was used in the Second World War< In February 1946, ENIAC, a large-scale electronic digital integrator computer, was developed by Moore College of the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. At first, ENIAC was also specially used for artillery trajectory calculation. Later, it was improved many times and became a general-purpose computer capable of various scientific calculations. This computer, which uses electronic circuit to perform arithmetic operation, logic operation and information storage, is 1000 times faster than relay computer. This is the first electronic computer in the world. However, the program of this kind of computer is still external, the storage capacity is too small, and it has not fully possessed the main characteristics of modern computer
the new breakthrough was completed by a design team led by mathematician von Neumann. In March 1945, they published a new general electronic computer scheme of stored program - electronic discrete variable automatic computer (EDVAC). Then in June 1946, von Neumann and others put forward a more perfect design report "preliminary study on the logical structure of electronic computer devices". From July to August of the same year, they taught a special course "theory and technology of electronic computer design" for experts from more than 20 institutions in the United States and Britain at Moore college, which promoted the design and manufacture of stored program computers< In 1949, the Mathematics Laboratory of Cambridge University in England took the lead in making EDSAC; The United States made the eastern standard automatic computer (SFAC) in 1950. At this point, the embryonic period of the development of electronic computer came to an end, and the development period of modern computer began
at the same time of creating digital computer, we also developed another kind of important computing tool analog computer. When physicists summarize the laws of nature, they often use mathematical equations to describe a process; On the contrary, the process of solving mathematical equations may also adopt the physical process simulation method. After the invention of logarithm, the slide rule made in 1620 has changed multiplication and division into addition and subtraction for calculation. Maxwell skillfully transformed the calculation of integral (area) into the measurement of length, and made the integrator in 1855< Fourier analysis, another great achievement of mathematical physics in the 19th century, played a direct role in promoting the development of simulators. In the late 19th century and the early 20th century, a variety of analytical machines for calculating Fourier coefficients and differential equations were developed. However, when trying to popularize the differential analysis machine to solve partial differential equations and use the simulator to solve general scientific calculation problems, people graally realize the limitations of the simulator in the aspects of universality and accuracy, and turn their main energy to the digital computer
after the advent of electronic digital computer, analog computer still continues to develop, and hybrid computer is proced by combining with digital computer. Simulators and mixers have become special varieties of modern computers, that is, efficient information processing tools or simulation tools used in specific fields
since the middle of the 20th century, the computer has been in a period of high-speed development. The computer has developed from a hardware only system to a computer system which includes three subsystems: hardware, software and firmware. The performance price ratio of computer system is increased by two orders of magnitude every 10 years. The types of computers have been divided into microcomputers, minicomputers, general-purpose computers (including giant, large and medium-sized computers), and various special computers (such as various control computers and analog-to-digital hybrid computers)
computer devices, from electron tubes to transistors, from discrete components to integrated circuits to microprocessors, have made three leaps in the development of computers< In the period of electron tube computer (1946-1959), computers were mainly used for scientific calculation. Main memory is the main factor that determines the appearance of computer technology. At that time, the main memory included mercury delay line memory, cathode ray oscilloscope electrostatic memory, magnetic drum and magnetic core memory, which were usually used to classify computers.
the birth and development of modern computer before the advent of modern computer, the development of computer has gone through three stages: mechanical computer, electromechanical computer and electronic computer
as early as the 17th century, a group of European mathematicians began to design and manufacture digital computers that perform basic operations in digital form. In 1642, Pascal, a French mathematician, made the earliest decimal adder by using a gear transmission similar to clocks and watches. In 1678, Leibniz, a German mathematician, developed a computer to further solve the multiplication and division of decimal numbers
British mathematician Babbage put forward an idea when he made the model of difference machine in 1822. One arithmetic operation at a time will develop into a certain complete operation process automatically. In 1884, Babbage designed a program-controlled universal analyzer. Although this analyzer has described the rudiment of the program control computer, it can not be realized e to the technical conditions at that time< During the more than 100 years since Babbage's idea was put forward, great progress has been made in electromagnetics, electrotechnics and electronics, and vacuum diodes and vacuum triodes have been successively invented in components and devices; In terms of system technology, wireless telegraph, television and radar were invented one after another. All these achievements have prepared technical and material conditions for the development of modern computer< At the same time, mathematics and physics are developing rapidly. In the 1930s, all fields of physics experienced the stage of quantification. The mathematical equations describing various physical processes, some of which were difficult to solve by classical analysis methods. As a result, numerical analysis has been paid attention to, and various numerical integration, numerical differentiation, and numerical solutions of differential equations have been developed. The calculation process has been reced to a huge amount of basic operations, thus laying the foundation of modern computer numerical algorithm
the urgent need for advanced computing tools in society is the fundamental driving force for the birth of modern computers. Since the 20th century, there have been a lot of computational difficulties in various fields of science and technology, which has hindered the further development of the discipline. Especially before and after the outbreak of the Second World War, the need for high-speed computing tools in military science and technology is particularly urgent. During this period, Germany, the United States and the United Kingdom started the research of electromechanical computer and electronic computer almost at the same time<
Giuseppe in Germany was the first to use electrical components to make computers. The fully automatic relay computer Z-3, which he made in 1941, has the characteristics of modern computer, such as floating-point counting, binary operation, instruction form of digital storage address and so on. In the United States, the relay computers mark-1, mark-2, model-1, model-5 and so on were made successively from 1940 to 1947. However, the switching speed of the relay is about one hundredth of a second, which greatly limits the computing speed of the computer
the development process of electronic computer has experienced the evolution from making components to whole machine, from special machine to general machine, from "external program" to "stored program". In 1938, the Bulgarian American scholar atanasov first made the computing unit of the electronic computer. In 1943, the communications office of the British Foreign Office made the "giant" computer. This is a special cryptanalysis machine, which was used in the Second World War< In February 1946, ENIAC, a large-scale electronic digital integrator computer, was developed by Moore College of the University of Pennsylvania in the United States. At first, ENIAC was also specially used for artillery trajectory calculation. Later, it was improved many times and became a general-purpose computer capable of various scientific calculations. This computer, which uses electronic circuit to perform arithmetic operation, logic operation and information storage, is 1000 times faster than relay computer. This is the first electronic computer in the world. However, the program of this kind of computer is still external, the storage capacity is too small, and it has not fully possessed the main characteristics of modern computer
the new breakthrough was completed by a design team led by mathematician von Neumann. In March 1945, they published a new general electronic computer scheme of stored program - electronic discrete variable automatic computer (EDVAC). Then in June 1946, von Neumann and others put forward a more perfect design report "preliminary study on the logical structure of electronic computer devices". From July to August of the same year, they taught a special course "theory and technology of electronic computer design" for experts from more than 20 institutions in the United States and Britain at Moore college, which promoted the design and manufacture of stored program computers< In 1949, the Mathematics Laboratory of Cambridge University in England took the lead in making EDSAC; The United States made the eastern standard automatic computer (SFAC) in 1950. At this point, the embryonic period of the development of electronic computer came to an end, and the development period of modern computer began
at the same time of creating digital computer, we also developed another kind of important computing tool analog computer. When physicists summarize the laws of nature, they often use mathematical equations to describe a process; On the contrary, the process of solving mathematical equations may also adopt the physical process simulation method. After the invention of logarithm, the slide rule made in 1620 has changed multiplication and division into addition and subtraction for calculation. Maxwell skillfully transformed the calculation of integral (area) into the measurement of length, and made the integrator in 1855< Fourier analysis, another great achievement of mathematical physics in the 19th century, played a direct role in promoting the development of simulators. In the late 19th century and the early 20th century, a variety of analytical machines for calculating Fourier coefficients and differential equations were developed. However, when trying to popularize the differential analysis machine to solve partial differential equations and use the simulator to solve general scientific calculation problems, people graally realize the limitations of the simulator in the aspects of universality and accuracy, and turn their main energy to the digital computer
after the advent of electronic digital computer, analog computer still continues to develop, and hybrid computer is proced by combining with digital computer. Simulators and mixers have become special varieties of modern computers, that is, efficient information processing tools or simulation tools used in specific fields
since the middle of the 20th century, the computer has been in a period of high-speed development. The computer has developed from a hardware only system to a computer system which includes three subsystems: hardware, software and firmware. The performance price ratio of computer system is increased by two orders of magnitude every 10 years. The types of computers have been divided into microcomputers, minicomputers, general-purpose computers (including giant, large and medium-sized computers), and various special computers (such as various control computers and analog-to-digital hybrid computers)
computer devices, from electron tubes to transistors, from discrete components to integrated circuits to microprocessors, have made three leaps in the development of computers< In the period of electron tube computer (1946-1959), computers were mainly used for scientific calculation. Main memory is the main factor that determines the appearance of computer technology. At that time, the main memory included mercury delay line memory, cathode ray oscilloscope electrostatic memory, magnetic drum and magnetic core memory, which were usually used to classify computers.
2.
If the development of science and technology is very strong, it should be able to predict the future
The application of 
computer is more and more common in China. After the reform and opening up, the number of computer users in China is rising and the application level is improving, especially in the fields of Internet, communication, multimedia and so on. From 1996 to 2009, the number of computer users increased from 6.3 million to 67.1 million, and the number of networked computers increased from 29000 to 59.4 million. Internet users have reached 316 million, wireless Internet has 670 million mobile users, including 117 million mobile Internet users, ranking the first in the world
3. CPU frequency is actually a camouflage data, the previous Pentium 4 is an example, single core high frequency, energy consumption Tiankeng! Multi core processing is now the king, multi task processing capacity, with graphics card GPU auxiliary, 22nm, 32nm, 45nm process, represents the potential of energy saving and performance. CPU's two-level cache and three-level cache represent the opening ability of high-speed channels. In the case of high computing power and low channel, what level can't be reached? Lga1355 and other architectures represent the foresight of the whole CPU, and the computing power is not frequency visible.... High frequency, can only say that the front-end appearance is good, depends on the number of cores, technology level and two or three level cache to see if it is enough, you did not say a few cores, let alone what model, this is not the standard! There is no answer to this question!
4. First of all, we must concentrate our thoughts, take each question seriously, and check it after we finish it. Of course, if you do too many calculation problems, you need to improve your time efficiency.
good luck ~ ~
draft is very important in calculus.
I don't know how you draft it.
draft can't be too sloppy. A topic should be written down step by step, and it can't be omitted at the beginning.
try to use "circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle It's also helpful to cross out the data you don't want in time.
when the correct rate comes up, you can improve your speed and do mental arithmetic more simply.
first of all, you should practice oral arithmetic, simple addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, and remember some common numbers, For example, what is the square of each integer from 11 to 19? We remember it in primary school
secondly, improve the ability of vertical calculation, especially multiplication and division. Don't laugh. It's a basic skill.
good luck ~ ~
draft is very important in calculus.
I don't know how you draft it.
draft can't be too sloppy. A topic should be written down step by step, and it can't be omitted at the beginning.
try to use "circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle, circle It's also helpful to cross out the data you don't want in time.
when the correct rate comes up, you can improve your speed and do mental arithmetic more simply.
first of all, you should practice oral arithmetic, simple addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, and remember some common numbers, For example, what is the square of each integer from 11 to 19? We remember it in primary school
secondly, improve the ability of vertical calculation, especially multiplication and division. Don't laugh. It's a basic skill.
5. Based on the decentralized characteristics of blockchain technology, the application of blockchain technology can be said to be more, but at present, the substantive application is still less, mainly applied in the fields of finance, medical treatment, authentication, smart contract, sharing economy, digital assets and so on. For example, Yingtang Zhongchuang's blockchain solution is mainly in the development of data encryption, transaction protection and data security transaction system, while other enterprises are more focused on internal needs.
6. There is a binice digital trading platform with formal registration certificate, operation photo taking and supervision mechanism, safe access to gold and formal platform.
7. Computing power is a concept put forward by NVIDIA when it released CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture, a programming language for GPU, similar to C programming for CPU). Because the graphics card itself is a floating-point computing chip, it can be used as a computing card, so the graphics card has computing power. Different graphics cards have different computing power. In order to show the difference, NVIDIA put forward the corresponding version of computing power x.x on the procts of different periods. Computing power 1.0 appeared on early graphics cards, such as the original 8800 ultra and many 8000 Series cards, as well as Tesla C / D / s870s cards. Cuda1.0 was released corresponding to these graphics cards. Today, computing power 1.0 has been eliminated from the market. Then there was computing power 1.1, which appeared on many 9000 Series graphics cards. Computing power 1.2 appears together with GT200 Series graphics card, while computing power 1.3 is proposed when upgrading from GT200 to GT200 A / b revision. In the future, there will be computing power 2.0, 2.1, 3.0 and other versions. The latest released version is computing power 6.1, which is supported by the latest Pascal architecture graphics card. At the same time, CUDA version is also updated to cuda8.0
ordinary users do not need to care about the computing power of the graphics card, only GPU programmers care about this problem when they write CUDA programs to develop GPU computing. As long as you know the model of your computer's graphics card, you can find the corresponding computing power https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus .
ordinary users do not need to care about the computing power of the graphics card, only GPU programmers care about this problem when they write CUDA programs to develop GPU computing. As long as you know the model of your computer's graphics card, you can find the corresponding computing power https://developer.nvidia.com/cuda-gpus .
8. V= π/ 24*Di^3+ π/ 4 * Di ^ 2 * h
where Di is the inner diameter of standard elliptical head and
H is the height of straight edge
^ 3 is cubic
see gb25198-2010 appendix a
use Excel to make the formula, input the inner diameter and straight edge height to automatically get the volume.
where Di is the inner diameter of standard elliptical head and
H is the height of straight edge
^ 3 is cubic
see gb25198-2010 appendix a
use Excel to make the formula, input the inner diameter and straight edge height to automatically get the volume.
9. Flops, the number of floating-point operations per second, has always been an important parameter to measure the computing power of CPU scientific programs; If you want to confirm it, you can do experiments to generate two large arrays, such as
A = ones (1100000) * 64
b = ones (1100000) * 6.4% MATLAB, where the default is double
A = int8 (a)%, convert a to integer
and then
a. * a< br />B.*B;
look at the difference in computing time
A = ones (1100000) * 64
b = ones (1100000) * 6.4% MATLAB, where the default is double
A = int8 (a)%, convert a to integer
and then
a. * a< br />B.*B;
look at the difference in computing time
10. It's not necessarily a lot slower. The bottom layer of the key code of many Python moles is written in C, and the interpreter is also optimized.
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